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Durham E-Theses The Living Body of the Lord: E.B. Pusey's `Types and Prophecies of the Old Testament' WESTHAVER, GEORGE,DERRICK How to cite: WESTHAVER, GEORGE,DERRICK (2012) The Living Body of the Lord: E.B. Pusey's `Types and Prophecies of the Old Testament', Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6373/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 The Living Body of the Lord: E.B. Pusey’s ‘Types and Prophecies of the Old Testament’ George Westhaver In his ‘Lectures on Types and Prophecy’ (1836-7), E. B. Pusey urges the recovery of a patristic and ‘Apostolic’ approach to the interpretation of the Old Testament. This thesis will argue that for Pusey finding types and ‘typical’ prophecies of Christ and his Church in the whole of the Old Testament is not an exegetical curiosity or option, but rather a necessary expression of doctrine and spiritual discipline. For Pusey, the unwillingness of interpreters guided by the apologetic and evidentialist approach to theology in his day to follow the Fathers’ example manifests important theological differences. He advocates both the recovery of patristic exegesis and the theological vision in which it makes sense. ‘Every thing is a type’, in the books of God’s works and words, because all created things bear the impress of their creator. Moreover, all types or images, in Scripture, in nature, and in the human soul, seek a fulfilment in a salvific return to the Trinity in Unity. Drawing on both patristic and Romantic sources, Pusey describes knowledge as a form of participation in the divine life in opposition to the rationalistic and procedural presuppositions he finds implicit in the apologetic approach. For Pusey, epistemology must be treated alongside sanctification and typology reflects Christology; a sacramental or ‘typical’ reading of prophecy transforms people made in the image of God to become more like God and hence able to know God and to read with understanding. Articulating these ideas was a project which occupied Pusey and his Tractarian colleagues during the most creative years of the Oxford Movement. While in many ways they gave voice to important High Church ideals, the puzzled response which greeted this part of their work reveals its radicalism and suggests possibilities for the contemporary search for the re-integration of theology and spirituality. 1 The Living Body of the Lord: E.B. Pusey’s ‘Types and Prophecies of the Old Testament’ George Westhaver PhD in the Department of Theology and Religion The University of Durham 2012 2 CONTENTS Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 The Theological Vision of the ‘Lectures’...................................................... 12 1.2 The ‘Lectures’ as a Document ........................................................................ 20 Chapter 2 The Apologetic Approach and Rationalism 2.1 ‘The Spirit of the Age’ ..................................................................................... 27 2.2 The Context of Crisis: ‘The contest of faith and unbelief’ 2.2.1 The ‘Sæculum tepidum’.......................................................................... 29 2.2.2 The ‘philosophy of Rationalism’ ............................................................ 31 2.2.3 German ‘Orthodoxism’ as a Warning to England ................................. 34 2.2.4 The Spectre of Socinianism ................................................................... 37 2.3 The Apologetic Approach 2.3.1 Prophecy as Prediction............................................................................ 39 2.3.2 The Substance of Prophecy and Historical Interpretation ..................... 41 2.3.3 ‘The testimony to Jesus is the Spirit of Prophecy’ ................................. 45 2.3.4 Prophecy as Evidence (Davison and Paley) ........................................... 47 2.4 Apologetic Diminishment 2.4.1 The Narrowing of Prophecy ................................................................... 50 2.4.2 The Narrowing of the Whole Creed ....................................................... 52 2.5 The Dangers of Rationalism 2.5.1 Evidences and the Apologetic Trojan Horse .......................................... 55 2.5.2 The Deistic Roots of the Apologetic Approach...................................... 60 2.5.3 Joseph Butler on Analogy and Obscurity ............................................... 63 2.5.4 Rationalism and Empiricism: Dr. Hampden and Mr. Locke ................. 65 2.5.5 Rationalism and Scientism: ‘The operation of the anatomist’ ............. 71 2.5.6 Rationalism and Idolatry: Paley and Pantheism ..................................... 72 2.6 Pusey and the ‘higher philosophy’ of S. T. Coleridge................................. 75 Chapter 3 Knowledge as Participation 3.1 Knowing through what is Divine in Us ......................................................... 81 3.2 The Moral Character of Religious Knowledge 3.2.1 Unbelief and Rationalism as Moral Problems ........................................ 86 3.2.2 Practical holiness and the formation of right belief ............................... 87 3.2.3 Reading Prophecy as a Means of Sanctification..................................... 90 3.2.4 Pusey’s Theory of Knowledge and the New Criticism........................... 94 3.3 Reason and the Rational Soul in the ‘Lectures’ 3.3.1 Assessments of the Character of Pusey’s Thought................................. 97 3.3.2 The Image of God in the Reasonable Soul .......................................... 100 3.3.3 Restoration and Sanctification: From Image to Likeness..................... 104 3.3.4 Theological Anthropology and Epistemology...................................... 105 3 3.3.5 Natural Reason as distinct from ‘a mirror of the Mind of God ’.......... 107 3.3.6 ‘In thy light shall we see light’ ............................................................. 112 3.3.7 Substantial and Procedural Reason....................................................... 113 3.3.8 Coleridge on Reason and Understanding and the ‘Lectures’ ............... 117 3.4 The Spiritual Faculties 3.4.1 The Moral Sense ................................................................................... 121 3.4.2 Feeling as a Spiritual Faculty ............................................................... 124 3.4.3 The Imagination in the ‘Lectures’ and in Coleridge............................. 130 Chapter 4 Types and ‘Typical’ Prophecy 4.1 The Fathers and the ‘Apostolic mode’......................................................... 135 4.2 Pusey’s Comprehensive View of Type 4.2.1 The Old Testament’s ‘fulness of type’ ................................................. 140 4.2.2 The Apologetic Approach to Types ..................................................... 144 4.2.3 Types as Guides and the Counter-example of Cain.............................. 148 4.2.4 The ‘minute agreement’ of Types......................................................... 152 4.3 ‘Typical’ and ‘Direct’ Prophecy 4.3.1 The ‘Typical’ Character of All Prophecy ............................................ 154 4.3.2 Typical Prophecies ‘in Word’ and the ‘fullest’ Sense .......................... 162 4.4 Types and the Archetype 4.4.1 That ‘wherein the whole substance dwells’.......................................... 167 4.4.2 The Archetype and Multiple Fulfilments of the Type .......................... 170 4.4.3 Shadows and Images of the Archetype................................................. 172 4.4.4 Types as Symbols ................................................................................. 174 4.4.5 Coleridge’s Theory of Symbol ............................................................. 176 Chapter 5 Types and the Mystery of Christ 5.1 Types and the Incarnation 5.1.1 ‘Blended as parts of the same Mystery’................................................ 179 5.1.2 The ‘compound nature’ of Sacramental Types..................................... 182 5.1.3 The Old Testament as the ‘living and true Body’ of the Lord.............. 187 5.1.4 Reading Types as a Means of Communion .......................................... 189 5.2 Typical Prophecy and Allegory 5.2.1 The Problem with the term ‘Allegory’ ................................................. 193 5.2.2 The Apologetic Distinction between Allegory and Typology ............. 197 5.2.3 Allegory and the Mystery of Christ ...................................................... 202 5.2.4 Moving through the Senses from Image to Likeness ........................... 207 Chapter 6 Procession and Return: Typology and Cosmology 6.1 ‘Every thing is a Type’ 6.1.1 Creation as the Offspring of God (Hooker and Ambrose).................... 214 6.1.2 Creation and Redemption as Procession and Return...........................