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Science and Fiction in Zadie Smith's White Teeth

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Science and Fiction in Zadie Smith's White Teeth Journal of Literature and Science Volume 6, No. 2 (2013) ISSN 1754-646XJournal of Literature and Science 6 (2013) Gill, “Science and Fiction in Zadie Smith’s White Teeth”: 17-28 Josie Gill, “Science and Fiction in Zadie Smith’s White Teeth ”: 17-28 Science and Fiction in Zadie Smith’s White Teeth Josie Gill In 1943, long before his intervention in the two cultures controversy between C.P. Snow and F.R. Leavis, Lionel Trilling published an essay on E.M. Forster’s first novel Where Angels Fear to Tread in which he offered a comparison of the methods of the scientist and the writer of fiction. In defence of Forster’s melodramatic plots, from which, Trilling suggests, “contemporary taste draws back, insisting that life is not like that,” he writes that Plot is to the novelist what experiment is to the scientist, which is exactly what Zola did not know when he wrote his essay “The Experimental Novel”; Zola’s defense of scientific naturalism in fiction has nothing at all to do with experiment. The science he had in mind as analogous to novel writing was medicine as practised by the great physician Claude Bernard; that is to say he had in mind an empirical, not an experimental science. And Zola’s novelistic ‘science’ was a science of observation, and precisely not of experiment. He condemned plot as artificial, but experiment is artificial too – nature does not exist in test-tubes and retorts and under controlled conditions, and to conclude that what happens in the laboratory is what happens in the universe requires a leap of the imagination. But experiment, with its artificiality, is our best way of making things act so that we can learn about their nature. And plot in the novel does the same for human nature. (65) Interviewed in 2002 about her short story The Trials of Finch, Zadie Smith refers to Trilling’s scientific analogy as she reflects on the construction of character and plot in her own writing, coming to a similar defence of artificiality: Real character gives itself away, I think, in the quiet moments, and, for me, it's a great effort to write the quieter bits, to not always explicate through plot. The objection, again, with Finch was this: life is not like that! But I'm still not sure what's meant by that idea. That's sort of why I'm studying the novel again. I do believe in the uses of plot – Lionel Trilling talked about it as a sort of laboratory of ideas. What happens in a lab is an artificiality that sets us up for an experience of the world. The scientist begins with a thesis he wants in some way to prove – he may not get the results he expects, but his experiment is tangential to the world, it has a place there. I think the intention is the same in fiction. (“Dreaming up Finch”) It seems likely that Smith came to Trilling’s essay through her self-professed “love” of E.M. Forster, “to whom” she has stated, “all my fiction is indebted” (“Acknowledgements”). Smith has written of and, similarly to Trilling, defended Forster’s melodrama, recognising its influence on her own work.1 Following the publication of her first novel, White Teeth (2000), Smith was criticised for the artificiality of her style: James Wood branded the novel part of an emerging genre 17 © JLS 2013. Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND Downloaded from <http://www.literatureandscience.org/> Journal of Literature and Science 6 (2013) Gill, “Science and Fiction in Zadie Smith’s White Teeth”: 17-28 which he dubbed “hysterical realism,” novels characterised by improbable plots in which novelists “clothe real people who could never actually endure the stories that happen to them” (“Human, All Too Inhuman”). For Wood – espousing the kind of objection to melodrama that Trilling identifies – “they are stories which defy the laws of persuasion” (“Human, All Too Inhuman”). Smith’s reflections, via Trilling, on the use of plot suggest that the ‘artificial’ elements of her writing are strategic and considered, rather than indicative of the out of control postmodernism that Wood considers them to be. However, what interests this article is Smith’s use of scientific comparison as a means of justifying her literary craft. For what might otherwise appear as a convenient analogy takes on a more complex dimension when placed in the context of Smith’s exploration of science in White Teeth. This article argues that Smith interrogates the relationship between science and fiction in White Teeth, drawing on a Forsterian comic mode in her representation of genetics which ultimately reveals common ground between science and writing. Smith’s tale of three London families, the Joneses, the Iqbals and the Chalfens, whose socially and ethnically varied backgrounds form the basis of their comic interactions, takes the new genetic science as one of its major themes: Marcus, head of the Chalfen family, is a geneticist whose experimental FutureMouse© has been designed to develop cancer and eventually die at a predetermined time - New Year’s Eve 1999.2 The development of his science has been possible only through the work of his predecessor and mentor Dr Perret, who is revealed to be the Nazi racial scientist who Archie Jones and Samad Iqbal had encountered during the Second World War, as Smith uncovers the often obscured connections between genetics past and present, offering what Ashley Dawson identifies as a “powerful qualification of optimistic readings of the novel forms that biopower is assuming today” (151). Yet the comic form that the novel takes – the Forsterian coincidence, irrationality, humour, melodrama and ‘artificiality’ through which Smith portrays science and scientists – enables Smith’s engagement with science to move beyond an “inquiry into the recent past of genetic engineering” (McMann 619). White Teeth not only illuminates the narrative and fictional aspects of contemporary genetics, but also offers a metafictional consideration, in an extension of Trilling’s analogy, of how the science it addresses might also inform the novel’s construction. In so doing, Smith defends not only the novel’s ‘artificial’ plot, but the capacity of fiction to explore and to represent science in the twenty-first century. There has been a critical tendency to overlook the comic form of White Teeth, despite the fact that it was the novel’s comedy which was arguably responsible for its almost instant popularity. The novel’s back cover attests to the fact that Smith’s humour was celebrated (and marketed) above all else: reviewers described the novel as “funny, generous, big-hearted,” “swooping, funny,” “relentlessly funny,” “hilarious,” “extremely funny” (Smith, White Teeth). However literary critics have focused more on articulating the postcolonial themes of the novel, on Smith’s portrayal of race relations in late twentieth century London and of the inevitable hybridity and cultural mixing which the presence of immigrant populations has brought about (see: Thompson; Head; Walters). Where the novel’s comedy is commented upon, it is interpreted as a tactical strategy through which Smith avoids being overtly political: for Claire Squires the comic deflation which characterises Smith’s portrayals of racism works to show that racism is out-of-date (38), while for Susie Thomas, Smith’s comic mode more problematically evades painful questions about race and multiculturalism (“Zadie Smith’s False Teeth”). 18 © JLS 2013. Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND Downloaded from <http://www.literatureandscience.org/> Journal of Literature and Science 6 (2013) Gill, “Science and Fiction in Zadie Smith’s White Teeth”: 17-28 Yet Smith’s comic style does not consist simply of the whimsical, the lighthearted or even the funny treatment of her subjects. Instead, it is the product of her emulation of the characteristics of the Forsterian comic novel, of which she has both written and spoken extensively. Asked in an interview about what appeals to her in Forster’s work, Smith stated that “Forster represents one of the earliest loves of my reading life and the first intimations I ever had of the power and beauty of this funny, artificial little construction, the novel” (“A Conversation with Zadie Smith”). Smith identifies two characteristics of the Forsterian comic novel which have influenced her writing; the “artificial” (already touched upon, and of which more shortly) and, related to this, the “funny,” which is characterised, for Smith, not only by humour but by the peculiarity, inconsistency and muddle of the human condition. She writes that: There is a lot in Forster that fails, is both cloying and banal: his Pantheism, his fetish for the exotic, his idealisation of music. The mystic will occasionally look the fool. Forster took a risk, opening the comic novel to let in the things it was not designed for; small patches of purple prose were the result. But Forster's innovation remains: he allowed the English comic novel the possibility of a spiritual and bodily life, not simply to exist as an exquisitely worked game of social ethics but as a messy human concoction. He expanded the comic novel's ethical space (while unbalancing its moral certainties) simply by letting more of life in. (“Love, actually”) For Smith, Forster’s strength lies in the fact that he “suggested there might be some ethical advantage in not always pursuing a perfect and unyielding rationality,” and that he “wanted his people to be in a muddle: his was a study of the emotional, erratic and unreasonable in human life” (“Love, actually”). The influence of this Forsterian comic muddle on White Teeth is clear: from Samad’s decision to send one of his twin sons to Bangladesh to remove him from the “corruption” (190) of English culture in response to his own affair with the twins’ teacher Poppy Burt-Jones, to Archie’s coin tossing to decide whether or not to commit suicide or whether to shoot Dr Perret, or Irie’s decision to sleep with both twin brothers Magid and Millat within hours of each other, the novel is full of people who behave in emotional, unreasonable and funny ways.
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