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Theatre Arts: a Resource for National Development

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Theatre Arts: a Resource for National Development The Crab: Journal of Theatre and Media Arts (Number 8/June 2013, 133-144) Theatre Arts: A Resource for National Development Iyamah, Chijioke Yankson and Obire U. Dennis Abstract Theatre Arts is not just an entertainment art whose only duty is to make people laugh and relax as viewed by most developing nations like Nigeria. It has a lot of bearing on national development, as it holds the power to persuade and influence the citizenry that make up a nation. This paper is an attempt at espousing the potential of Theatre Arts in national development, especially in a developing nation like Nigeria that is aspiring to be one of the most developed by year 2020. In doing this, the paper provides an overview of the nature of Arts, and its interrelation with the society bringing to the fore the symbiotic nature of their relationship in social development. Theatre Arts has been identified as a special Art that can engender national development. Thus, the exploitable potentials of the Theatre Arts in enhancing national development are highlighted. The paper concludes that Theatre Arts in whatever form has a vital role to play in creating a strong and developed nation, and as such, it should be encouraged by both the Nigerian government and private sector if we must attain the status of a developed nation by year 2020. Theatre Arts: A Resource for National Development “The Arts matter because they embrace, express and define the soul of a civilization. A Nation without Arts would be a nation that had stopped talking to itself, stopped dreaming and lost interest in the past and lacked curiosity about the future”. John, Tusa, Arts Matters (2000) Introduction As an expressive and symbolic aspect of human behavior, Arts like language occupies the center stage of communication and expressions. Theatre Arts is one basic unifying factor that is as old as man, of which through its conscious or unconscious existence from antiquity to the present, has played a major role in our socio-cultural development. What this paper 134 Iyamah, Chijioke Yankson and Obire U. Dennis investigates is the importance of Theatre Arts to national development and the correction of the erroneous conception of Theatre Arts in general by the society it serves. Some members of the Nigerian society see it as an entertainment Art created from the fickle imagination of the artist just to entertain. However, the society finds in Art an effective medium to communicate messages to the people. Art is also used to cultivate new values and ideas. On the other hand, Art is inspired and influenced by culture and the society. Thus, from history, artists have always found an interesting ground of inspiration from the society. By exploring the role of Theatre Arts in national development, a series of questions have arisen concerning the power of Art and how it engenders national development. In order to adequately evaluate the role of Theatre to national development, it is vital to understand the nature of Art and the interrelation between Art and the society. Subsequently, Theatre Arts and some of its mediatory potential towards national development will be examined. The Nature of Arts Defining Art is one of the most difficult of all linguistic tasks. This is because of the numerous attempts made by many scholars to find a way of describing or capturing what Art is. For Ira and Anastasia (2005:4), defining Art “is probably as complicated as defining human feelings. Everybody knows about them but not everybody understands them. Everybody experiences them but not everybody can explain them”. They further submit that “everybody has an opinion for both human feelings and Art, but only few are charged with the responsibility to provide the most comprehensive and acceptable definitions of them”. The very notion of Art continues today to stir controversy, being so open to multiple interpretations. It can be taken to mean any human activity, or any set of rules needed to develop activity. Hence, various scholars have reiterated the fact that the definition of Art is open, subjective and debatable. For the purpose of understanding the nature of Art, some attempted definitions of Art by various scholars will be highlighted in context of how it relates to this study. Aristotle, a great philosopher and Art critic said it first in his Poetics that “Art is mimetic”. He defines Art as “imitation of an action” and on the other hand; Henry Wadsworth Longfellow a modern poet as quoted by Hurberman et al (1997) says “Nature is produced in Arts”. A Summary of both definitions by Aristotle and Henry above, infers that: “Art is the imitation of something natural or imagined”. Art is generally understood as Theatre Arts: A Resource for National Development 135 any activity or product done by people with a communicative or aesthetic purpose - something that expresses an idea, an emotion or more generally a world view. According to Ira and Anastasia (2005: 5) “Art is a conscious synthesis and creation of forms, sounds, movements, colors, materials and worlds to express a human condition”. Thus, to them, these creations that we call Art or Art works can take all possible forms and express all possible conditions. Art forms vary according to the medium that is adopted by the Artist to project his idea/message. Ion Pascadi (1979: 98) attempts a simple classification of Art based on the medium one chooses to adopt. According to him, “The works of Art are more often than not objects representing or symbolizing (painting, scripture, decorative Arts), actual manifestations (music, Theatre) imagery projections with a statue of reality (film)…” thus, he concluded that in any of the forms of Art, we are facing an impact materialized in the civilization of the Epoch. In other words, these creations we call Art or Art works can take all possible forms and express all possible conditions of a period. Art cannot be separated from the society because the society to a large extent is defined by and identified with Art works that bear imprint of their core values and belief system. For Fischer Ernst (1963:35), “Art was a magic tool and it served man in mastering nature and developing social relationship”. It is a form of expression that seeks to entertain, inform, enlighten and educate man on social living. In other words, the purpose of Art is communication as expressed by humans through their creative instinct. Ira and Anastasia (2005:5), observe that Art is characterized by its quality to carry messages; messages that are either clearly stated or deeply hidden. These messages might be conveyed consciously by the Artist or might be completely unintentional. They might be imposed on or projected to the Art works by the audience. Nicolae Moraru (1976:76) submits: “The work of Art becomes far more than reflection. It is real triumph of man over the world, a proof of his ability to understand this world, to probe its significant depth, to discover the lines of its development, and its future evolution”. This assertion brings us to the point of identifying the interrelations between Art and the society. INTERELATION BETWEEN ART AND THE SOCIETY From these definitions, which suggest that art is an expressive medium of human conditions through creative works at a point in time, it is obvious that the interrelation between Art and the society is one that cannot be easily separated. Fischer Ernst (1963:14) asserts: Art is necessary in order that man 136 Iyamah, Chijioke Yankson and Obire U. Dennis should be able to recognize and change the world”. Thus, how beneficial is Art to the society? Frank Gormile (2009) as well as other scholars and critics of Art have reiterated the fact that the Artist create Art but not out of thin air, but within a societal context, supported and buffeted by the conditions of the time, resources and the technology, the intelligence, the knowledge, the economic/philosophical social, cultural and religious/philosophical conditions of the moment of creation. Therefore, Art cannot be separated from the society as every society is to a large extent defined by and identified with works of Art that bear imprint of their core values and beliefs. As a form of expression that seeks to entertain, inform, enlighten and educate, it finds its means of communication from the modes that identify with the socio cultural milieu that inspired it. Nicolae Moraru (1976:79) attests to the fact that “Art has become part and parcel of man’s life; it has become one of his current requirements and manifestation, (and) it has become a never failing aspect of his way of life.” In other words, Art is a core aspect of culture manifested through the way of life of the people. Thus, the society influences the Artist and in turn, the Artist Influences the society with his Art. George Wills Cooke, in a comment in Odonwald– Unger’s The fine Art as a Dynamic factor in Society (1907: 665), observed that “in all phases of society, from the clan to the international social life of today, Art has found expression, not in individual genius, but in the social demand of the people whose life it manifests” Thus, corroborating that Art is a product of the society, he submits that “the Art impulse is essentially a social impulse, (and) all the great Art of the world in the various Art forms has been of the nature of social expression or social interpretation”. Thus, the Artist through his human instinct to express himself and communicate a certain ideology or perhaps just to entertain the society creates a work through his creative power, which is later transformed into Art.
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