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Scrophulariaceae – Figwort Or Snapdragon Family

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Scrophulariaceae – Figwort Or Snapdragon Family SCROPHULARIACEAE – FIGWORT OR SNAPDRAGON FAMILY Plant: herbs mostly, few vines, shrubs or trees, some parasitic Stem: Root: Leaves: alternate, opposite, or whorled; simple or pinnate; no stipules Flowers: perfect, often showy, many irregular (zygomorphic); (2)4-5 sepals, lobed or cut; (2)4-5 regular petals, or corolla tubes that flare into upper and lower ‘lips’ (2 lobes above, 3 below); stamens 2-4-5; ovary superior, 1 style Fruit: 2-chambered capsule or berry with 2 to many seeds, sometimes oily Other: a large family, distributed throughout the world; Dicotyledons Group Genera: 280+ genera; locally Agalinis, Aureolaria (false foxglove), Chelone (turtlehead), Linaria; Mimulus (monkey flower), Nuttallanthus (toadflax), Scrophularia (figwort), Verbascum (mullein), Veronicastrum (Culver’s root), Veronica (speedwell) and others – some authors are moving several major genera from here to the Plantaginaceae (Plantain Family) WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive Flower Morphology in the Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Examples of a few genera (N-Z) Late Figwort [Carpenter’s Square] [Canada] Blue Toadflax Arkansas Beardtongue Scrophularia marilandica L. Nuttallanthus canadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton Penstemon arkansanus Pennell Common Mullein Verbascum thapsus L. (Introduced) Bracted Lousewort Pedicularis bracteosa Benth. Culver’s-Root [-Physic] Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. Elephanthead Lousewort Birdseye Speedwell Pedicularis groenlandica Retz. Veronica persica Poir. (Introduced) SCROPHULARIACEAE – FIGWORT OR SNAPDRAGON FAMILY [Canada] Blue Toadflax; Nuttallanthus canadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton Texas Toadflax; Nuttallanthus texanus (Scheele) D.A. Sutton Princess Tree [Foxglovetree]; Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc. ex Steud. Bracted Lousewort; Pedicularis bracteosa Benth. Wood Betony [Lousewort; Canadian Lousewort]; Pedicularis canadensis L. ssp. canadensis Elephanthead Lousewort; Pedicularis groenlandica Retz. Swamp Lousewort; Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. Sickletop [Parrot’s Beak] Lousewort; Pedicularis racemosa Douglas ex Benth. ssp. alba Pennell Sudetic [Alpine] Lousewort; Pedicularis sudetica Willd. ssp. scopulorum (A. Gray) Hultén Arkansas Beardtongue; Penstemon arkansanus Pennell Cobaea Beardtongue; Penstemon cobaea Nutt. [White; Talus Slope; Foxglove] Beard-Tongue; Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims Firecracker [Eaton] Penstemon; Penstemon eatonii A. Gray Sawsepal [Smooth] Penstemon; Penstemon glaber Pursh Hairy Beard-Tongue; Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. Pale Beardtongue; Penstemon pallidus Small Little Flower [Slender Blue] Penstemon; Penstemon procerus Douglas ex Graham White Wand Beardtongue; Penstemon tubiflorus Nutt. Whipple's Penstemon; Penstemon whippleanus A. Gray Late Figwort [Carpenter’s Square]; Scrophularia marilandica L. Moth Mullein; Verbascum blattaria L. (Introduced) Common Mullein; Verbascum thapsus L. (Introduced) Culver’s-Root [-Physic]; Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. SCROPHULARIACEAE – FIGWORT OR SNAPDRAGON FAMILY Water Speedwell; Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Corn [Field] Speedwell; Veronica arvensis L. (Introduced) Ivyleaf Speedwell; Veronica hederifolia L. (Introduced) Common Speedwell [Gypsyweed]; Veronica officinalis L. (Introduced) Purslane Speedwell [Neckweed]; Veronica peregrina L. Birdseye Speedwell; Veronica persica Poir. (Introduced) Gray Field [Wayside] Speedwell; Veronica polita Fr. (Introduced) Thyme-Leaved Speedwell; Veronica serpyllifolia L. (Introduced) American Alpine Speedwell; Veronica wormskjoldii Roem. & Schult. [Canada] Blue Toadflax USDA Nuttallanthus canadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: strongly 2-lipped flower, long slender spur, blue with a white, 2-ridged almost closed palate, short pedicel, on raceme; leaves linear, alternate, sessile; stem just barely winged; sandy soils; spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2008] Texas Toadflax USDA Nuttallanthus texanus (Scheele) D.A. Sutton Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, Comanche County, Oklahoma Notes: strongly 2-lipped flower, long slender curved spur, blue with a white, 2-ridged almost closed palate, short pedicel, on raceme; stem leaves linear, alternate, sessile or nearly so; spring to summer (similar to Nuttallanthus canadensis) [V Max Brown, 2011] Princess Tree USDA [Foxglovetree] Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc. ex Steud. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Charleston, West Virginia Notes: shrub to small tree; showy blue to purple flowers with yellow stripes in clusters; leaves large, opposite and cordate, short-pointed, hairy below; bark gray to brown, mostly smooth or some grooves; twigs stout; buds very hairy; fruit a woody capsule [V Max Brown, 2006] Bracted Lousewort USDA Pedicularis bracteosa Benth. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado Notes: 2-lipped tubular flower, mostly pale yellow, inflorescence spike with cobwebby hairs, large bracts; leaves alternate, pinnate, with double toothed segments, on long petioles; montane to alpine; summer (several varieties) [V Max Brown, 2012] Wood Betony [Lousewort; Canadian USDA Lousewort] Pedicularis canadensis L. ssp. canadensis Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Irwin Prairie State Nature Preserve, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 2-lipped tubular flower, Yellow to reddish-purple, upper lip with 2 teeth and arches out and over shorter lower lip, flowers in a crowded spike; leaves mostly basal, 1 or mostly 2 pinnate (fern-like), long petioles on lower leaves, stem leaves alternate; plant hairy; woods; spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2006] Elephanthead USDA Lousewort Pedicularis groenlandica Retz. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado Notes: corolla pink-purple to red, the elephant ears are parts of lower lip, the galea (helment) makes up the head and trunk of the elephant; calyx short with 5 equal lobes and slightly hairy; leaves basal and cauline (alternate), pinnate with toothed segments; stems mostly glabrous, often turning reddish; montane to alpine environments; summer [V Max Brown, 2012] Swamp Lousewort USDA Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Irwin Prairie State Nature Preserve, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 2-lipped tubular flower, white to cream to light to pale yellow, upper lip slightly notched or not, upper lip slightly longer or about the same length of lower lip, flowers mostly in a short spikes; leaves mostly opposite, pinnately lobed (somewhat fern-like), sessile or petioles short; stem glabrous to slightly hairy; wet areas, often in woods or meadows; late summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2008] Sickletop [Parrot’s Beak] Lousewort USDA Pedicularis racemosa Douglas ex Benth. ssp. alba Pennell Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado Notes: 2-lipped, white to light cream colored (may be tinged with red), upper lip ending in a sharp beak, lower lip of three lobes, calyx green and lobed; leaves, alternate, lanceolate, short petiole, toothed, often with reddish tinge; stem mostly glabrous, somewhat grooved, often reddish; plant bunched from base; montane to subalpine; summer (flower not fully opened in photographs below) [V Max Brown, 2012] Sudetic [Alpine] USDA Lousewort Pedicularis sudetica Willd. ssp. scopulorum (A. Gray) Hultén Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado Notes: 2-lipped tubular flower, mostly pale pink to rose, inflorescence spike with dense cobwebby hairs, large bracts; leaves alternate, pinnate, with toothed segments, mostly basal; stem long hairy; subalpine to alpine; summer [V Max Brown, 2012] Arkansas Beardtongue USDA Penstemon arkansanus Pennell Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Greers Ferry Lake area, Cleburne County, Arkansas Notes: 2-lipped flower, white, 5 mostly equal lobes, throat open, with purple lines inside and stiff white hairs; leaves opposite and clasping, lanceolate to somewhat triangular, with or without small teeth; stems often with fine hairs and stem purplish toward base; spring [V Max Brown, 2011] Cobaea Beardtongue USDA Penstemon cobaea Nutt. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Branson area, Taney County, Missouri Notes: 2-lipped flower, light blue to lilac to purple (only a little white), 5 mostly equal lobes, throat open, finely hairy; leaves opposite and clasping, lanceolate to somewhat triangular, with teeth; stem finely hairy; spring to early summer (some recognize varieties on color) [V Max Brown, 2010] [White; Talus Slope] USDA Foxglove Beard- Tongue Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Pokagon State Park, Steuben County, Indiana Notes: 2-lipped flower, white (often tinged with blue), 5 mostly equal lobes, throat open, usually some purple lines inside, outer corolla and calyx with glandular hairs; leaves opposite, clasping, lanceolate to somewhat triangular, usually with small teeth, glabrous; stems mostly without hairs or finely hairy below inflorescence; late spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2006] Firecracker [Eaton] Penstemon USDA Penstemon eatonii A. Gray Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Mesa Verda National Park, Colorado Notes: tubular flower, scarlet, lobes very small, sepals small and green; leaves mostly lanceolate with wavy edges, leathery, opposite, often cupping in nature, sessile and clasping at base, pointed, basal leaves also present; plant glabrous; summer [V Max Brown, 2017] Sawsepal [Smooth] Penstemon USDA Penstemon glaber Pursh Scrophulariaceae
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