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Home , Nuttallanthus, Pedicularis canadensis, Penstemon arkansanus, Penstemon cobaea, Penstemon pallidus, Veronicastrum

– FIGWORT OR SNAPDRAGON FAMILY

Plant: herbs mostly, few vines, or trees, some parasitic Stem: : : alternate, opposite, or whorled; simple or pinnate; no stipules : perfect, often showy, many irregular (zygomorphic); (2)4-5 , lobed or cut; (2)4-5 regular petals, or corolla tubes that flare into upper and lower ‘lips’ (2 lobes above, 3 below); stamens 2-4-5; ovary superior, 1 style Fruit: 2-chambered or berry with 2 to many , sometimes oily Other: a large family, distributed throughout the world; Dicotyledons Group Genera: 280+ genera; locally Agalinis, Aureolaria (false foxglove), Chelone (turtlehead), ; Mimulus (monkey ), Nuttallanthus (toadflax), Scrophularia (figwort), Verbascum (mullein), (Culver’s root), (speedwell) and others – some authors are moving several major genera from here to the (Plantain Family)

WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive Flower Morphology in the Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Examples of a few genera (N-Z)

Late Figwort [Carpenter’s Square] [] Blue Toadflax Beardtongue Scrophularia marilandica L. (L.) D.A. Sutton arkansanus Pennell

Common Mullein Verbascum thapsus L. (Introduced) Bracted Lousewort bracteosa Benth. Culver’s-Root [-Physic] (L.) Farw.

Elephanthead Lousewort Birdseye Speedwell Pedicularis groenlandica Retz. Poir. (Introduced) SCROPHULARIACEAE – FIGWORT OR SNAPDRAGON FAMILY

[Canada] Blue Toadflax; Nuttallanthus canadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton Toadflax; (Scheele) D.A. Sutton Princess Tree [Foxglovetree]; Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc. ex Steud. Bracted Lousewort; Pedicularis bracteosa Benth. Wood Betony [Lousewort; Canadian Lousewort]; Pedicularis canadensis L. ssp. canadensis Elephanthead Lousewort; Pedicularis groenlandica Retz. Swamp Lousewort; Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. Sickletop [Parrot’s Beak] Lousewort; Pedicularis racemosa Douglas ex Benth. ssp. alba Pennell Sudetic [Alpine] Lousewort; Pedicularis sudetica Willd. ssp. scopulorum (A. Gray) Hultén Arkansas Beardtongue; Pennell Cobaea Beardtongue; Penstemon cobaea Nutt. [White; Talus Slope; Foxglove] Beard-Tongue; Penstemon Nutt. ex Sims Firecracker [Eaton] Penstemon; Penstemon eatonii A. Gray Sawsepal [Smooth] Penstemon; Penstemon glaber Pursh Hairy Beard-Tongue; Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. Pale Beardtongue; Small Little Flower [Slender Blue] Penstemon; Penstemon procerus Douglas ex Graham White Wand Beardtongue; Penstemon tubiflorus Nutt. Whipple's Penstemon; Penstemon whippleanus A. Gray Late Figwort [Carpenter’s Square]; Scrophularia marilandica L. Moth Mullein; Verbascum blattaria L. (Introduced) Common Mullein; Verbascum thapsus L. (Introduced) Culver’s-Root [-Physic]; Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. SCROPHULARIACEAE – FIGWORT OR SNAPDRAGON FAMILY

Water Speedwell; Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Corn [Field] Speedwell; L. (Introduced) Ivyleaf Speedwell; L. (Introduced) Common Speedwell [Gypsyweed]; L. (Introduced) Purslane Speedwell [Neckweed]; L. Birdseye Speedwell; Veronica persica Poir. (Introduced) Gray Field [Wayside] Speedwell; Fr. (Introduced) Thyme-Leaved Speedwell; L. (Introduced) American Alpine Speedwell; Roem. & Schult. [Canada] Blue Toadflax USDA Nuttallanthus canadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: strongly 2-lipped flower, long slender spur, blue with a white, 2-ridged almost closed palate, short , on ; leaves linear, alternate, sessile; stem just barely winged; sandy soils; spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2008] Texas Toadflax USDA Nuttallanthus texanus (Scheele) D.A. Sutton Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, Comanche County, Oklahoma Notes: strongly 2-lipped flower, long slender curved spur, blue with a white, 2-ridged almost closed palate, short pedicel, on raceme; stem leaves linear, alternate, sessile or nearly so; spring to summer (similar to Nuttallanthus canadensis) [V Max Brown, 2011] Princess Tree USDA [Foxglovetree] Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc. ex Steud. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Charleston, West Virginia Notes: to small tree; showy blue to purple flowers with yellow stripes in clusters; leaves large, opposite and cordate, short-pointed, hairy below; bark gray to brown, mostly smooth or some grooves; twigs stout; buds very hairy; fruit a woody capsule [V Max Brown, 2006] Bracted Lousewort USDA Pedicularis bracteosa Benth. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado Notes: 2-lipped tubular flower, mostly pale yellow, spike with cobwebby hairs, large ; leaves alternate, pinnate, with double toothed segments, on long petioles; montane to alpine; summer (several varieties) [V Max Brown, 2012] Wood Betony [Lousewort; Canadian USDA Lousewort] Pedicularis canadensis L. ssp. canadensis Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Irwin Prairie State Nature Preserve, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 2-lipped tubular flower, Yellow to reddish-purple, upper lip with 2 teeth and arches out and over shorter lower lip, flowers in a crowded spike; leaves mostly basal, 1 or mostly 2 pinnate (fern-like), long petioles on lower leaves, stem leaves alternate; hairy; woods; spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2006] Elephanthead USDA Lousewort Pedicularis groenlandica Retz. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado Notes: corolla pink-purple to red, the elephant ears are parts of lower lip, the galea (helment) makes up the head and trunk of the elephant; calyx short with 5 equal lobes and slightly hairy; leaves basal and cauline (alternate), pinnate with toothed segments; stems mostly glabrous, often turning reddish; montane to alpine environments; summer [V Max Brown, 2012] Swamp Lousewort USDA Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Irwin Prairie State Nature Preserve, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 2-lipped tubular flower, white to cream to light to pale yellow, upper lip slightly notched or not, upper lip slightly longer or about the same length of lower lip, flowers mostly in a short spikes; leaves mostly opposite, pinnately lobed (somewhat fern-like), sessile or petioles short; stem glabrous to slightly hairy; wet areas, often in woods or meadows; late summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2008] Sickletop [Parrot’s Beak] Lousewort USDA Pedicularis racemosa Douglas ex Benth. ssp. alba Pennell Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado Notes: 2-lipped, white to light cream colored (may be tinged with red), upper lip ending in a sharp beak, lower lip of three lobes, calyx green and lobed; leaves, alternate, lanceolate, short , toothed, often with reddish tinge; stem mostly glabrous, somewhat grooved, often reddish; plant bunched from base; montane to subalpine; summer (flower not fully opened in photographs below) [V Max Brown, 2012] Sudetic [Alpine] USDA Lousewort Pedicularis sudetica Willd. ssp. scopulorum (A. Gray) Hultén Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado Notes: 2-lipped tubular flower, mostly pale pink to rose, inflorescence spike with dense cobwebby hairs, large bracts; leaves alternate, pinnate, with toothed segments, mostly basal; stem long hairy; subalpine to alpine; summer [V Max Brown, 2012] Arkansas Beardtongue USDA Penstemon arkansanus Pennell Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Greers Ferry Lake area, Cleburne County, Arkansas Notes: 2-lipped flower, white, 5 mostly equal lobes, throat open, with purple lines inside and stiff white hairs; leaves opposite and clasping, lanceolate to somewhat triangular, with or without small teeth; stems often with fine hairs and stem purplish toward base; spring [V Max Brown, 2011] Cobaea Beardtongue USDA Penstemon cobaea Nutt. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Branson area, Taney County, Notes: 2-lipped flower, light blue to lilac to purple (only a little white), 5 mostly equal lobes, throat open, finely hairy; leaves opposite and clasping, lanceolate to somewhat triangular, with teeth; stem finely hairy; spring to early summer (some recognize varieties on color) [V Max Brown, 2010] [White; Talus Slope] USDA Foxglove Beard- Tongue Nutt. ex Sims Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Pokagon State Park, Steuben County, Indiana Notes: 2-lipped flower, white (often tinged with blue), 5 mostly equal lobes, throat open, usually some purple lines inside, outer corolla and calyx with glandular hairs; leaves opposite, clasping, lanceolate to somewhat triangular, usually with small teeth, glabrous; stems mostly without hairs or finely hairy below inflorescence; late spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2006] Firecracker [Eaton] Penstemon USDA Penstemon eatonii A. Gray Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Mesa Verda National Park, Colorado Notes: tubular flower, scarlet, lobes very small, sepals small and green; leaves mostly lanceolate with wavy edges, leathery, opposite, often cupping in nature, sessile and clasping at base, pointed, basal leaves also present; plant glabrous; summer [V Max Brown, 2017] Sawsepal [Smooth] Penstemon USDA Penstemon glaber Pursh Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Devils Tower National Monument, Crook County, Wyoming Notes: 2-lipped flower (to 4+ cm long), deep blue to purple, 5 mostly equal lobes, throat open, glabrous, sepals glabrous, sharp lobes; inflorescence a panicle; leaves opposite and clasping, mostly lanceolate, entire, glabrous ; stem glabrous; fruit a capsule; summer [V Max Brown, 2014] Hairy Beard- USDA Tongue Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 2-lipped flower, light blue to whitish, tubular, lower white lip raised and bearded, no deeper color lines inside, lobes recurved; leaves mostly lanceolate, clasping at base; stem densely hairy; late spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2006] Pale Beardtongue USDA Penstemon pallidus Small Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) State Hwy 19, 8 miles north of Winona, Shannon county, Missouri Notes: 2-lipped flower, white, throat open, usually some purple lines inside, lower lobe longer than upper; leaves opposite and clasping, lanceolate to somewhat triangular, densely hairy top and bottom; stems very hairy from top to bottom; dry uplands and woods; spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2010] Little Flower [Slender Blue] USDA Penstemon Penstemon procerus Douglas ex Graham Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Near Fraser, Grand County, Colorado Notes: 2-lipped flower, blue to purplish, 1-1.5 cm, sepals green, inflorescence dense with flowers; leaves (cauline and basal) mostly lanceolate, cauline leaves sessile and clasping, basal with long tapering petioles; plant mostly glabrous; low elevations to subalpine environments; summer [V Max Brown, 2012] White Wand USDA Beardtongue Penstemon tubiflorus Nutt. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Busiek State Forest and Wildlife Area, Christian County, Missouri Notes: slightly 2-lipped flower, usually all white, 5 mostly equal lobes, throat open (with some gland-tipped hairs); leaves opposite and clasping, lanceolate to somewhat triangular, usually without teeth and glabous; stems mostly glabrous; late spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2010] Whipple's Penstemon USDA Penstemon whippleanus A. Gray Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado Notes: 2-lipped flower, whitish to red to reddish purple, often stripped with white, sepals linear, stem and sepals in inflorescence glandular hairy; leaves mostly lanceolate, sessile and clasping at base, long-pointed; plant glabrous below inflorescence; montane to alpine environments; summer [V Max Brown, 2012] Late Figwort [Carpenter’s USDA Square] Scrophularia marilandica L. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 2-lipped flower, upper lip wider than long, reddish-brown, staminode (sterile filament) purple to brown (lies nearly flat, structure under upper lip), inflorescence branched and pyramidal; leaves ovate, rounded to cordate at base, serrate with petioles; plant tall; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2004] Moth Mullein USDA Verbascum blattaria L. (Introduced) Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-lobed flower, yellow or white, filament hairs purple, pedicel present (5mm+), crowded on upper stem; stem leaves sessile, mostly lanceolate, edges variable (entire, toothed or lobed), glabrous below, basal leaves in rosette, with petioles; late spring to fall [V Max Brown, 2005] Common Mullein USDA Verbascum thapsus L. (Introduced) Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-lobed somewhat irregular flower, yellow, with densely crowded spike of flowers; leaves my be shallowly lobed or toothed, decurrent (winged on stem) down to next , very densely wooly on both sides; common plant; stem densely hairy; common plant; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2004] Culver’s-Root [-Physic] USDA Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: flower tubular and lobed, lower lobe a little smaller, white, very short pedicles, in crowded spikes, often with additional spikes from upper leaf axils; leaves lanceolate, toothed, whorled (4-6 or rarely other); stem hairy; summer [V Max Brown, 2005] Water Speedwell USDA Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Alley Springs, Ozark National Riverways, Shannon County, Missouri Notes: 4-lobed flower, Lower lobe smaller, light blue with blue markings, pedicel long, bracts shorter to almost equal to petals, in axial ; leaves opposite, mostly elliptical to somewhat ovate, toothed or not, mostly sessile; stem mostly glabrous, hollow; prostrate to loosely erect; along streams and muddy borders; summer [V Max Brown, 2007] Corn [Field] Speedwell USDA Veronica arvensis L. (Introduced) Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 4-lobed flower, Lower lobe smaller, light blue with blue markings, pedicel short, bracts smaller than upper leaves; leaves elliptical to ovate, veins palmate, toothed; stem and leaves with dense long hairs; prostrate to loosely erect; spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2006] Ivyleaf Speedwell USDA Veronica hederifolia L. (Introduced) Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield, Greene County, Missouri Notes: 4-lobed flower, light or pale blue with blue markings, sepals sharp pointed, very hairy, with pedicels up to ~ 1.5 cm; leaves wider than long (ivy-like), 3-(5) palmately lobed and veined, with very long hairs, lower leaves opposite and upper alternate; stem with dense long hairs; somewhat prostrate to loosely erect; spring to summer (Eurasian species) [V Max Brown, 2010] Common Speedwell [Gypsyweed] USDA Veronica officinalis L. (Introduced) Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 4-lobed flower, Lower lobe smaller, white to light blue often with blue markings, flowers on mostly erect axillary racemes; leaves elliptical to ovate, distinctly toothed, petiole narrows to stem; stem and leaves hairy; plant creeping or prostrate; late spring to early fall [V Max Brown, 2006] Purslane Speedwell USDA [Neckweed] Veronica peregrina L. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Pokagon State Park, Steuben County, Indiana Notes: 4-lobed flower, lower lobe smaller, white, pedicel short, sepal lobes about equal, solitary from leaf axil; leaves mostly linear to narrow-lanceolate, entire to sometimes slightly toothed, alternate above but opposite below; plant often prostrate to somewhat erect: spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2007] Birdseye Speedwell USDA Veronica persica Poir. (Introduced) Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) University of Toledo Campus, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 4-lobbed flower, lower lobe smaller, blue (to white), pedicels from leaf axils long and ascending; leaves crenate-toothed, truncate to tapering base, more than one vein, usually slightly longer than wide; stems hairy, nearly prostrate to loosely erect; spring [V Max Brown, 2006] Gray Field [Wayside] USDA Speedwell Veronica polita Fr. (Introduced) Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield, Greene County, Missouri Notes: 4-lobbed flower, lower lobe smaller, blue, pedicels from leaf axils 0.6-1.5 cm long; leaves crenate-toothed, truncate to tapering base, more than one vein, usually slightly longer than wide; stems hairy, nearly prostrate; spring to winter [V Max Brown, 2010] Thyme-Leaved Speedwell USDA Veronica serpyllifolia L. (Introduced) Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Pokagon State Park, Steuben County, Indiana Notes: 4-lobed flower, lower lobe smaller, white to light blue with darker blue markings, pedicel 2-4 mm+, solitary from leaf axils; leaves elliptical, tip rounded to slightly pointed; stem finely hairy; plant often prostrate to somewhat erect: spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2007] American Alpine Speedwell USDA Veronica wormskjoldii Roem. & Schult. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado Notes: 4-lobed flower, dark blue with 2 anthers, sepals (4) with glandular hairs, flowers in crowded raceme; leaves elliptical to ovate, sessile; fruit a capsule; subalpine to alpine environments; stem and foliage dense long hairy: summer [V Max Brown, 2012]