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Biolink KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS MANGROVE DI PANTAI MUTIARA

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Biolink KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS MANGROVE DI PANTAI MUTIARA BioLink Vol. 2 (1) Agustus 2015 p-ISSN: 2356-458x e-ISSN:2597-5269 BioLink Jurnal Biologi Lingkungan, Industri, Kesehatan Available online http://ojs.uma.ac.id/index.php/biolink KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS MANGROVE DI PANTAI MUTIARA DESA KOTA PARI KECAMATAN PANTAI CERMIN KABUPATEN SERDANG BEDAGAI PROVINSI SUMATERA UTARA Mangrove Type Diversity In The Pantai Mutiara City Village Of Beach District Serdang Bedagai District Cermin North Sumatera Province Sina 1, Retno Astuti Kuswardani 2, Jamilah Nasution 3 Fakultas Biologi Universitas Medan Area Jalan Kolam No. 1 Medan Estate 20223 *Corresponding author : E-mail: [email protected] Abstrak Penelitian tentang Keanekaragaman Jenis Mangrove di Pantai Mutiara Desa Kota Pari, Kecamatan Pantai Cermin, Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai, Provinsi Sumatera Utara dilaksanakan pada bulan Oktober s.d November 2012. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman jenis dan vegetasi mangrove berdasarkan tingkatan pertumbuhan. Metode penelitian adalah metode teknik survey eksploratif. Pengumpulan sampel untuk data vegetasi penelitian terdiri dari plot-plot pengamatan dengan total 12 plot yang berasal dari 3 transek. Hasil penelitian terdapat 6 jenis mangrove yaitu Avicennia marina, Bruguiera sexangula, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora mucronata , dan Nypa fruticans , yang tergolong dari 3 famili yaitu Avicenniaceae, Rhizophoraceae, dan Arecaceae. Dari hasil analisis diketahui jenis Avicennia marina, Rhizophora apiculata dan Rhizophora stylosa merupakan jenis yang mendominasi kawasan pesisir Pantai Mutiara Desa Kota Pari Kecamatan Pantai Cermin. Berdasarkan analisis data yang didapat, indeks keanekaragaman (H’) mangrove di pantai tersebut tergolong rendah, yaitu tingkat semai H’ = 0,87, tingkat pacang H’ = 1,34, dan tingkat pohon H’ = 1,20. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa jenis mangrove yang terdapat di Pantai tersebut sedikit. Kata Kunci : Mangrove, keanekaragaman, vegetasi. Abstract This Research on the diversity of Mangrove species in Pantai Mutiara Pari Village, Pantai Cermin Subdistrict, Serdang Bedagai Regency, North Sumatera Province was conducted in October s.d November 2012. The objective of this research is to know the diversity of species and mangrove vegetation based on growth level. The research method is explorative survey technique method. The sample collection for the research vegetation data consisted of observation plots with a total of 12 plots derived from 3 transects. The results of the study were 6 species of mangroves: Avicennia marina, Bruguiera sexangula, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora mucronata, and Nypa fruticans, belonging to 3 families namely Avicenniaceae, Rhizophoraceae, and Arecaceae. From the analysis, it is known that Avicennia marina, Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora stylosa species dominate the coastal area of Pantai Mutiara Desa Kota Pari Pantai Pantai Cermin. Based on the analysis of data obtained, the index of diversity (H ') of mangroves on the beach is low, ie the seedlings H' = 0.87, the H1 = 1,34 and the H '= 1.20. This indicates that the type of mangrove contained in the beach is small. Keywords : Mangrove, diversity, vegetation How to Cite: Sina, Kuswardani, R.A., Nasution, J., (2015), Keanekaragaman Jenis Mangrove di Pantai Mutiara Desa Kota Pari Kecamatan Pantai Cermin Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai Provinsi Sumatera Utara, BioLink, Vol. 2 (1): 82- 96 82 BioLink Vol. 2 (1) Agustus 2015: 82-96 PENDAHULUAN pantai pulau-pulau besar mulai dari Indonesia merupakan negara Sumatera sampai Papua. Mangrove kepulauan yang memiliki garis pantai tumbuh pada pantai yang terlindung sepanjang 810.000 km jajaran pantai umumnya pada daerah-daerah teluk dan tergabung dalam 17.508 buah pulau dengan gerakan ombak yang minim yang merupakan gabungan antara (Triswanto, 2002). bentuk ekosistem pantai dan hutan Mangrove tidak tumbuh pada pantai. (Sugiarto, 2005) Istilah pantai pantai yang terjal dan bergelombang digunakan untuk menggambarkan besar dengan arus pasang surut yang tempat pertemuan daratan dan lautan kuat, karena hal ini tidak dalam satu jalur disepanjang pesisir. memungkinkan terjadinya pengendapan Pantai sangat dipengaruhi oleh gerakan lumpur dan pasir, sebagai substrat yang pasang surut. Kawasan ini akan terlihat diperlukan untuk pertumbuhannya. selama air surut dan tertutup air selama Ekosistem mangrove merupakan air pasang. Komunitas litoral teradaptasi ekosistem yang kompleks dan yang khas pada kondisi seperti ini yang mampu serta memiliki daya dukung yang besar bertahan dalam gerakan pasang surut terhadap lingkungan perairan yang ada yang kuat, terbuka terhadap atmosfer disekitarnya. Disamping dapat dan panas matahari (Murdiyanto,2003) digunakan sebagai benteng pantai Ekologi pantai dipengaruhi oleh terhadap hempasan ombak, hutan keadaan-keadaan di daerahyangjauh mangrove juga bisa dipandang sebagai lebih luas yakni dari daerah aliran penghasil unsur hara yang berasal dari sungai di pedalaman sampai perairan serasah. Unsur hara ini berperan lepas pantai. Wilayah ini mencakup penting untuk menentukan besarnya beberapa habitat yang dari segi biologi kandungan produktifitas suatu perairan. sangat produktif yaitu: muara sungai, Selain itu mangrove berfungsi sebagai wilayah basah pasang surut, hutan tempat memijah, bertelur, asuhan, bakau, perairan lepas pantai dan juga tempat makan dan pembesaran bagi sebagian merupakan daerah tempat berbagai jenis anak ikan dan udang. tinggal penduduk. Pada umumnya Selanjutnya potensi dari hutan habitat-habitat utama yang ada di pantai mangrove dapat ditinjau dari dua aspek meliputi: pulau kecil berbatu, formasi yaitu potensi ekologis dan potensi karang, pantai berpasir, dan lain-lain ekonomis. Potensi ekologis lebih (Murdiyanto, 2003). ditekankan pada kemampuannya dalam Hutan mangrove mendukung eksistensi lingkungan menggambarkan suatu varietas sebagai penahan angin, penahan komunitas pantai tropis yang gempuran ombak, pengendali banjir dan didominasi oleh pohon-pohon yang khas sebagai tempat persembunyian, mencari atau semak-semak yang mempunyai makan, serta tempat pemeliharaan kemampuan untuk tumbuh pada berbagai macam hewan air. Sedangkan perairan asin. Hutan mangrove potensi ekonomis dapat berupa kayu mendominasi kira-kira seperempat garis bakar, kosmetika, obat-obatan, bahan pantai daerah tropis. Di Indonesia hutan bangunan dan lain-lain (Daguri,dkk, mangrove tersebar hampir diseluruh 2002). 83 Sina, dkk, Keanekaragaman Jenis Mangrove di Pantai Mutiara Desa Kota Pari Kecamatan Pantai Provinsi Sumatera Utara sedang gulung, meteran kain, kamera (alat mengalami tekanan yang sangat hebat dokumentasi), tali, kompas, pacak oleh berbagai bentuk kegiatan sehingga ukuran kecil, tabel sheet pengamatan mengakibatkan hilangnya kawasan (lampiran), buku tulis dan pensil. Bahan mangrove sekitar 85% (±168.145 Ha) yang digunakan antara lain : alkohol dan dari luas ±200.000 Ha pada tahun 1987, jenis mangrove. tinggal 15% atau ±31.885 Ha yang Metode yang digunakan dalam berfungsi baik pada tahun 2001. Hal ini penelitian adalah metode teknik survey memberikan gambaran bahwa kondisi eksploratif. Pengumpulan sampel untuk mangrove dalam kurun waktu 14 tahun data vegetasi terbagi atas jalur-jalur di Provinsi Sumatera Utara mengalami disepanjang garis pantai dan sungai penurunan yang sangat cepat (Susilo, besar yang ditentukan secara sengaja 2007). sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian dan Pemkab Serdang Bedagai (2009) kondisi lapangan (purposive random dalam Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup sampling), dan dianggap representatif Daerah Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai, mewakili tegakan mangrove di Pantai lahan kritis yang ada di Kabupaten Mutiara Kecamatan Pantai Cermin Serdang Bedagai seluas 13.733 Ha yang Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai Provinsi terbagi dalam 11 Kecamatan. Kecamatan Sumatera Utara. Pantai Cermin merupakan urutan ke-3 Penentuan sampel untuk data dengan luas 1.780 Ha. Hal ini vegetasi digunakan metode transek menunjukkan terjadinya degradasi kuadrat (garis berpetak), yakni dengan hutan bakau cukup mengkhawatirkan. cara melompati satu atau lebih petak- Mengingat pentingnya peranan petak dalam jalur sehingga sepanjang hutan mangrove maka dilakukan garis rintis terdapat petak-petak pada penelitian keanekaragaman jenis jarak tertentu yang sama (Ahmad,1989). vegetasi ekosistem pantai yang ada di Pantai Mutiara Kecamatan Serdang Bedagai khususnya ruang lingkup mangrove dan kondisi ekologinya dengan pendekatan yang digunakan dari segi morfologi dengan mengidentifikasi spesies yang berasil dikoleksi. METODE PENELITIAN Gambar 1. Skema Penempatan Petak Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Contoh Oktober 2012 sampai dengan November 2012 di Pantai Mutiara Desa Kota Pari Keterangan: Kecamatan Pantai Cermin Kabupaten A : Petak pengamatan semai (2 × 2 m) Serdang Bedagai Provinsi Sumatera B : Petak pengamatan pacang (5 × 5 m) Utara. C : Petak pengamatan pohon (10 × 10) Alat yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah : GPS ( Global Pengukuran vegetasi dilakukan Positioning System ), gunting, meteran dengan tiga pola yaitu : pengambilan 84 BioLink Vol. 2 (1) Agustus 2015: 82-96 data untuk semai (pemudaan tingkat penting. Untuk mengetahui kemantapan kecambah sampai setinggi < 1,5 m), (stabilitas) data berupa jenis-jenis pacang/anakan (pemudaan dengan vegetasi mangrove yang tunbuh di lokasi tinggi > 1,5 m sampai pohon muda yang penelitian, data penciri antar jenis, data berdiameter kecil dari 10 cm), dan lokasi kehidupannya serta dominasi pohon dewasa (berdiameter > 20 cm), jenis-jenis yang ditabulasikan ke dalam (Susilo, 2007).
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