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Ambient Water Quality Criteria for 2-Chlorophenol (PDF)

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Ambient Water Quality Criteria for 2-Chlorophenol (PDF) United States Office of Water EPA 440/5-80-034 Environmental Protection Regulations and Standards October 1980 Agency Criteria and Standards Division Washington D.C. 20460 EPA Ambient Water Quality Criteria for 2-chlorophenol AMBIENTWATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR 2-CHLOROPHENOL Prepared By U.S. ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION AGENCY Office of Water Regulations and Standards Criteria and Standards Division Washington, D.C. Office of Research and Development Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office Cincinnati, Ohio Carcinogen Assessment Group Washington, D.C. Environmental Research Laboratories Corvalis, Oregon Duluth, Minnesota Gulf Breeze, Florida Narragansett, Rhode Island DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. AVAILABILITY NOTICE This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, (NTIS), Springfield, Virginia 22161. ii FOREWORD Section 304 (a)(l) of the Clean Water Act of 1977 (P.L. 95-217), requires the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to publish criteria for water quality accurately reflecting the latest scientific knowledge on the kind and extent of all identifiable effects on health and welfare which may be expected from the presence of pollutants in any body of water, including ground water. Proposed water quality criteria for the 65 toxic pollutants listed under section 307 (a)(l) of the Clean Water Act were developed and a notice of their availability was published for public comment on March 15, 1979 (44 FR 15926), July 25, 1979 (44 FR 43660), and October 1, 1979 (44 FR 56628). This document is a revision of those proposed criteria based upon a consideration of comments received from other Federal Agencies, State agencies, special interest groups, and individual scientists. The criteria contained in this document replace any previously published EPA criteria for the 65 pollutants. This criterion document is also published in satisfaction of paragraph 11 of the Settlement Agreement in Natural Resources Defense Council, et. al. vs. Train, 8 ERC 2120 (D.D.C. 1976), modified, 12 ERC 1833 (D.D.C. 1979). The term "water quality criteria" is used in two sections of the Clean Water Act, section 304 (a)(l) and section 303 (c)(2). The term has a different program impact in each section. In section 304, the term represents a non-regulatory, scientific assessment of ecological ef- fects. The criteria presented in this publication are such scientific assessments. Such water quality criteria associated with specific stream uses when adopted as State water quality standards under section 303 become enforceable maximum acceptable levels of a pollutant in ambient waters. The water quality criteria adopted in the State water quality standards could have the same numerical limits as the criteria developed under section 304. However, in many situations States may want to adjust water quality criteria developed under section 304 to reflect local environmental conditions and human exposure patterns before incorporation into water quality standards. It is not until their adoption as part of the State water quality standards that the criteria become regulatory. Guidelines to assist the States in the modification of criteria presented in this document, in the development of water quality standards, and in other water-related programs of this Agency, are being developed by EPA. STEVENSCHATZOW Deputy Assistant Administrator Office of Water Regulations and Standards iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Aquatic Life Toxicology: William A. Brungs, ERL-Narragansett David J. Hansen, ERL-Gulf Breeze U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Mammalian Toxicology and HumanHealth Effects: Gary Osweiler (author) Gordon Chesters University of Missouri University of Wisconsin John F. Risher (doc. mgr.) ECAO-Cin Patrick Durkin U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Syracuse Research Corporation Jerry F. Stara (doc. mgr.) ECAO-Cin Terence M. Grady, ECAO-Cin U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Rolf Hartung Van Kozak University of Michigan University of Wisconsin Terri Laird, ECAO-Cin Robert Lingg, HERL U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Steven D. Lutkenhoff, ECAO-Cin David Ritter, OPP U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technical Support Services Staff: D.J. Reisman, M.A. Garlough, B.L. Zwayer, P.A. Daunt, K.S. Edwards, T.A. Scandura, A.T. Pressley, C.A. Cooper, M.M. Denessen. Clerical Staff: C.A. Haynes, S.J. Faehr, L.A. Wade, D. Jones, B.J. Bordicks, B.J. Quesnell, T. Highland, R. Rubinstein. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Criteria Summary Introduction A-1 Aquatic Life Toxicology A-1 Introduction B-1 Effects B-1 Acute Toxicity B-1 Chronic Toxicity B-2 Plant Effects 5-2 Residues B-2 Miscellaneous B-2 Summary B-3 Criteria B-4 References B-11 Mammalian Toxicology and Human Health Effects C-1 Introduction C-1 Exposure C-2 Ingestion from Water C-2 Ingestion from Food C-8 Inhalation C-12 Dermal C-15 Pharmacokinetics C-15 Absorption C-15 Distribution C-16 Metabolism C-17 Excretion C-18 Effects C-18 Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Toxicity C-18 Synergism and/or Antagonism C-22 Teratogenicity and Mutagenicity C-22 Carcinogenicity C-22 Criterion Formulation C-29 Existing Guidelines and Standards C-29 Current Levels of Exposure C-29 Special Groups at Risk C-30 Basis and Derivation of Criterion C-30 References c-33 v CRITERIA DOCUMENT 2-CHLOROPHENOL CRITERIA Aquatic Life The available data for 2-chlorophenol indicate that acute toxicity to freshwater aquatic life occurs at concentrations as low as 4,380 µg/l and would occur at lower concentrations among species that are more sensitive than those tested. No definitive data are available concerning the chronic toxicity of 2-chlorophenol to sensitive freshwater aquatic life but flavor impairment occurs in one species of fish at concentrations as low as 2,000 µg/l. No saltwater organisms have been tested with 2-chlorophenol and no statement can be made concerning acute or chronic toxicity. Human Health Sufficient data is not available for 2-chlorophenol to derive a level which would protect against the potential toxicity of this compound. Using available organoleptic data, for controlling undesirable taste and odor qualities of ambient water, the estimated level is 0.1 µg/l. It should be recognized that organoleptic data as a basis for establishing a water quality criterion have limitations and have no demonstrated relation- ship to potential adverse human health effects. vi INTRODUCTION 2-Chlorophenol is a commercially produced chemical used entirely as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals. It represents a basic chemical feedstock in the manufacture of higher chlorophenols for such uses as fungicides, slimicides, bactericides, antiseptics, disinfectants, and wood and glue preservatives. 2-Chlorophenol is also used to form intermedi- ates in the production of phenolic resins, and has been utilized in a pro- cess for extracting sulfur and nitrogen compounds from coal. 2-Chlorophenol (ortho- or o-chlorophenol) is a substituted phenol hav- ing the empirical formula C6H50C1. It has a molecular weight of 128.56, a density of 1.2573 at 25°C, and a vapor pressure of 1 mm Hg at 12.1°C (Sax, 1975; Stecher, 1968). 2-Chlorophenol melts at 8.7°C and exhibits a boiling point range of 175 to 176°C (Rodd, 1954; Judson and Kilpatrick, 1943). The spatial configuration and resonance effect of 2-chlorophenol may suppress the activity of the halogen atom by hydrogen bonding, which partly accounts for the lower toxicity than the 3- and 4-chlorophenol isomers (Huang and Gloyna, 1968). In aqueous solution, 2-chlorophenol is slightly soluble (1,000 mg/l) at 25°C and neutral pH (Henshaw, 1971; U.S. EPA, 1973). The log of the octa- nol/water partition coefficient for 2-chlorophenol is 2.16 (U.S. EPA, 1978). 2-Chlorophenol is weakly acidic, possesses a pKa of 8.48 in water at 25°C, and dissociates in alkaline solutions (Hudson and Kilpatrick, 1949; Pearce and Simpkins, 1968). Its monovalent salts, in particular, are soluble in aqueous solutions, and the degree of solubility is pH-dependent. Information concerning the presence and fate of 2-chlorophenol is in- complete or nonexistent. However, the generation of waste sources from the A-1 commercial production of 2-chlorophenol, its chemically derived products, anti the inadvertent synthesis of 2-chlorophenol due to chlorination of phenol in effluents and drinking water sources, may clearly indicate its importance in potential point source and non-point source water contamina- tion. The chlorination of phenol from dilute aqueous solutions (Aly, 1968; Barnhart and Campbell, 1972) and from sewage effluents (Jolley, 1973; Jolley, et al. 1975) has been demonstrated. Microbial degradation of 2-chlorophenol under laboratory conditions has been reported. Studies on the metabolism of the herbicide, 2,4-dichloro- phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), have demonstrated the dechlorination and aro- matic ring degradation of 2-chlorophenol by an Arthrobacter species (Loos, et al. 1966). Nachtigall and Butler (1974) reported the complete oxidation of 2-chlorophenol by Pseudomonassp. isolated from activated sludge. A-2 .?EFERENCES Aly, ,Z.l'/r. 1968. Separation of phenols in waters by thin-layer chromato- awhy s Water Res. 2: 587. Barnhart, E.L. and G.R. Campbell. 1972. The eftect of chlorination on selected organic chemicals. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Henshaw, T.B. 1971. Adsorption/filtration plant cuts phenols from efflu- ent. Chem. Eng. 78: 47. %ang, J. and E.F. Gloyna. 1968. Effect of organic compounds on photosyn- thetic oxygenations. I. Chlorophyll destruction and suppression of photo- synthetic oxygen production. Water Res. 2: 317. Jolley, R.L. 1973. Chlorination effects on organic constituents in efflu- ents from domestic sanitary sewage treatment plants, Ph.D.
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