DOCSLIB.ORG

Manmade Organic Compounds in the Surface Waters of the United States-A Review of Current Understanding

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Manmade Organic Compounds in the Surface Waters of the United States-A Review of Current Understanding U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 1007 Manmade Organic Compounds in the Surface Waters of the United States-A Review of Current Understanding Manmade Organic Compounds in the Surface Waters of the United States-A Review of Current Understanding By JAMES A. SMITH, PATRICK j. WITKOWSKI and THOMAS V. FUSILLO U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 1007 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GORDON P. EATON, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government First printing 1988 Second printing 1993 Third printing 1996 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:1988 Free on application to the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225 Ubrary of Congress Cataloging In Publication Data Smith, James A. (James Albert) Manmade organic compounds in the surface waters of the United States. (U.S. Geological Survey circular ; 1007) Bibliography: p; Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.4/2:1007. 1. Organic water pollutants-United States. 2. Organic compounds. I. Witkowski, P.J. (Patrick J.) II. Fusillo, Thomas V. Ill. Title. IV. Series. T0427.07S55 1988 363.7'394 87-600258 CONTENTS Abstract 1 Introduction 1 Background 1 Purpose and scope 2 Processes affecting the fate and distribution of organic compounds 2 Sorption 2 Definitions 2 Adsorption and partitioning 3 Sorption of nonionic organic compounds 3 Importance of particulate organic matter 6 Importance of dissolved organic matter 8 Sorption of ionic organic compounds 8 Organic acids 9 Organic bases 9 Bioaccumulation 11 Importance of biological lipid reservoirs 11 Biomagnification 14 Transformation processes 1S Photolysis 16 Hydrolysis 18 Biodegradation 19 Volatilization 21 Polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated insecticides · 25 Uses, production, properties, and regulatory limits 25 Environmental fate 27 Environmental distribution 32 Carbamate and organophosphorus insecticides 36 Uses, production, properties, and regulatory limits 36 Environmental fate 37 Environmental distribution 39 Herbicides 39 Uses, production, properties, and regulatory limits 39 Environmental fate 40 Environmental distribution 43 Phenols 44 Uses, production, properties, and regulatory limits 44 Environmental fate 45 Environmental distribution 49 Halogenated aliphatic and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 50 Uses, production, and properties 50 Environmental fate 52 Environmental distribution 55 Phthalate esters 56 Uses, production, and properties 56 Environmental fate 57 Environmental distribution 59 Contents Ill Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins 60 Uses, production, and properties 60 Environmental fate 62 Environmental distribution 63 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 64 Uses, production, and properties 64 Environmental fate 66 Environmental distribution 70 Summary 73 Selected references 74 FIGURES 1-10. Plots showing: 1. Correlation of octanol-water partition coefficient with water solubility for selected aromatic liquids and solids at 25 oc 4 2. Soil-water equilibrium isotherms of some neutral organic compounds at 20 oc 4 3. Typical soil-water equilibrium isotherms for 1,3-dichlorobenzene and 1 ,2,4-trichlorobenzene as single solutes and as binary solutes on a Woodburn silt loam soil at 20 oc 5 4. Soil organics-water sorption coefficients plotted as a function of the aqueous solubilities of selected neutral organic compounds 5 5. Sorption coefficient normalized for organic-carbon content as a function of compound water solubility and octanol-water partition coefficient 7 6. Adsorption isotherms of paraquat in soils 10. 7. Correlation of bioconcentration factor versus octanol-water partition coefficient showing the correlations of Veith and others (1979), Neely and others (1974), and Mackay (1982a) 12 8. Relation between log water solubility of pesticides and log bioconcentration factor for Triaenodes tardus egg masses 13 9. Correlation of log bioconcentration factor on the basis of fish lipid content with log triolein-water partition coefficient for a variety of nonionic organic compounds 14 10. Relation between microbial specific growth rate and substrate concentration 20 11. Structural diagrams of selected chlorinated insecticides and a polychlorinated biphenyl 25 12. Plot showing relation of summer mean polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in water and lipid-bas~ PCB concentrations in fiiiets of whole yearling pumpkinseed collected September 1977-83 at Stillwater, N.Y 35 13. Frequency of detection of organochlorine insecticides in water and bed-material samples from stations in the U.S. Geological Survey-U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Pesticide Monitoring Network, 1975-80 35 14. Structural diagrams of selected carbamate and organophosphorus insecticides 36 IV Contents 15, 16. Plots showing: 14 15. Cumulative C02 (percentage of added ring-labeled 14C-insecticide) emlved in a soil planted to rice under flooded and nonflooded conditions 38 16. Trends in national use of herbicides and insecticides on major crops, 1964-82 40 17, 18. Structural diagrams of: 17. Selected herbicides 40 18. Selected phenolic compounds 44 19. Structural diagrams showing degradation pathway of pentachlorophenol in soils 48 20. Structural diagrams of selected halogenated aliphatic and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 51 21. Graph of predicted volatilization rates of methylene chloride and dichlorobenzene in the Rio Grande River, N.Mex. 55 22. Structural diagrams of some common phthalate esters 57 23, 24. Structural diagrams showing: 23. Degradation of di-n-butyl phthalate, mono-n-butyl phthalate, and phthalic acid by different microorganisms: organisms isolated with di-n-butyl phthalate as carbon source for enrichment, stock cultures, and bacteria isolated from phthalic acid enrichment medium 59 24. Formation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin as a byproduct in the synthesis of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 60 25. Structural diagrams of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 66 26. Structural diagrams showing proposed degradation pathway of phenanthrene by soil pseudomonads 70 TABLES 1. Contrasting characteristics of adsorption and partition processes 3 2. Selected anionic and cationic organic compounds of environmental significance 9 3. Approximate molecular composition of some Aroclor mixtures 26 4. Some uses of polychlorinated biphenyls suggested by the manufacturer 27 5. Detection limits, water-quality criteria, and use data for selected organo­ chlorine insecticides 28 6. Experimentally determined octanol-water partition coefficients, solubilities, and vapor pressures of selected polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated insecti­ cides at room temperature 29 7. Experimentally determined sorption coefficients for some polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine insecticides 30 8. Experimentally determined bioconcentration factors for some polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine insecticides 31 9. Means and ranges of detectable sediment residues of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine insecticides 33 10. Detectable residues of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine insecti­ cides in biota 34 11. Experimentally determined octanol-water partition coefficients, solubilities, and vapor pressures of selected organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides at room temperature 36 Contents V 12. Detection limits, water-quality criteria, and use data for selected organophosphorus insecticides 37 13. Characteristics of selected carbamate insecticides 38 14. Approximate persistence of pesticides in soils 38 15. Detection limits, water-quality criteria, and use data for some common herbicides 40 16. List of and magnitude of application of herbicides in 11 agricultural water­ sheds in Ontario, 1975 41 17. Experimentally determined aqueous solubilities and vapor pressures of selected herbicides at room temperature 41 18. Structural groupings of selected herbicides 41 19. Herbicide residues in North American surface waters 43 20. World production of phenol in 1978 45 21. Experimentally determined physicochemical properties of selected phenolic compounds at room temperature 46 22. Phenol bacteria present during the winter and (or) summer season in St. Lawrence River water and maximum phenol levels that could be tolerated 47 23. Time required for bacteria to use 95 percent of parent substrate 48 24. Photolysis of phenols and their degradation products 48 25. Experimentally determined sorption coefficients of nonionized chlorinated phenols for different natural sorbents 49 26. Concentration of phenol and some of its chlorinated derivatives in municipal and industrial wastewater 50 27. U.S. production of selected halogenated aliphatic and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 51 28. Uses of selected halogenated aliphatic and monocyclic aromatic hydro­ carbons 52 29. Experimentally determined octanol-water partition coefficients, solubilities, and vapor pressures of selected halogenated aliphatic and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at room temperature 53 30. Evaporation times for 50 and 90 percent removal of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (1 milligram per liter) at 25 oc, 200 revolutions per minute of stirring, and a depth of 6.5 centimeters 54 31. Ratios of overall transfer coefficients for selected aliphatic and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to overall transfer coefficients for oxygen 54 32. Uses of phthalate esters in the United States 57 33. Solubilities and vapor pressures of selected phthalate esters 58 34. Selected
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
    2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid IUPAC (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid name 2,4-D Other hedonal names trinoxol Identifiers CAS [94-75-7] number SMILES OC(COC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl)=O ChemSpider 1441 ID Properties Molecular C H Cl O formula 8 6 2 3 Molar mass 221.04 g mol−1 Appearance white to yellow powder Melting point 140.5 °C (413.5 K) Boiling 160 °C (0.4 mm Hg) point Solubility in 900 mg/L (25 °C) water Related compounds Related 2,4,5-T, Dichlorprop compounds Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a common systemic herbicide used in the control of broadleaf weeds. It is the most widely used herbicide in the world, and the third most commonly used in North America.[1] 2,4-D is also an important synthetic auxin, often used in laboratories for plant research and as a supplement in plant cell culture media such as MS medium. History 2,4-D was developed during World War II by a British team at Rothamsted Experimental Station, under the leadership of Judah Hirsch Quastel, aiming to increase crop yields for a nation at war.[citation needed] When it was commercially released in 1946, it became the first successful selective herbicide and allowed for greatly enhanced weed control in wheat, maize (corn), rice, and similar cereal grass crop, because it only kills dicots, leaving behind monocots. Mechanism of herbicide action 2,4-D is a synthetic auxin, which is a class of plant growth regulators.
    [Show full text]
  • Phenols and Phenol Analysis
    TABLE OF CONTENT: Page 1. ALKYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES 2 2. PHENOLS 3 2.1 SINGLE COMPONENT PHENOL STANDARDS 3 Alkylphenol Chlorophenols Bromophenols Nitrophenols 2.2 DERIVATIZING REAGENTS AND INTERNAL STANDARDS 7 Derivatizing Reagents Internal Standards for PFB-derivatization Deuterated Alkylphenol Internal Standards Deuterated Chlorophenols Deuterated Bromophenols Deuterated Nitrophenols 2.3 PHENOL MIXTURES 9 Alkylphenol Mixtures Deuterated Alkylphenol Mixtures 2.4 ISO METHODS 11 2.5 EPA METHODS 16 1 1. ALKYLPHENOL ETHOXYLATES Alkylphenol ethoxylates, in particular nonylphenol and octylphenol ethoxyaltes, are widely used as non-ionic surfactants. Alkylphenol ethoxylates are suspected endocrine disruptors. Nonyl phenol ethoxylates are banned in many countries and are on the second Priority Substance List (PSL2) of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Low molecular weight alkylphenol ethoxylates are analyzed by GC-MS, and high molecular weight alkylphenol ethoxylates can be analyzed by HPLC techniques. Chiron offers a unique and broad range of single isomer of octyl- and nonylphenol ethoxylates as solution standards. These solutions can be used as calibration standards for GC-MS analysis of waste water and waste water sludges. In addition Chiron offers neat material in mg to g scale for exposure and toxicological studies. Custom synthesis and custom manufactured solutions are available on request. Alkylphenol ethoxylates 4-Nonylphenol isomer mix 1 mg/mL in isooctane 2044,15 4-Nonylphenol EO isomer mix 1 mg/mL in isooctane 1833,17 4-Nonylphenol
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (15) 3,671,470 Case (45) June 20, 1972 54)
    United States Patent (15) 3,671,470 Case (45) June 20, 1972 54). RIGID POLYURETHANE COMPOSITIONS WITH IMPROVED 56 References Cited PROPERTIES UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,378,527 4/1968 Case et al................................ 260/67 (72) Inventor: Leslie C. Case, 14 Lockeland Road, 3,502,60 3/1970 Case et al............................... 260/2.5 Winchester, Mass. 0.1890 3,309,342 3/1967 Friedman. ...260/77.5 22) Filed: April 27, 1970 3,436,373 4/1969 Cox et al............................... 260/77.5 (21) Appl. No.: 32,398 Primary Evanainter-Donald E. Czaja Assistant Evanliner-Ronald W. Griffin 52) U.S.C. .................... 260/2.5 AP,260/2.5 AQ, 260/9R, 57) ABSTRACT 260/75 NQ, 260/77.5 AN, 260/77.5 AQ, 260/DIG. Polyurethane formulations based on a polyol component 24 which incorporates a hydroxyalkyl-substituted Mannich con (51) int.C. ................Cosg22/06, C08g 22/08, CO8g 22/44 densation product and a substantial quantity of cyclic 58) Field of Search................ 260/2.5 AP, 2.5 AQ, 77.5AQ, . hydrocarbon radicals are described. Such formulations yield 260/77.5AN, 75 NO rigid polyurethane foams which exhibit unusual inherent flame retardancy and exceptionally good dimensional stability under adverse conditions of temperature and humidity. 35 Claims, NoDrawings 3,671,470 2 RGDPOLYURETHANE COMPOST ONSWTH linked polyurethane compositions prepared therefrom and is IMPROVED PROPERTIES described in numerous publications. Unfortunately, however, CROSS-REFERENCESTORELATED APPLICATIONS rigid polyurethane foams derived from halo-substituted polyols usually exhibit a very objectionable lack of dimen This application is related to U. S. Pat. application Ser.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity of Bacteria That Dechlorinate Aromatic Chlorides and a New Candidate, Dehalobacter Sp
    Interdisciplinary Studies on Environmental Chemistry — Biological Responses to Contaminants, Eds., N. Hamamura, S. Suzuki, S. Mendo, C. M. Barroso, H. Iwata and S. Tanabe, pp. 65–76. © by TERRAPUB, 2010. Biodiversity of Bacteria that Dechlorinate Aromatic Chlorides and a New Candidate, Dehalobacter sp. Naoko YOSHIDA1,2 and Arata KATAYAMA1 1EcoTopia Science Institute, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-0814, Japan 2Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8224, Japan (Received 18 January 2010; accepted 27 January 2010) Abstract—Bacteria that dechlorinate aromatic chlorides have been received much attention as a bio-catalyst to cleanup environments polluted with aromatic chlorides. So far, a variety of dechlorinating bacteria have been isolated, which contained members in diverse phylogenetic group such as genera Desulfitobacterium and “Dehalococcoides”. In this review, we introduced the up-to date knowledge of bacteria that dechlorinate aromatic chlorides and new candidate, Dehalobacter spp., as promising bacteria that dechlorinate aromatic chlorides. Keywords: reductive dehalogenation, aromatic chlorides, Dehalobacter INTRODUCTION Aromatic chlorides such as chlorinated phenols, benzenes, biphenyls, and dibenzo- p-dioxins are compounds of serious environmental concern because of their widespread use and hazardous effects for animals and plants and frequently encountered as persistent pollutants
    [Show full text]
  • TR-353: 2,4-Dichlorophenol
    NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM Technical Report Series No. 353 t TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS STUDIES OF 2,4=DICHLOROPHENOL (CAS NO. 120-83-2) IN F344/N RATS AND B6C3F1 MICE (FEED STUDIES) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutes of Health NTP TECHNICAL REPORT ON THE TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS STUDIES OF 2,4=DICHLOROPHENOL (CAS NO. 120-83-2) IN F344/N RATS AND B6C3F1 MICE (FEED STUDIES) R. Melnick, Ph.D., Chemical Manager NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM P.O. Box 12233 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 June 1989 NTP TR 353 NIH Publication No. 89-2808 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutes of Health C0NT E N TS PAGE ABSTRACT ................................................................ 3 EXPLANATION OF LEVELS OF EVIDENCE OF CARCINOGENIC ACTIVITY .................. 5 CONTRIElUTORS ............................................................ 6 PEER RElVIEWPANEL ........................................................ 7 SCMMARY OF PEER REVIEW COMMENTS ......................................... 8 I . INTRODCCTION ........................................................ 9 I1. MATERIALS AND METHODS .............................................. 15 III. RESULTS ............................................................. 31 RATS ............................................................. 32 MICE ............................................................. 39 GENETICTOXICOLOGY ............................................... 47 IV . DISCUSSION .4 ND CONCLUSIONS
    [Show full text]
  • Reactions of Chlorine and Some of Its Oxygen Derivatives with Phenol
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-1996 Reactions of Chlorine and Some of Its Oxygen Derivatives with Phenol Lizhuo Zhang Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Zhang, Lizhuo, "Reactions of Chlorine and Some of Its Oxygen Derivatives with Phenol" (1996). Master's Theses. 4356. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/4356 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. REACTIONS OF CHLORINE AND SOME OF ITS OXYGENDERIVATIVES WITH PHENOL by Lizhuo Zhang A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillmentof the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of Chemistry Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan August 1996 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express her sincere gratitude to the Chemistry Department of Western MichiganUniversity forproviding the instrumentation, chemical supplies and financial assistance to accomplish this research. The assistance given by Dr. Ralph Steinhaus and Dr. Donald Schreiber is greatfullyacknowledged. The author would also like to thank all the faculty, graduate students and other staffmembers of the Chemistry Department fortheir assistance and encouragement. Particular recognition is given to Dr. James A Howell without whose precious assistance and guidance this research would not have been completed. Lizhuo Zhang 11 REACTIONS OF CHLORINE AND SOME OF ITS OXYGEN DERIVATIVES WITH PHENOL Lizhuo Zhang, M.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicological Profile for Chlorophenols; Thus, the Literature Search Was Restricted to Studies Published Between 1997 and 2019
    Toxicological Profile for Chlorophenols Draft for Public Comment July 2021 CHLOROPHENOLS ii DISCLAIMER Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the Public Health Service, or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. This information is distributed solely for the purpose of pre dissemination public comment under applicable information quality guidelines. It has not been formally disseminated by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. It does not represent and should not be construed to represent any agency determination or policy. ***DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMENT*** CHLOROPHENOLS iii FOREWORD This toxicological profile is prepared in accordance with guidelines developed by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The original guidelines were published in the Federal Register on April 17, 1987. Each profile will be revised and republished as necessary. The ATSDR toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for these toxic substances described therein. Each peer-reviewed profile identifies and reviews the key literature that describes a substance's toxicologic properties. Other pertinent literature is also presented, but is described in less detail than the key studies. The profile is not intended to be an exhaustive document; however, more comprehensive sources of specialty information are referenced. The focus of the profiles is on health and toxicologic information; therefore, each toxicological profile begins with a relevance to public health discussion which would allow a public health professional to make a real-time determination of whether the presence of a particular substance in the environment poses a potential threat to human health.
    [Show full text]
  • The Degradation of 2-Chlorophenol in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Reactor
    The Degradation of 2-Chlorophenol in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Reactor Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines DOKTOR-INGENIEUR von der Fakultät für Bauingenieur- und Vermessungswesen der Universität Fridericiana zu Karlsruhe (TH) genehmigte DISSERTATION von Sivawan Phoolphundh, M.Sc. aus Bangkok, Thailand Tag der mündliche Prüfung : 27.06.1997 Hauptreferent : Prof. Dr. rer. nat. J. Winter Korreferent : Prof. H.H. Hahn, Ph.D. Karlsruhe 1997 Die vorliegende Arbeit entstand während meiner Tätigkeit als Doktorandin am Institut für Ingenieurbiologie und Biotechnologie des Abwassers der Universität Karlsruhe. Mein besonderer Dank gilt Herrn Prof. Dr. rer.nat. J. Winter für seine vollste Unterstützung und Betreuung dieser Arbeit sowie für wertvolle Hinweise und anregende Diskussion. Herrn Prof. H.H. Hahn Ph.D. danke ich für die Übernahme des Korreferates und die Durchsicht der Arbeit. 81 Herrn Dipl.-Ing. R. Staud danke ich herzlich für seine freundliche Unterstützung seit Beginn meines Studiums in Deutschland. Mein Dank gilt weiterhin den ehemaligen und aktuellen Mitarbeitern des Institutes, die durch ihre Hilfsbereitschaft am Gelingen dieser Arbeit beteiligt waren. An dieser Stelle möchte ich Frau Orapim Bernart danken für ihre mir am Herzen liegende freundliche Unterstützung sowie meiner eigenen Familie. Für die finanzielle Förderung meines Studiums in Deutschland sei dem Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienst (DAAD) gedankt. Sivawan Phoolphundh Table of contents page 1. Introduction .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chlorinated Phenols AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR
    Click here for DISCLAIMER Document starts on next page United States Office of Water EPA 40/5-80-032 Environmental Protection Regulations and Standards October 1980 Agency Criteria and Standards Division Washington DC 20460 Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chlorinated Phenols AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR CHLORINATED PHENOLS Prepared By U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Water Regulations and Standards Criteria and Standards Division Washington, D.C. Office of Research and Development Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office Cincinnati, Ohio Carcinogen Assessment Group Washington, D.C. Environmental Research Laboratories Corvalis, Oregon Duluth, Minnesota Gulf Breeze, Florida Narragansett, Rhode Island DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. AVAILABILITY NOTICE This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, (NTIS), Springfield, Virginia 22161. ii FOREWORD Section 304 (a)(1) of the Clean Water Act of 1977 (P.L. 95-217), requires the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to publish criteria for water quality accurately reflecting the latest scientific knowledge on the kind and extent of all identifiable effects on health and welfare which may be expected from the presence of pollutants in any body of water, including ground water. Proposed water quality criteria for the 65 toxic pollutants listed under section 307 (a)(1) of the Clean Water Act were developed and a notice of their availability was published for public comment on March 15, 1979 (44 FR 15926), July 25, 1979 (44 FR 43660), and October 1, 1979 (44 FR 56628).
    [Show full text]
  • Monochlorophenols
    Euro Chlor Risk Assessment for the Marine Environment OSPARCOM Region - North Sea Monochlorophenols February 2002 Monochlorophenols 02/2002 EURO CHLOR RISK ASSESSMENT FOR THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT MONOCHLOROPHENOLS OSPARCOM Region – North Sea EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Euro Chlor has voluntarily agreed to carry out risk assessment of 25 chemicals related to the chlorine industry, specifically for the marine environment and according to the methodology laid down in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and the Guidance Documents of the EU Existing Substances Regulation (793/93). The study consists of the collection and evaluation of data on effects and environmental concentrations. Basically, the effect data are derived from laboratory toxicity tests and exposure data from analytical monitoring programs. Finally the risk is indicated by comparing the “predicted environmental concentrations” (PEC) with the “predicted no effect concentrations” (PNEC), expressed as a hazard quotient for the marine aquatic environment. To determine the PNEC value, three different trophic levels are considered: aquatic plants, invertebrates and fish. In the case of chlorophenols (2 chlorophenol, 3 chlorophenol, 4 chlorophenol) 34 data for fish, 30 data for invertebrates and 15 data for algae have been evaluated according to the quality criteria recommended by the European authorities. As toxicity results on aquatic organisms seem to be comparable for the three isomers considered, data were pooled for the final PNEC calculation. Both acute and chronic toxicity studies have been taken into account and the appropriate assessment factors have been used to define a final PNECwater value of 30 µg/l, and a PNECsed value of 258 µg/kg. The available monitoring data, applied to various surface waters and sediments, were used to calculate PECs.
    [Show full text]
  • Sources and Transformations of Chlorophenols in the Natural Environment
    Science of the Total Environment 322 (2004) 21–39 Review Sources and transformations of chlorophenols in the natural environment Marianna Czaplicka* Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, 44-100 Gliwice, Sowinskiego´ 5 Gliwice, Poland Received 28 February 2003; accepted 5 September 2003 Abstract The present review updates our knowledge about chlorophenols, their chemical reactions and transformations in the natural environment, as well as factors affecting kinetics and mechanisms of these processes.Effects of pH of the environment and structure of molecules (also the number of chlorine atoms and their position in the molecule) on the behaviour of these compounds in the natural environment are also discussed.In addition, ways of propagation of chlorophenols in the natural environment are presented and discussed on the background of their physical and chemical properties, which influence the propagation rate in the ecosystems. ᮊ 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Chlorophenols; Environment pollutants; Fate in the environment 1. Sources of chlorophenols Grimvall, 1991; Grimvall et al., 1994).In this case, probably natural reactions of humic acid Chlorophenols are synthetic organic compounds, chlorination are the main source of chlorophenol obtained on large, industrial and commercial scales formation (Gribble, 1995).Laboratory investiga- by chlorinating phenol or hydrolysing chloroben- tions carried out by Hodin et al. (1991) showed zenes.Chlorophenols also arise as an intermediate that 2,4,6-trichlorophenol had been formed after product at some stages of 2,3-dichlorophenoxyace- addition of chloroperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide tate acid production (Kent and James, 1983),or and potassium chloride to the fungi Culduriomyces during wood pulp bleaching.Kringstad and Lind- fumugo.Chloroperoxidase catalyzes the chlorina- ( ) strom¨ 1984 describe in detail the formation of tion of aromatic structures, such as phenols and chlorophenols in the wood pulp bleaching process.
    [Show full text]
  • UNITED NATIONS Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic
    UNITED NATIONS SC UNEP/POPS/POPRC.9/INF/7 Distr.: General 19 August 2013 English only Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee Ninth meeting Rome, 14–18 October 2013 Item 6 of the provisional agenda* Consideration of a draft risk profile on pentachlorophenol and its salts and esters Supporting information on pentachlorophenol and its salts and esters Note by the Secretariat As indicated in document UNEP/POPS/POPRC.9/6, supporting information related to the draft risk profile on pentachlorophenol and its salts and esters is set out in the annexes to the present note. Annex I contains a supporting document for the draft risk profile and annex II sets out a review of regulatory instruments to minimize the risks and releases of toxic substances from the wood preservation industry. The annexes are reproduced as submitted by the intersessional working group and have not been formally edited. * UNEP/POPS/POPRC.9/1. K1352896 260813 UNEP/POPS/POPRC.9/INF/7 Annex I PENTACHLOROPHENOL AND ITS SALTS AND ESTERS SUPPORTING DOCUMENT FOR THE DRAFT RISK PROFILE Draft prepared by the ad hoc working group on pentachlorophenol and its salts and esters under the POPs Review Committee of the Stockholm Convention 18 July, 2013 2 UNEP/POPS/POPRC.9/INF/7 Table of contents 1 Summary ............................................................................................................................................................. 5 2 Summary of Information Relevant to the Risk Profile .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]