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Heavy Fuel Oil (Hfo) HEAVY FUEL OIL (HFO) A review of fate and behaviour of HFO spills in cold seawater, including biodegradation, environmental effects and oil spill response Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) A review of fate and behaviour of HFO spills in cold seawater, including biodegradation, environmental effects and oil spill response Janne Fritt-Rasmussen, Susse Wegeberg, Kim Gustavson, Kristin Rist Sørheim, Per S. Daling, Kirsten Jørgensen, Ossi Tonteri and Jens Peter Holst-Andersen TemaNord 2018:549 Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) A review of fate and behaviour of HFO spills in cold seawater, including biodegradation, environmental effects and oil spill response Janne Fritt-Rasmussen, Susse Wegeberg, Kim Gustavson, Kristin Rist Sørheim, Per S. Daling, Kirsten Jørgensen, Ossi Tonteri and Jens Peter Holst-Andersen ISBN 978-92-893-5850-7 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-5851-4 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-5852-1 (EPUB) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2018-549 TemaNord 2018:549 ISSN 0908-6692 Standard: PDF/UA-1 ISO 14289-1 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2018 Cover photo: Unsplash.com Print: Rosendahls Printed in Denmark Disclaimer This publication was funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the content does not necessarily reflect the Nordic Council of Ministers’ views, opinions, attitudes or recommendations. Rights and permissions This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Translations: If you translate this work, please include the following disclaimer: This translation was not pro- duced by the Nordic Council of Ministers and should not be construed as official. The Nordic Council of Ministers cannot be held responsible for the translation or any errors in it. Adaptations: If you adapt this work, please include the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by the Nordic Council of Ministers. Responsibility for the views and opinions expressed in the adaptation rests solely with its author(s). The views and opinions in this adaptation have not been approved by the Nordic Council of Ministers. Third-party content: The Nordic Council of Ministers does not necessarily own every single part of this work. The Nordic Council of Ministers cannot, therefore, guarantee that the reuse of third-party content does not in- fringe the copyright of the third party. If you wish to reuse any third-party content, you bear the risks associ- ated with any such rights violations. You are responsible for determining whether there is a need to obtain per- mission for the use of third-party content, and if so, for obtaining the relevant permission from the copyright holder. Examples of third-party content may include, but are not limited to, tables, figures or images. Photo rights (further permission required for reuse): Any queries regarding rights and licences should be addressed to: Nordic Council of Ministers/Publication Unit Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K Denmark Phone +45 3396 0200 [email protected] Nordic co-operation Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involving Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, economics and culture and plays an important role in European and international forums. The Nordic community strives for a strong Nordic Region in a strong Europe. Nordic co-operation promotes regional interests and values in a global world. The values shared by the Nordic countries help make the region one of the most innovative and competitive in the world. The Nordic Council of Ministers Nordens Hus Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K, Denmark Tel.: +45 3396 0200 www.norden.org Download and order Nordic publications from www.norden.org/nordpub Content Preface ......................................................................................................................................7 Summary.................................................................................................................................. 9 1. What is HFO – definitions .................................................................................................. 13 1.1 IFO grade system .................................................................................................... 13 1.2 ISO classification system .........................................................................................14 1.3 MARPOL definition .................................................................................................14 1.4 DNV GL definition ...................................................................................................14 1.5 Other often used terms/definitions.......................................................................... 15 2. Air emissions from HFO ..................................................................................................... 17 2.1 Sulphur ................................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Hybrid fuels oils...................................................................................................... 19 3. Use of HFO in the Arctic .....................................................................................................21 4. Weathering studies on HFO ...............................................................................................23 4.1 Physical and chemical parameters ...........................................................................23 4.2 Fate and behaviour of HFO in cold seas .................................................................. 24 4.3 Main findings from SINTEF weathering experiments and modelling including HFO 25 4.4 Overall findings about the fate and behaviour of HFO ............................................. 31 5. Incidents involving HFO in cold environments .................................................................... 35 5.1 Prestige .................................................................................................................. 35 5.2 Four Norwegian incidents ...................................................................................... 36 6. Biodegradation of HFO at cold temperatures .................................................................... 39 6.1 Methods used for measurement of biodegradation ................................................ 39 6.2 Methods used for microbial analyses ...................................................................... 40 6.3 Overview of biodegradation ranges in different compartments .............................. 40 6.4 Biodegradation in seawater.....................................................................................41 6.5 Biodegradation in the sediment compartment ....................................................... 44 6.6 Biodegradation in the soil compartment ................................................................ 45 6.7 Biodegradation in the ice compartment ................................................................. 46 6.8 Overall findings of biodegradation ......................................................................... 46 6.9 Potential for biodegradation of HFO in the marine environment ............................ 46 7. Environmental impacts from marine HFO spills ................................................................. 49 7.1 Experiences from oil spills at the Norwegian coast .................................................. 50 7.2 Summary ............................................................................................................... 52 8. Possible oil spill response measures for Heavy Fuel Oil .......................................................55 8.1 Mechanical recovery of HFO....................................................................................55 8.2 Use of chemical dispersant in relation to HFO.......................................................... 57 8.3 Use of in situ burning in relation to HFO ................................................................. 62 8.4 Environmental benefit or consequences of response techniques............................. 64 9. Knowledge gaps and research needs..................................................................................67 10. Conclusions and final remarks ........................................................................................... 69 Reference list........................................................................................................................... 71 Sammenfatning....................................................................................................................... 77 Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) 5 Appendix 1 – Literature search strategy for the review............................................................. 81 Literature search strategy for the HFO fate and behaviour review...................................... 81 Literature search strategy for the oil biodegradation review .............................................. 82 Appendix 2 – Oil spills with HFO in cold/Arctic environment .................................................... 83 Appendix 3 – Biodegradation studies overview ........................................................................ 85 6 Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) Preface As a result of the ice melt in the Arctic Ocean new shipping routes will become available and thus shipping activities
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