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Synopsis of the Canarian Herpetofauna

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Synopsis of the Canarian Herpetofauna Rev Esp Herp (1991) 6 107-1 18 Synopsis of the canarian herpetofauna Departamento de Biología Unzverszdad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Apartado Postal 550,35080 Las Palmas Canaiy Islands, Spazn Abstract: Eleven species of endemic land reptiles inhabit the Cananan archipelago . 4 species of lizards, 3 species of skinks and 4 species of geckos Four species of sea turtles and another introdu- ced species (two frogs and one gecko) complete the list of reptiles and amphibians in the Canary Is- lands The differences between the extant and the extinct herpetofaunas are revealed, with empha- sis on the possible role of man in the extinction of some types of large-sized lizards Actually, Ga- llotia szmonyz 1s the most threatened reptile species in Spain as a whole, followed very closely by the Fuerteventura skmk, Chalczdes simonyz The remaining populations, except for those found on the small islets and rocks, can be considered as not threatened An outstanding feature of the Cana- nan herpetofauna is the fact that Gallotza stehlinz, the Gran Canana giant lizard, is the largest lacer- tid lizard living today, reaching over 26 cm of snout-vent length Key Words: Distnbution, Herpetofauna, Canary Islands Resumen: Once especies de reptiles terrestres endémicos viven en el archipiélago canano 4 espe- cies de lagartos, 3 especies de eslizones (o lisas) y 4 de gecos (o pennquenes) Cuatro especies de tortugas marinas y otras especies introducidas (un geco y dos ranas) completan la lista de reptiles y anfibios en las islas Cananas Las diferencias entre la herpetofauna actual y la extinguida son seña- ladas, enfatizando el posible papel del hombre en la extinción de algunas formas de lagartos de gran tamaño Actualmente Gallotza szmonyz es la especie más amenazada de reptil en España, se- guida muy de cerca por la lisa de Fuerteventura o lisneja (Chalczdes szmonyl) Las restantes pobla- ciones, a excepción de aquellas que se encuentran restringidas a pequeños islotes o roques, no se encuentran amenazadas por lo general Una notable peculiandad de la herpetofauna canaria es el hecho de que el lagarto gigante de Gran Canana (Gallotia stehlznz) es la mayor especie viviente de toda la familia de los lacértidos, alcanzando más de 26 centímetros de longitud corporal Palabras Clave: Distribución, Herpetofauna, Islas Cananas liar areas of distnbution in the pchipelago. And finally for the evolutionary phenomena talung Insular isolation, as a whole, has been the chief place in their populations which we are now be- factor in causing the faunistic characters of the ginning to perceive. Canary Islands to be little known and often For all the reasons previously mentioned, we wrongly interpreted. Only a few particularly in- deemed it fitting to present a schematic synopsis terested persons have an understanding of the of the present-day situation regarding the infor- insular distribution of the species, their bio- mation on the herpetofauna of the Canary Islands, logy, and in bnef the natural history of this ar- both current and fossil, with respect to taxonomc chipelago. nomenclature, distribution of the species and the Of al1 the zoological groups of the Canary Is- most notable characteristics of some insular po- lands, the reptiles are one of the most interes- pulations, being nevertheless aware that the ting for severa1 reasons. First, for their totally number of fossil and subfossil species may still kndemic character m the lacertlds as well as in rise and that some taxonomical changes in the the skinks and geckos. Secondly for their pecu- situation presented here may be made. LOPEZ-JURADO CANAFUAN HERPETOFAUNA 1 09 Our intention is to arranged in a paper al1 the land tortoises were found very recently on bibliographic data pertaining to the main is- Fuerteventura Island (ROTHE and KLEM- lands. The small islets are mentioned only in the MER, 199l), and this proves that these animals case that a different species or subspecies is li- lived at least on the islands of Fuerteventura, ving there. This don't mind, of course, our ac- Gran Canaria and Tenerife. Thus, it would not cordance with the taxonomical point of views be surprising that, following the current pattern of the diverse authors mentioned in the text data. of distribution of the large land tortoises on the Finally, we must add that many of the have Galapagos Islands for example, in the past, se- been obtained by us in the last few years (unpu- vera1 morphologically differentiated types of blished personal data) and are thus being pre- these animals lived on most of the oldest Ca- sented in this paper for the first time. nary Islands. Perhaps the best konwn and at the same time most striking extinct species are the giant li- zards. These animals, reaching a total length of over 1.5 meters (unpublished data), were des- 1. Extinct taxa and possible causes for cnbed around the middle of this century under their disappearance. the names Lacerta goliath (MERTENS, 1942) The volcanic nature of the Canary Islands and Lacerta maxima (BRAVO, 1953), although explains the scarce recording of fossils. Pro- it seems the later species is simply a large-sized ducts of volcanic eruptions (outflows, pyro- goliath (in preparation). This extinct lizard was clasts, etc.) have hidden the fossil remains and found on the islands of Tenerife (MERTENS, enormously obstruct the possibility of obtaining 1948; BRAVO, 1953), Gomera (FRISTCH, 1870), evidence about formerly existing species. La Palma (BRAVO, 1953) and Hierro (FER- The oldest fossil remains of vertebrates NANDEZ et al., 1988). There are some diffe- known in the Canaries are eggshells identified as rences among the different populations, and this belonging to Ratites (SAUER & ROTHE, 1972), so far has led to the description of a subspecies which have been found on Lanzarote Island and on the island of Gomera : Gallotia goliath bra- are about 6 million years old (Ibarrola et al., voana (HUTTERER, 1985). 1988). Recently they have been attributed to Somewhat smaller were the lizards related to giant flying birds related to pelicans (Odontop- the species G. simonyi and G. stehlinz. The lizard terygiforms) (GARCIA-TALAVERA, 1989) alt- from the "Roque de Salmor" (Hierro island), G. hough the supporting of this new theory has not s. simonyi, now extinct thanks to scientific co- been specified. In the same bed, other still non llectors, is perhaps the latest extinct species of classified eggs have also been found and are the Spanish fauna (MACHADO, 1985). Anot- now in the collection of the Senckenberg Mu- her extinct form of G. simonyi was described on seum (Hirsch, in litt.) but they might belong to Gomera island (G. s. gomerana, HUTTERER, medium-sized birds (unpublished data). 1985) and on Tenenfe island (HUTTERER, op. The large land chelonians are the oldest rep- cit). On Gran Canaria island, tbere are remains tiles found to the present in the Canary islands. of fossil lizards larger than G. stehlini, which On Tenerife, Testudo burchardi, of at least 80 have not yet been named (see LOPEZ-JURA- cm in length, has been described (AHL, 1925; DO, 1985). BURCHARD and AHL, 1928; BURCHARD, The only islands where fossil or subfossil re- 1934). On Gran Canaria Island, MACAU-VI- mams of lacertids clearly different from the spe- LAR (1958) described some large fossil eggs cies that live there today have not been found, which he attributed to giant land tortoises; an are those which make up the eastern group (Lan- opinion that HIRSCH & LOPEZ-JURADO zarote, Fuerteventura and nearby islets). (1987) later corroborated after an ultrastructu- Subfossil skinks (genus Chalcides) and gec- ral study of the same material, dating back 4 - 5 kos (genus Tarentola) have been found only on millions years. The discovery of a giant tortoi- Gran Canaria and Tenerife islands (unpublished se femur on Gran Canaria clearly confirmed data), always in fairly recent beds (Holocene) the presence of these animals on the island (un- and with osteological characteristics similar to published data). Finally, fossil eggs of giant those of living species. LOPEZ-JURADO CANARIAN HERPETOFAUNA 111 With the exception of the chelonians, almost Some species of amphibians also reached the al1 the giant reptiles became extinct in fairly re- islands accompanying man m relatively con- cent times. Reasons for this have still not been temporary times, because excavations carried clearly established. An important factor to bear out in marsh sediments dating back 2080 years in mind is that among the human populations on B.P. show no sign of their presence (LOPEZ- the islands, at least until the arrival of the spa- MARTINEZ & LOPEZ-JURADO, 1987); and nish conquerors, the consumption of land verte- today the common frog, Rana perezz (Gran Ca- brates possibly leading to the extinction of so- naria and Tenenfe and perhaps La Palma) and me species, mainly mammals (LOPEZ-JURA- the European treefrog, Hyla merzdzonabs (Lan- DO and LOPEZ-MARTINEZ, m press for Ca- zarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, narzomys tamaranz in Gran Canaria; HUTTE- La Palma, Gomera and Hierro), are found. RER et al., 1990 for Malpazsomys znsularzs in Besides, al1 the species are endemic at the Fuerteventura). In addition the european coloni- species level. Vernacular names are placed bet- zation of the Canary Islands introduced a high ween quotation marks. number of new plant and animal species with corresponding consequences upon the indige- Family Lucertidae (Fzgs. 2 and 3). nous fauna. Moreover, there are examples in the Canary 1. Gallotza atlantzca. Atlantic lizard. Islands that some young ecosystems created by Present on the islands of Alegranza, Monta- volcanic action (and given the vernacular name ña Clara, Graciosa, Lanzarote, Lobos, Fuerte- "malpais") include populations differentiated ventura and Gran Canaria. Very small popula- from those which occupy the remaining areas at tions on others islets.
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