CEU eTD Collection
ABattleover Innocence: Gender and CompetingNarratives ofWar a In partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Master of degree the for fulfillment partial In EventinTuzla, Bosnia andHerzegovina Supervisor: Professor Elissa Helms Elissa Professor Supervisor: Department of Gender Studies Gender of Department Central European University European Central Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Gorica Stevanović Gorica Submitted to Submitted 2011 By
Arts in Gender Studies Gender in Arts
CEU eTD Collection innocentsidestatus justinand ofthe war. the the achieve to order in essentializations similar and patterns similar employ “sides” both how as well as innocence of status the how examine to towns two in locally, level the on narratives the looks thesis The 1992. 15, May on Herzegovina and Bosnia Tuzla, in place took that narratives event ofwar ofonecompeting This analyzes thesisdevelopment the
where different commemorations are held. The purpose of the thesis is thesis the of purpose The held. are commemorations different where
f w pltcl niis n ona n Herzegovina and Bosnia in entities political two of Abstract ii
the notion of innocence is constructed and constructed is innocence of notion the
at the development of of development the at
as well as as well as CEU eTD Collection 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. OFTABLE CONTENTS ABSTRACT
NEVER BEEN SCHEDULED BEEN NEVER 2.2. 2.1. 1.2. 1. 3.3. 3.2. 3.1. 2.4. 2.3. 1. THE FEDERATION THE NARRA INTRODUCTION BIBLIOGRAPHY CONCLUSION THE NARRATIVEOF THE
C M M C “T “A F T T ...... ROM HE RESEARCH PROJECT HE RESEARCH HE ONCLUDING NOTES ONCLUDING NOTES ONCLUDING OURNING AND OURNING AND OTHER AND HAT IS OUR INTERSECT HAT OUR IS S THE IF JNA “ SERIOUS INCIDENT SERIOUS
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CEU eTD Collection 1 addr also will thesis The gender. to ininnocencerelation has term the implications that the as well as war sidein the innocent and just the of status achievingthe of purpose thefor narratives of construction the andinnocence life.” national symbols with and associated meanings of field the construct we which through dissemination wide “the held. commemorationdifferentinare town two since the those towns where RS) the withlocaladditioninthe ofrepresentative newspaper inone and nearby Tuzla one (a Bijeljina ci widest the with newspapers two in constructed are 15 May will of narratives different ways analysis the examine the Serbs), are population the of majority the which (in Srpska of Republic whi (in BiH of Federation the entities, political two of composed is Herzegovina and Bosnia Since town. that were exiting that Yugoslavia) of Republic Federative Socialist former the of republics six the of soldier JNA killed number of in a resulted and 1992 15, May on happened that BiH) of part northeastern the in town (a Tuzla in event one of narratives different with concerned be will thesis This communities. ethnic across and competin also are there and monolithic not are Narratives them. justifying of ways and events of narrative own its has community ethnic every and war the happenedexistence ofnarrativescompetingin that of events 1992 the
HomiBhabha, 1.
n cmo eeet f h post the of element common One Homi Bhabha states about nation and narration, that through textuality we can expose expose can we textuality through that narration, and nation about states Bhabha Homi Introduction rculation in one entity and two newspapers with the widest circulation in the other, other, the in circulation widest the with newspapers two and entity one in rculation “Introduction,” in
ch the majority of the population are Muslims and Croats) and the the and Croats) and Muslims are population the of majority the ch Nationand Narration
1
h ms iprat hm o th of theme important most The ess the notion of masculinity and show, as R. W. Connell Connell W. R. as show, and masculinity of notion the ess s (the JNA s(the - a pro i Bsi ad Herzegovin and Bosnia in period war , ed. , HomiBhabha (London: Routledge, 1990), 3. 1
-
the Yugoslav People‟s Army, the army Army,army the YugoslavPeople‟s the g narratives of events within within events of narratives g e thesis is the status of of status the is thesis e - 1995 war. Every war. in 1995 side s of May 15 are Maysofare 15 a is the the is a
CEU eTD Collection 2002), 2 Srebrenica of region the in developed been have that practices commemorative victimhood. Serb of notion the construct to used are example,for Srebrenica, of regionin the 1995 to prior period the in civilians Serb against crimes the whereas victimhood, Bosniac of notion the construct to used war the in frequentmost somethe Bosnianof are byBosniacsSerbs (Bosnian Muslims) against committed 1995 in Srebrenica in massacre the and Sarajevo of siege The victimhood. Dvornić by analyzed as othering, as such sides, bytwo similar We patternsemployedsomeof the context Bosniacwill observe women. by elaborated as co inthe symbols, Munn JamieRuddick, Sarah CynthiaEnloe, as used are they since narrative, the for important is mothers body,” dead “credible a Capen as target, legitimate a from transition The innocence. of status the for has that implications the and status civilian the of aspect gendered who the on Jones elaborate Adam and Carpenter Charli by developed as innocence, gendered of will concept thesis The only. context combat the to restricted not is war and masculinity of construction the that indicate and point Connell‟s support Herzegovina, and Bosnia of recog masculinityfatheras the suchas masculinity, constructions of Different May15. narratives of the understanding for necessary is contextualization as contextualized,be to hasit that states,
IvanČolović,
nized by Rhoda Kannaneh in the context of Palestine and by Stef Jansen in the context context the in Jansen Stef by and Palestine of context the in Kannaneh Rhoda by nized 54. The narratives in this thesis are embedded in bigger narratives of Serb and Bosniac Bosniac and Serb of narratives bigger in embedded are thesis this in narratives The
in formerofcontext the the Yugos “ Warrior,“in
2 ThePolitics of Symbol inSerbia: Essays inPolitical Anthropology
s ooi cls t i hgl gnee. h peec o bereaved of presence The gendered. highly is it, calls Čolović as
oet . Hayden M. Robert lavia. e Duijzin Ger 2
ntext of Kosovo and Elissa Helms in the inthe ElissaHelms and Kosovo ntextof gs , et Denich Bette lutae ta b noting by that illustrates ter and Jones explain, to to explain, Jones and ter
and ly events evoked ijn Prošić Mirjana
, (London:Hurst,
the
accounts
separate separate use the the use - CEU eTD Collection Xavier Bougarel,Xavier Elissa Helms andGer Duijzings ( Bosnia,”in 3 (approximately30 number smaller a offering side Federation/Tuzla the contested, heavilyis s JNA the number of JNAThe soldiers. of number bigger a and side Tuzla the from number smaller a killed, were people of number certain a that know also We malta. Brčanska intersection street the at fire of exchange and know We pm. 7 at 1992 15, May on Tuzla exit to way its on was militarytrucks JNA of convoy a that know We certain. for know we that things some 1.1. similarpremises. very to according working are war the in sides opposing how and is position that relative notionasofwomana essentia the and masculinity of notions certain of construction the othering, the of that practice showing employ, they patterns the of similarity the and two the between contact the represe of the overview an and children give as soldiers of representation will the and narrative RS/Bijeljina chapter the of development second The politics. multiethnic and position me of construction the and motherhood of construction the at look and 2010 to 1992 from newspapers three in narrative onlyvictimsitscoofethnic the sides both by war the of
GerDuijzings,
The first chapter will give an overview of the development of the Federation/Tuzla Federation/Tuzla the of development the of overview an give will chapter first The It is determineIt very happened to what difficult Tuzla Yugosla warin the of beginning JNAat the The TheNew BosnianMosaic : Identities,Memories, Moraland Claims ina Post ntation of mothers as bereaved. The conclusion will attempt to show points of of points show to attempt will conclusion The bereaved. as mothers of ntation “CommemoratingSrebrenica: Histories of Violence andPoliticsthe of Memory in Eastern
a mother serves to construct the position of the innocent, indicatingconstruct innocent, motherhow positionservesthe to ofthe being n as fathers and moral killers with the emphasis on Tuzla‟s civilian civilian Tuzla‟s on emphasis the withmoral killers andfathers asn
mmunitydiscoun and very similar in style and rhetoric, and style in similar very oldiers is not constant in any narrative and the number number the innarrativeconstantand any not is oldiers Burlington:Ashgate, 2007), 145 3
ting
on May 15 inMay However, areon there 15 Tuzla.
the
that there was shooting, explosions explosions shooting, was there that victimsother the on but via and May 15 in in May15 and via -
160. each side document side each
- WarSociety
side ,ed. . 3
lized ing –
CEU eTD Collection Intervention 4 civilian of supervision the under placed and JNA the of structure command the from removed were [that] unites based “territorially of system a formed Yugoslavia of President by committed were from andreservists Serbia started BiH of part eastern the in Muslims on attacks independ became side, Serb the from agreement an without BiH, polarized. increasingly becoming was BiH BiH. in minority a as living mean would it that basis the on it from separated be to not wanting Croatia and Slovenia republics, two after it of remained what i.e. Yugoslavia, was (of Federation period the of subsequent part remain the to in whether issues main the of One 1990. in elections the after power interes the supporting parties national three basis the on parties political time, the at Yugoslavia 1995). in seen was it which in way the and underattack. asMUP) Tuzla‟s of members the to referred hereafter police, (the Affairs or Internal of Ministry the and (TO) soldiers Defense Territorial JNA the whether first, fired who on disagreement number bigger a offering side RS the and narrative) the in points different at given numbers different 90,
StevenL. Burg andPaul S.Shoup,
Th Marko Attila Hoare states that after the after that states Hoare Attila Marko eaain ln ehi lns curd n 90 n i. s apnd lehr in elsewhere happened As BiH. in 1990 in occurred lines ethnic along Separation . itfirst was Eachthesideand firing . that sideother states eachthat side states started e following part offers a short, narrow and simple and narrow short, a offers part following e
(NewM.York: Sharpe,E. 1999), 92
(“more than 200” or “more than 300”). We also know that there is a a is there that know also We 300”). than “more or 200” than (“more
. BiH becameBiHinbyimmersed mid. war ent in March 1992 and was recognized in April, which was which April, in recognized was and 1992 March in ent
TheWar inBosnia and Herzegovina:Ethnic Conflict and International , had opted for independence) with the Bosnian Serb side side Serb Bosnian the with independence) for opted had , Bosnia –
120. , esp , ts of three ethnic communities in BiH came to to came BiH in communities ethnic three of ts 4
invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, Tito, the the Tito, 1968, in Czechoslovakia of invasion ecially at the o the at ecially of nationality of - overview of the position of JNA JNA of position the of overview April. nset of the war in BiH (1992 BiH in war the of nset
4 were formed, and in 1990 1990 in and formed, were
when the the when the the JNA JNA - CEU eTD Collection 8 7 6 19. 5 Serbbeginningaarmythe war. at ofthe j the understand JNA, thehelp why might to This on established was RS) the as to frequentlyreferred hereafter Srpska, of Republic the English, in to referred soldiers BiH. in JNA army 90,000 Serb remaining the into the transformed and BIH) in JNA the of number small a composed werecitizens inFederalofthe Republic offromYugoslaviaJNA withdrewthe who (they BiH SRJand“formally JNA into Bosnianthecountry,Serbia separate separated that of part not was BiH since and 1992 27, April on Montenegro and Serbia of federation a as established was Yugoslavia of Republic Federal The control. SDS (one under were territory) regions Serb the time, that by and 1992 March in independent became majority. Serb a with regions the in TOs the and JNA the by formed was army Serb national (SDS Party Democratic Serb the of militia the arming of process the began that JNA the by formed was (VRS) Republic Serb the of Army actionsorganizedmunicipalTOwereand between MUP. council, BiH of Army the for basis the became majority Muslim the level the at TOs of system local the and (JNA) Federation the of level the on army regular the of combination a in resulted This fighting. of manner Partisan the ofmodel a on structured were loca the at staffs with authorities
Ibid.,32 Ibid.,48. Ibid.,21. MarkoAttila Hoare,
of the six Republics that were subordinate to the JNA. The TOs in the parts of BIH with BIH of parts inthe TOs The JNA. the subordinateto were that Republics six the of t s lo impor also is It
parties at the beginning of the war) in the spring 1991. The basis of the new Bosnian Bosnian new the of basis The 1991. spring inthe war) the ofbeginning the at parties
–
39.
May 12, 1992 12, May HowBosnia Armed
tant to understand the position that the JNA had in early 1992. The The 1992. early in had JNA the that position the understand to tant , and was officially recognized by the peace agreement in1995. agreement peace the by recognized officially was and ,
l, municipal and okrug level.” okrug and municipall,
(London:Saqi Books
h Sr Rpbi o BH (o BiH of Republic Serb The 5
-
oint army of the former country, was seen as seenas country,was former the army of oint the Serb national party in BiH, one of three three of one BiH, in party national Serb the inassociation with Bosnianthe Institute,2004), 6 5
and the Tuzla military Tuzla the and These territorially based units units based Theseterritorially 7
r as it is nowadays nowadays is it as r Serb armies.” The armies.” The Serb - hr o th of third - related related
BiH BiH e 8
CEU eTD Collection 1998),249 11 10 9 interest the addressing primarily as seen is and BiH in newspaper daily circulated widely ( newspapers and RS, the from newspapers country. the in news the on perspectives different employ do newspapers these However, monolithic. not are communities ethnic and population Serb the among RS the from newspapers population Bosniac the among circulated usually are Federation the from newspapers avaz Dnevni e that of narrative a of construction their and 15 May of commemorations of representations discourse the of organization rhetorical con interpretative themofsignifyingas signifying parts wholes.” interprets and constitutes it state; of changes represent merely not does It happen. can what simplyh what mirror not “[Narrative]does sequenceevents. of 1.2.
vent andvent constructionthe notionpositionofthewellinnocent. the as as of the GeraldPrince,
Ibid.,59. FranTonkiss,
The notion of a narrative used in this thesis is of a narrative as a process and as a a as and process a as narrative a of is thesis this in used narrative a of notion The I decided to look at four newspapers from Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Bosnia from newspapers four at look to decided I as analysis discourse of method the use I thesis, this In of terms samethe same(withthe discourse chronological in ofevents). arrangement represented be can stories different conversely, and discourses, different The „same‟ story can be represented differently in different narratives adopting adopting narratives different in differently represented be can story „same‟ The
The research project research The
–
250.
San from the Federation and and Federation the from DictionaryofNarratology “AnalyzingDiscourse,” in
and text, “ text,
Dnevni list Dnevni the social setting in which a p a which in setting social the
Oslobođenje are the other two) in the Federation. inthe two) other the are
(Lincoln:University ofNabraskaPress, 1987), 60. Researchi eain novine Nezavisne
Nezavisne novine Nezavisne 11
ngSociety and Culture n order in
6 9
and and
Dnev
, even though t though even , to look at the newspapers and their their and newspapers the at look to articular discourse is located” is discourse articular i avaz ni
and
and Glas srpsk Glas appens; it explores and devises itdevises exploresand appens; ,ed. Clive Seale (London: Sage, Glas srpsk Glas
are two out of four daily daily four of out two are his is not exclusively so so exclusively not is his Dnevni avaz Dnevni ocre wi concerned e e
from the RS. RS. the from are the only daily daily only the are Oslobođenje
10
is the most theis
and the the and and th the the th
The The s and and the the
of of CEU eTD Collection 2009,Accessed May 2011, 30, 12 monthlatermonth,two in timesa 1 the newspaper Bijeljina local The on. later week a once newspaper Tuzla local The May. edition. daily a have not do are they since exceptions, newspapers local two The 20. May to 10 May of period the to research my restricted I 17, and 16 15, 14, May on frequently most occur event this on writings most that article noticing any find to order in May of month entire the at initially looked I 2010. to 1992 from year each in 20 May to 10 May from is period time chosen The Bijeljina. in commemoration the and Tuzla in 15 May of marking the as well as itself, (TheSocialnon a DemocraticParty, (1992 thesis this for relevant period isis party,hasbee power SDS that andpartythe the that in Bijeljina, party municipalitiesthe Bijeljina). In (Tuzlainand employ those inparties power political the that rhetoric the of representative are thesis this in used newspapers local two srpske isparty, people. multiethnic independent, 1943) from it mo a seen as wasalso It Bosniacs.
“Bosnia more recently more
is ow is In my research, I primarily concentrated on the representations of the ofrepresentations the on concentrated primarily I myresearch, In Nezav - an Herzegovina'sMedia Landscape independent newspaper and often inoppositi often newspaperand independent
ned by the government of the RS the of government the by ned n i uuly ecie a big f etr ult than quality better of being as perceived usually is and se novine isne . The newspaper The .
,
http://www.wieninternational.at/en/node/12040 support as seen not and 1995 from circulating , but still sharing the perspective of secular Bosniacs and pro and Bosniacs secular of perspective the sharing still but
Oslobođenje uthpiece of the SDA party, the uthpieceof rn slobode Front - – nationalparty). –
printmedia,
990 and990 weekinonceamore period. recent a 2010). In Tuzla, the party in power is the SDP party party SDP the is power in party the Tuzla, In 2010).
7
is one of the oldest in the country (circulating (circulating country the in oldest the of one is and is seen as supporting their interests. their supporting as seen is and
“
Vienna'sweekly European journal was issued two times a week in 1992 and and 1992 in week a times two issued was
Therefore, I looked at the entire month of of month entire the at looked I Therefore,
Semberske novine Semberske n inin n the power throughout Bijeljina on to the government of the RS. RS. the of government the to on but
. it has dissociated itself from itself it hasdissociated
s about May 15, but after after but 15, May about s
nvi avaz Dnevni were issued once a a once issued were ing event of May 15 May15 of event ,January 15,
any political political any
- , Bosnia
12 being being Glas Glas
The CEU eTD Collection sideby sides, rather both than ofto onethem. with employed are that innocence of construction inthe patternssimilar see to attempts thesisThis narrative at look not do I it. initiating for or event this of outcome the for responsible is side which determine to not is which particularpurpose hasa thesisthis beginning verythat at thestate likewouldto I Becausereceivedfor I criticismof the wasaggressor. the who and was victim the who of terms in war, the in who” was “who establish to forget not must I narratives analyzingthese after that reminded often was I Tuzla, in research the doing well is that narrative mainstream own its has side Each powerful. very are have war the in “sides” the that war the in events certain of narratives The constructed. thesis this in attempt My event. this of interpretations different with familiarized become adult young a as only have 15, May of narrative one with up growing and Tuzla frombeing I, other. each of notion the and of position the how see to and political/national entities two the oflevel the on locallyand both 15, May The main purpose of the research was to look at the development of the narratives of of narratives the of development the at look to was research the of purpose main The
is to approach both/all of them critically and analyze the manner in which they are are they which inmanner the analyze and critically them of both/allapproach to is s to see which one is more probable or to determine which side is lying. is side which determine to or probable more is one which see to s innocence is constructed and how the narratives compete with compete narratives the how and constructed is innocence 8
choosing this topic in the first place, firstplace, inthe choosingtopic this - establ se. While ished. CEU eTD Collection The chapter will show how the emphasis on the civilian and non and civilian the on emphasis the how show will chapter The threat. potential a or current a as status their on being emphasis the violent, and militarized moralk of construction the of patterns narrative several Federation/Tuzla the in observe masculinities We are. who RS the from politicians as seen not are soldiers, JNA killed the of mothers as Bijeljina from commemoration the of arrival the with mournin mothers as thesis. the of itsrepresentationforin period ofthe 1990s. the 200 to 1992 newspaper Mayfrom199 it as are and interact entity political constructed one from narratives and discourses the how see can we of arrival the and 16 by followed is celebrat war the to incident” serious “a as event the of early the from changes,narrative the how will observe It 2010. to 1992 from May 1992, 2. is constructed in the newspape the in constructed is as constructed in the newspaper the in constructed as
This chapter will give an overview of the development of the narrative of May 15, 15, May of narrative the of development the of overview an give will chapter This The TheFederation Narratives illers who did not fire first but fired back and the representation of the JNA soldiers as soldiersas JNA the of representation the firedbackand firefirst but not did illers who
Front slobode Front
construction of of construction 5. The newspaper was no longer printed after 2005 and it will mainly be included be mainly willit and 2005 after longer printed no wasnewspaper The 5. in contrast and in relation to the other. This chapter will also include the narrative narrative includethe will also This chapter other. the to inrelationand in contrast Women, who are otherwis are who Women, 6 to 2010,sincefirstedition local 2,1995.issuedThetheOctober to on was 6 Tuzla a
period of silence of period oiia atr ad r nt en s ersnig tra, nie male unlike threat, a representing as seen not are and actors political g the loss of their sons‟ lives. sons‟ their of loss the g a
commemoration from the Republic o Republic the from commemoration , as an example of the local narrative, is included from the period of of period thefrom included is narrative, local the of example an as , men as fathers as men ,
a
r May to 15 May from marking anniversary the of shifting
Dnevni Dnevni
Oslobođenje e absent from the narrative, find their place in it only only it in place their find narrative, the from absent e
and and 9 avaz
women as mothers will be relevant in this part part this in relevant be will mothers as women
–
the construction of men as fathers and as as and fathers as men of construction the
These women, appearing in this narrative narrative this in appearing women, These in the period from the 10 the from period the in
in the period from the 10 the from period the in ory discourse from 1992 to 1996. This 1996. to 1992 from discourse ory f Srpska to Tuzla in 2010, where where 2010, in Tuzla to Srpska f - milita rized position of „us‟ „us‟ of position rized th th
to the 20 the to to the 20 the to description description th th
of of of CEU eTD Collection quotewhichwould result in avery big ofnumber footnotes. fromthe timeI mention the articletothe footnote marker. Thisis doneorder in not to h 13 An haveconsequences. and complicated Tuzla in situationthe hap have not should that something as incident, an as 15 May of settlement. peaceful for calling is Tuzla followed later that state to on goes then article The wants. it whatever doing point this at is that beginning very al watched belonged that to also also article The police. the and TO from the response whicha first, firingtriggered started leaving be town” rejoicingwere to happened, it asitself incident” “the as well as JNA, the of exiting was also relaying localthe that mayor,affirmedtelevisionBešlagić,channel town‟s thethe on the and JNA former the T between incident serious more and banal more “A statement: to, referred 2.1. morallyandsidejustinand superior war. the „them‟ of position militarized highly the and
erritorial Defense and MUP in Tuzla could not havehappened.”article The not could in Tuzla MUP erritorialand Defense M.Bikić,
at the members of of members the
Brčanska malta when one JNA one when malta Brčanska We post immediate battle” “famous to incident” “serious From , concluding , “PlanulaiTuzla,”
l of this on their [TV] screens. [TV] their on this of l
findt in the the in of the narrative as as narrative the of the he Oslobođenje very TO TO
that that the and had to return to barracks the returnto hadandto first account of the Tuzlaofthe Convoy first account Oslobođenje it is not known not is it O n MP tpe the stopped MUP and TO - war period war
states newspaper newspaper an , May , 1992. 16,
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The first article about May 15 establishes the status status the establishes 15 May about articlefirst The
” This establishes the character of the JNA at the the at JNA the of character the establishes This ”
whether the incident will escalate and escalate will incident the whether from
was stopped for attempting for stopped was 10 helps
can
Thisfootnote referstoall quotesthat situated are May 16, 1992 16, May
no longer be trusted, but also as also but trusted, be longer no to construct the position of the innocent innocent the of position the construct to ovy f trucks of convoy “ all seen by the people of Tuzla byof peopleseenthe all , as May 15 is nowadays frequently frequently nowadaysis May 15 as ,
- article from article
The war and the the warand The .
pened and that might make might that and pened It starts It that the that aveafootnote for every
to take the weapons the take to
JNA with the following following the with the following day, followingday, the n ta shooti that and states one soldiers “who “who soldiers adding that that adding
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that Se that happened happened an
army army
who who lim ng ng CEU eTD Collection 15 14 windows,” under “Hell entitled section news the in article that of the continuation war, fratricidal this, of start “the as world the of end the like looked that moment “the explanation an intersectionwith the at explosion T Malta.” at “Hell entitled article an find we newspaper, the of cover with encounter did newspaper The 1992. 22, May from isusuallytitle “fireworks,” s devices]. other to spread triggered This back. fired MUP memberof one that and by th up agreed was that itinerary i “serious post of number the of assessments their of members four Tuzla, assessment surprised “lightning a taking however,en
Z. D.Z. M.B. soldiers JNA e - war period in all narratives. The article also states that the “the guilty party” of this this of party” guilty “the the that states also article The narratives. all in period war - - “PakaoMalti,” na V.J.,“
There are severalarticles Thereare the explosion of munition at Brčanska Malta.” The article starts by describing May 15 May15 by describing Thestarts article Malta.” Brčanska munition at explosionof the 14 ” the JNA.the ” cdn” ee ebr of members were ncident”
, It is interesting and indicative that the word used to describe the incident in the the in incident the describe to used word the that indicative and interesting is It “ titled “After„theFireworks‟ titled Nakon
approximately 30 members of members 30 approximately the narrative that that narrative the
started shooting from the last fromshooting the started
rcs md psil b te at ht rcs were trucks that fact the by possible [made trucks » vatrometa
- That account, one of the first on the event, states event, that, the firstofon one the account, That uc ato” n that and action” quick Frontslobode « the on, went the other way towards an towards way other the went on, een incelebration. een relation to - mir
the MUP was killed, which was when the m the when was which killed, was MUP
?,” a ten a in the Tuzla local newspaper newspaper local Tuzla inthe T] nt wr killed were units [TO] ,May 22, 1992,1. killed killed was Oslobo - minute minute
the starting to be built around around built be to starting - persons đ Peace? enje JNA because one truck, instead of following the the following of instead truck, one because JNA
the
o hv a al eiin mkn th making edition, daily a have not
, exchange of fire exchange of ot osnia wr f l wars.” all of war nonsensical most 11 May ebr of members
truck JNA were killed and that according to to according that and killed were JNA , ,
” states that the militarythat statesbarracksby thewon was ”
a
17, 17, 1992. number that varies over the entire war and and war entire the over varies that number
at
the surrounding buildingsand surrounding the ,
hc gives which the , then , related to May 15 int May15 to related other part of town of part other O n MP “completely MUP and TO a 1 i Tuzla in 15 May explosions and explosions here is a picture of the the of picture a is here embers of the TO and TO the of embers
us one of the first first the of one us “ carrying explosive explosive carrying accordingto , adding ,
s u first our is May 15 is is 15 May fire which which fire he 15
. passers
On the the On the edition edition n the In
a
free that that TO - CEU eTD Collection Ethnologist 17 16 mutual recognition. evoke to used men masculinitywhich the lines, post in engage to men allowed that masculinity of modality t back. fight to had but fight, fat as seen are they anddifferently constructed is 15 May of event the in involved men Tuzla the masculinityof the process, that of part As contrasted. and established being „them‟) and („us‟ the extremists, est servesto enemythe othering of Muslim as party Tuzla the of construction the in observed be can pattern similar a where chapter following inthe argued be As will narrative. inthe on further evident do can they thinking as repres practice.Their into it puttingand want theywhatever depicted are soldiers JNA the narrative, Federation/Tuzla the power. exert the joined who masculinities” article process. inthe officer police the killingone civilians, and buildings surroundingresidential at firing were who and Tuzla exiting be to celebrating were who men armed drunken morning”previousfrom weaponstakemilitaryandeveningtried to barracks.the the celebrating were they that known is itwhom “about reservists JNA mentioned,when also the while first firing started Tuzla in war the of start the as taken hemasculinity.“father” type H of
RhodaKanaaneh, D.,Z. hers fighting for their families and their country and moreover, as men who did not want to to want not did who men asmoreover, and country their families and their for fightinghers
n aetna slir i te sal mltr, hd Knae wie aot ”weak about writes Kanaaneh Rhoda military, Israeli the in soldiers Palestinian on hs nta news initial This “Pakaopod prozorima,”
32, (2005):no. 2 263
In this initial representation, the elements of which will be observed throughout throughout observed be will which of elements the representation, initial this In 17
Israeli military. Such form of masculinity is immature and nee and immature is masculinity of form Such military. Israeli
in
“Boysor Dupedmen? or “made”? Palestinian Soldiers inthe Israeli Military,” reference to the way many way the to reference
paper overview establishes the character of the JNA soldiers as as soldiers JNA the of character the establishes overview paper -
Frontslobode
265. Stef Stef line of trucks was exiting town. The incident earlier that day is is day that earlier incident The town. exiting was trucks of line
Jansen is notion of a fatherisnotionisconnected a of ablish one‟s position of the innocent and just, the two sides sides two the just, and innocent ablishthe of positionone‟s . The narrative is established established is narrative The . , , writing about the postwar period in BiH, in period postwar the about writing , May1992, 22, 3. 12 Palestinians Palestinians
think entation as Chetnik killers will be will killers Chetnik as entation - war conversations over ethnic ethnic over conversations war
in relation to Palestinianmen to in relation
to postthe to - The father in his terms is is terms his in father The
someone from the JNA JNA the from someone - warperiodas a ds weapons to to weapons ds 16
American recognizes In her her In
CEU eTD Collection 21 20 19 JournalofGlobal and Historical Anthropology 18 Chetnik the to up stood barehanded” “almost Tuzla of men that states that Citizens Tuzla of Forum the by release betweenrelations policeJNA,of Tuzla thepower and artic an 18, May from newspaper meetings, orchestra, the of performances article freeno been have would there sure am I enslaved, been had Tuzla “if that quoted is Tuzla from official possible. of start the as 4 April to or planned whether sure not are we since get might was event the that impression the get we vatrom] vatru were trucks beca 15. May on culminating that explaining militarycontext. the of outside position establisha to inorder father a ofnotion common evokethe usedto on, later see will we as narrative, Federation/Tuzla the inpart important an have willmasculinity a
Ibid.,5. H.Muharemagić, “Narodje bio borbu,”zaspreman StefJansen, rawne fr h family the for breadwinner me known that that known me also gives as an insight into how May 15 is beginning to be marked in Tuzla Tuzla in marked be to beginning is 15 May how into insight an as gives also A
n article from May 16, 16, May from article n That aside, this is the instance when the importance of May 15 is maximized. maximized. is 15 May of importance the when instance the is this aside, That
“Ofwolves and men: Postwar reconciliation andthe genderof inter stopped inch .” 19
a 15 May “Policajciodbranili slobodu,”
There is a change in relation to accounts from the month of May199 month fromof accounts the to in relation change a is There of Bosnia, and I would say tha saywould I andBosnia, of
, the
and the other other the and attack, adding that Tuzla fights not taking into consideration politics, considerationpolitics, into taking not fights Tuzla that adding attack, JNA was taking weapons from the military barracks and when the the when and barracks military the from weapons taking was JNA
The article states article The was planned and that the planning started from April 4, 1992, 1992, 4, April from started planning the that and planned was
Oslobođenje
“ constitu 1993 le on the marking of May 15 emphasizes the unequal unequal the emphasizes 15 May of marking the on le when the when the overall planning for t for planning overall the
57(2010): 40. en e th ted ,May 1993, 16, 5. incidental
Frontslobode h ril is article the ild Te epe ee ed t fgt sat by starts fight” to ready were people “The titled
n ohr iia eet. n 93 i Tza local Tuzla in 1993, In events. similar other and that two moments marked May 15 May marked moments two that
13 decision og ptirhl kinship patriarchal rough
t there would be no be would there t
. However, this is only the impression we we impression the only is this However, . 21 ,May 18,1993, 1
a made was whichinisacknowledged press also a referring to the attack o attack the to referring he war he
to to -
united nationalenc fight , which made May 15 15 May made which , ” 18
BiH “fire
and this type of of type this and ounters,”
- either n
with one when it it when one
May 15 as as 15 May
.” fire 2 when 2 Focaal 20
- One One
The
[na [na by -
CEU eTD Collection 25 24 23 22 on trucks set that shooting and accidental and events incident war ofa than rather course attack planned a being 15 May on emphasis the soldiers, killed the of numbers the maximizing by event the of importance themaximize to attempt an is there point, this At a this in soldiers actions the justified more the threat, the bigger The narrative. threat. a eliminated a men Tuzla narrativewhen the of part the In bothobservehow repres side try to can we so unarmed and barehanded as represented also are soldiers JNA the since RS the of narrative inthe pattern similar ais There equipped them. than better and powerful more much involved,were men“almoofsinceTuzlathat were they non the as well as narrative Tuzla the in established is town multiethnic formed was discourse war the in on Later accounts. celebratory fewer are there when and conflict 15 May town. the for importance bi very of event the as and time first the for overpowered was army” fascist “mighty the nation. or religion
“Saopštenjejavnost,”za Ibid.,9. “Jubilejpobjede,” F.Šljivić, 1994 The usage of the word “liquidated” is rather rare for this narrative, but it exemplifies exemplifies it but narrative, this for rare rather is “liquidated” word the of usage The tra liquidatedapproximately militarywereof their 200 soldiers big a Tuzla, TO and MUP fight, the the of minutes ten approximately only in 1992, 15, May that On , newspapers, theabout 15 in write the of May “jubileeasvictory.”a Tuzla of
from 1992 when there is uncertainty whether the event might event the whether uncertainty is there when 1992 from “Tuzla neosvojivatvrĎava,” rticle is bigger than in the preliminary accounts in 1992 or in later accounts. accounts. later in or 1992 in accounts preliminary the in than bigger is rticle Oslobođenje
22
The construction of the JNA soldiers as a threat is of importance for this this for importance of is threat a as soldiers JNA the of construction The
In another article from the same issue, May 15 is seen as the event when event the as seen is 15 issue,May same the from article another In ,
Frontslobode reaching 23
,May 15,1994, 9. The account The
its peak in 1994, 1995 and 1996. and 1995 1994, in peak its , May , 1993, 18, 4. Frontslobode ent context.outsidethemselvescombatthe of s
from 1993 represent a contrast to the accounts the to contrast a represent 1993 from re represented as the ones who reacted quickly and and quickly reacted who ones the as represented re
14 , May , 18,1993, 2.
sot f h agesr a demolished, was aggressor the of nsport st barehanded”JNA was the st since and , andwere 150 , prisoner.taken
.
The position of Tuzla as a a as Tuzla of position The h nme o te killed the of number The escalate - militarized position position militarized ,
a organized into a bigger a into
celebratory 24 fire and and fire
25
by
of g a
CEU eTD Collection 27 26 In oversimplification. an addition be would one warrior militarized, a as solely here represented heart.” the but everything the or fourth the against Goliath.” against “David and history” for battle “a victory,” first “the “lightning article The JNA. its at is rhetoric war the highest. and on going much very still is war the 1994, participator is this the However, of depiction nationalistic more a toward newspaper this inclinationof theindication of an as seen be stillcan but “primarily Bosniacs,” to event ofthe Thi inferior. contribution their diminishes statement, former the in them naming term the of usage the with nationalities religious (Muslim innarrative.Tuzla earlierhad the is This homeland.” members the also but Bosniacs, primarily to Bosniacs and Bosnia exterminate to wanted who those for built was goes article The war. narrative. Federation/Tuzla the in beginning very the at represented was it as unintentionally, spread
“Jubilejpobjede,” IbrahimProhić, “ An
to May 15 being depicted as a big battle, the emphasis is on how the men foughtwith menthe how is battle,thebigason abeingemphasis May depicted 15 to
- Theisemphasis
quick and fierce.” and quick article from article s article is the only one in the narrative that gave credit for the positive outcome outcome positive the for credit gave that narrative the in one only the is article s Lekcija Oslobođenje states that men from the military conv military the frommen that states
mar very much different different much very on
na May 15, 15, May ys cno b forgotten. be cannot tyrs) fifth army in Europe.” Europe.” in army fifth
to state that the victory was won and that the “insurmountable wall” wall” “insurmountable the that and won was victory the that state to Br also 27 č ,May 15,1994, 9 anskoj
May15
t hs on w cn e ta saig ht h msuiiy is masculinity the that stating that see can we point this At
on itsrepresentationofthe on asone 1995 Thearticle
malti
is also described as “the first open battle with battleopen first “the as described also is describes the event as a “lesson” for t for “lesson” asa event the describes ,” Oslobo šehid from the the from .
adds 15 đ
of other peoples that think of Bosnia as their their as Bosnia of think that peoples other of
s ela rsn te ainlte n not and nationalities other erasing as well as enje
“Everything was on the side of the powerful, powerful, the of side the on was “Everything
that the Tuzla town mayor Tuzlathe that town , emphasis on the multiethnic politics that that politics multiethnic the on emphasis May 26
T oy fired first but that the that but first fired oy
15, 1995, 15, 4. he exclusion of soldiers of other other of soldiers of exclusion he
most importantevent most
which
“The people [narod] [narod] people “The and posits them as as them posits and he members of the membersthe he of
was done “owing done was stated s in the event. event. the in s reaction
that that the s JNA,” JNA,”
šehidi in the
was was
CEU eTD Collection nas http://www.nacionalnemanjinebih.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75:tuzla 29 28 1943, in Europe” during in town liberated biggest “the as described is Tuzla example, for BiH, anti an with town a fascism,p against struggle the struggle, Partisan the of narrative the of remnants has Tuzla in 15 May of narrative the 15 May a includedbe also willmemorial Partisanthe on, further see will Asoppression.we against undertaking collectivecivilian moreasa action and military a like less look it making people,” “the of “uprising” the as but Tuzla, of formations b battle the only not as framed is Tuzla in 15 May that note to important also is It 15. May mark to specifically Municipality Tuzla the in communities local in organized em tables. round and Council Municipal the of session the exhibitions, as well as memorial, Partisan organ and institutions “numerous MayMunicipalbyCounciland organized Tuzla the were from 15 period to May 9 encompassthe that Antifascism” “Tuzla‟sof Days of part asmany activities that states article regiothis of residents and [Tuzlaka], of Tuzla states“anMay thatbeof Tuzla,couldpeople/men ofcalleduprising that May 15 rightfully 15 marking the on article inan newspaper local Tuzla the in framingsimilar finda We weapons. p the with those not just, and moral are who those are powerful truly are who since interestingisthose here used Thepower notionis of right. what for heartsand their
“Tuzla:Različitosti činenas bogatijim!,” F.Šljivić, - phasized separately since the article states that gatherings were held and ceremonies ceremonies and held were gatherings that states article the since separately phasized ine - 28
bogatijim&catid=3:vijesti1&Itemid=75 WW2. , which suggests that May 15 is marked in a wider context of wars, especially since since especially wars, of context wider a in marked is 15 May that suggests which ,
As we can see, May 15 is included in the overall struggle against fascism, as well as as well fascism,as against struggle overall the in included is 15 May see, can we As “Trigodine od poraza četničke Jugo 29
- fascist tradition. On a website of the Council of National Minorities of of Minorities National of Council the of website a On tradition. fascist izations” and that the activities included laying the flowers at the the at flowers the laying included activities the that and izations” eople‟s uprising and the battle for freedom for battle the and uprising eople‟s
Vijeće .
- armadeu Tuzli nacionalnih n against the fascistsrbo then against 16
s one of the places where flowers are laid on on laid flowersare where places the of one s
manjinaBiH ,” Frontslobode ,Accessed 3,June 2011, , May , 1995. 15, .
- Tuzla is represented as as represented is Tuzla chetnik occupier.” The chetnikThe occupier.” hysical strength and and strength hysical y the military the y
- razliitosti - CEU eTD Collection 31 30 battle” “famous a isinto Maywiderput contextbeing 15 war. ofthe frmenfour those than rather region, Tuzla entire the for soldiers killed the of families the for organized was held was that reception the resistance. the of moment the marked manner” symbolic a “in that b could siren pm,a 7 at that states and resistance” armed “the as 15 May to refers article municipality.The Tuzla of region thefrom soldierskilled the offamilies inc 15, May mark to held ceremonies and activities of series the about is 1996 24, May from aggressor.” the to resistance organized first “the T of people and fighters is newspaper the 1992 MAY “15. stating page the of part to given is 15 May on issued newspaper k birthday, Tito‟s and Youth you of place gathering mountaina on Ozren thefrom The Tuzla. of people the for event war evoking emotionally most the far by Tuzla, in 1995 25, May on committed 19 July, in Srebrenica in murder mass the of aftermath anis period event
F.Šljivić, “ Na luding speeches, concerts, the session of the Municipal Council and the reception for the the for reception the and Council Municipal the of session the concerts, speeches, luding
. vatru However, this time May 15 is written about in a somewhat different context, since this sincethis context, different somewhat a in about written is 15 May time this However, In the following year of 1996, 1996, ofyear following the In One year later, an article from May 15, 1997 15, Mayfrom article an later, yearOne the newspaper is newspaper the
“Tuzl vatrom aci poraziliaci četnike,” ,”
set apart set [ Oslobo čvn bitka” “čuvena
massacre was committed by the Serb military by targeting a missile missile a targeting by military Serb the by committed was massacre đ uzla. uzla. about enje
for ,
May In an article entitled “Fire with fire,” the event is described as as described is event the fire,” with “Fire entitled article an In
congratulations from various companies from Tuzla to Tuzla Tuzla to Tuzla from companies various from congratulations lig 1 oty on people young mostly 71 illing somethin Frontslobode
15, 1996, 15, 4. - ]
. TUZLA
e a ntc te change the notice can We the biggest number of articles ofnumber biggest the g related to Tuzla, with a circle on the upper part of part upper the on circle a with Tuzla, to related g a “special addition” “special a om Tuzla killed on May 15. This may indicate that indicate may This 15. May on killed Tuzla om
- , May , 1996, 24, 2. 15. MAY 1996.” In addition to that, that, to addition In 1996.” MAY 15. 17
30
n article An refers to the event at Brčanska maltaas Brčanska at event the to refers ng people on May 25, the former Day of of former Day the 25, May ngon people
about
n h lcl ul newspaper Tuzla local the in .
In 1996, one part of the the of part one 1996, In
massacre the as well as 95
e heard at Brčanska malta Brčanska at heard e Tuzla. Each article in article Tuzla.Each 31 yet was written about the the about written was yet y now by
It can be observed that that observed be can It
from the first first the from one part of of part one that that
a
CEU eTD Collection 36 35 34 33 32 positionsdifferently,Tuzla rather byfollowing asshown by quotation theHadţić: the from inferred be sometimes can it as JNA, on attack an even or battle” “a here 16, column her In 1998. from starting it about written articles important 2.2. militarythe willanalysts determine.and address arti The war. the during problems interethnic without town free a as seen turn in is that Tuzla for period war inthe event important most the as seen 15, May of anniversary the ofmarking newspaper Tuzla heart,” the to managing for superior more even being men Tuzla the Y mighty the of attack upon “took citizens patriotic the with together police town the since unique was event the that states also article The Tuzla.” of people the for letters gold in “written the Tuzlafrom “evicted” Th incident.” “serious a as event the of characterization
AlmasaHadţić, “ B.S. “Praznik T., antifašizma,” IbrahimProhić, “ A.D.S., A.D.S.,“ cle also recognizes the possibility of a different narrative, but, as it states, it is something something is it states, it as but, narrative, different a of possibility the recognizes also cle 1998 JNA.
as “the attack ofasdaythe The publication of of publication The narrative of Dnevni avaz Dnevni of narrative neve had ball chetnik a if as and north and south townfrom this to level neverattempted JNA had the if “As “Pokazalikako seBiH,” brani , 32
Prva AlmasaHadţić 34
In an article from article an In
to use the words in the 1995 article discussed above. In an article in the local the in article an In above. discussed article 1995 the in words the use to
pobjeda Lekcija Krvavi from May 23, 1997, we find information about the ceremonies for the the for ceremonies the about information find we 1997, 23, May from
branilaca
as well as well as
datum ugoarmy.” na
Br criticizes the absence of of absencecriticizesthe Dnevni avaz Dnevni č
anskoj , pro Frontslobode on Oslobo
the next day, day, next the š
ao that the “courageous sons of Tuzla” managed to “overpower” managedto Tuzla” ofsons “courageous the that Tuzla.” 33
Oslobođenje malti š
utke đ As we can see, the emphasis is on the power of JNA and JNA of power the on is emphasis the see, can we As enje ,” ,”
started on October 1995 and May 15 has a number of of number a has 15 Mayand 1995 October on started 36 , ,May 1997. 23, Oslobo Dnevi May
Thisisfrom ratherdifferent as Mayrepresenting15 ,
the event the 15, 15, 1997, 12. May1997. 16, 18
avaz đ
enje 35
, the marking of May 15 which she describes markingshewhichdescribes 15 theof May , May May
is referred to as exemplary and being and exemplary as to referred is 16, 1998, 16,
is article also also articleis
15
, 1995. , “overpower” it, with “nothing but but “nothing with it, “overpower” r been scheduled” scheduled” r been
5
.
in states that that states Dnevni avaz Dnevni themselves the the themselves narrative, and and narrative, the
JNA was was JNA
on -
The The
May May CEU eTD Collection 38 37 of and suffering and innocence nations‟s the both of symbolic as women Bosniac of rape war the in womenBosniac of rape theissue of the that figures evocative highly two here introduces She 15. May of importance the diminish to attempts all childrenand mentioned.be to allowed one she Tuzla, in events victims.” its forgets community return Municipality] Unit Tuzla First upsetting a of form the in emotionall victimhood. Bosniac very of symbolic is women, Bosniac of rape mass the and Bosnia in war the of context the in especially Rape, rape.” slaughter, killing, of memory of kind any “stop to attempt an of example anis this that andpurpose on ignored isMay 15 implies that Hadţić
Ibid., AlmasaHadţić, “
[May 15, 1992] 15, [May
5. f the of May 17, 1992 to celebrate Mayslaughter1992 the to 17, if as and north and south from town this if As attacked. been never had Tuzla if as just silence, in almost passed date That Tuzla. of people all shocked town, this of history in date bloodiest the certainlyis 25, Maytragic the to inaddition that, Tuzla inFriday on happened What –
the figure of a murdered child and the figure of a raped woman. raped a figureof the andmurdered child a figureof the to see. to asking
eb ouain o ul. h se tha sees She Tuzla. to population Serb decided not to mark May 15 in the usual way, in order to make possible the the possible make to order in way, usual the in 15 May mark to not decided other Bosnian children will have to visit the cemetery in secret since there are sinceare there insecret visit cemetery the haveto Bosnian will children other Krvavi She popular entertainment popular
n a and “in the most insolent way” “that a history as bloody as the Bosnian one one Bosnian the as bloody as history a “that way” insolent most the “in 38
is not celebrated, the other the celebrated, not is puts puts criticizes Ekrem Šehović, a participant participant a EkremŠehović, criticizes
bloodiest two the are 1995 25, May and 1992 15, May that writing By datum them She concludes that the question arises whether the parents of Tuzla Tuzla of parents the whether arises question the that concludes She vice
pro
- š in the s the in mayor ao
Hadţić š utke
,” ame context, context, ame
f ul Municipality Tuzla of program on May 14 was not enough and that it was was it that and enough not was 14 May on program Dnevi
mentions that the manifestation that was organized organized was that manifestation the that mentions on the occasion of occasion the on 19
avaz
of [May 25, 1995] 25, [May
a the peoplethe ofTuzla. ,
May chetnik ball had never be never had ball chetnik and further in the column implies column the in further and
16, 1998, 16, usedis the the as t JNA had never attempted to to attempted never had JNA of May 15 ofMay n xml of example an
the marking of May 15, the day day the 15, May ofmarking the
in order to “depict the wartime “depictthe to order in
,
5.
will not be commemorated or or commemoratedbe not will
h sae ta they that stated who 37 , the commander of the ofcommanderthe the ,
Elissa HelmsElissa
en scheduled for for scheduled en h international the y evocative and and evocative y the more recentmore
writes that if that level [the [the
the the
CEU eTD Collection 43 42 (Aldershot:Ashgate, 2006), 41 40 HelmsElissa andGer Duijzings (Burlington: Ashgate, 2007), NewThe BosnianMosaic Identities,: Memories,and Moral ClaimsPostina 39 andthat withagree necessarily haveto not Federation does thefrom newspapers two these in constructed is it as narrative the that indication an also is This one. monolithic a elections.win to attempts the in marginalized and not purposes political for is used are is malta”it that statements such Brčanska that and Tuzla, at of municipality battle “the May, of 15 the of marking politics. their to prob is this party) nationalist Bosniac the Party, Democratic (Social SDA the and campaign election the promotion.” personal for 15 May of misuse and intention evil “an is marginalized May 31. May to 15 Tuzla 1998 womenchildren.and to awarded automatically status civilian the and gendered Carpenter, Charli to according is, h showing woman, a of figure the with together victim Bosniacs.” among especially innocence, and victimization nation‟s each of symbol the became war the during bereaved enemies, their of barbarism
ElissaHelms, “ “ CharliR. Carpenter, Ibid.,237 Nije Neistinite . He . is organizing is
marginaliziran As a reaction to to reaction a As
there isstrugglethere “properly”constant amarkto how on May 15.
. emphasize
tvrdnje “‟Poli ,” ,” We can also find his statement in statement his find also can We tics Whore‟:is a Women, Morality and Victimhood inPost
Dnevni ’InnocentWomen and Children:’ Gender, Normsand the Protection ofCivilians 15. Bešlagić
the s 41 42
maj htMy1 is 15 May that
2 Since series of ceremonies and activities and ceremonies of series her criticism her 5.
43 ,” avaz
Oslobo ” Here we can we Here
39 also states that the attempt to represent the markinga representMay 15 to attempt theof the that states also 40 ,
Dnevni avaz Dnevni
May
adding that “i that adding h fgr o a udrd hl i a eioe f civilian a of epitome an is child murdered a of figure The đ
enje 19, 1998 19, , , we find we being marked “as usual “as marked being May
see that the narrative in the Federation of BiH is not is BiH of Federation the in narrative the that see ,
was especially at the time seen as a mouthpiece of of mouthpiece a as seen time the at especially was 11 19,1998, 4. n post n .
20
a press release by Selim Bešlagić Selim by release press a
- 237 war Bosnia, war Oslobođenje
.
ow the concept of the innocent victim victim innocent the of concept the ow “Tuzla‟s Days of Resistance” from Resistance” of Days “Tuzla‟s ” - WarSociety and that and women raped, displaced and and displaced raped, women
on May 19, 1998 19, May on - War BosniaWar
the narrative in Tuzla narrativeinTuzla the
the Municipality of of Municipality the , ed. Xavier, Bougarel, ably a reference reference a ably - Herzegovina,”
on
, that , May 19, 19, May
the
in in s CEU eTD Collection 47 46 45 44 that and massacre wreaths flower laying by marked was event the that states “people,” as side Tuzla the constructs it because volunteers innewspapermid period theof 19 attacked.” was Tuzla when day “the as characterized is 1992 15, of becausein Tuzla postponed are activities commemorations,sport concerts. and hearth.” the “brains,Brčanskalove survivalforbattlewisdom,maltathe willandat waswith wontowards the of session the of in 19 event the of participant a and councilthe member of holdingA MunicipalCouncil. the by marked is that 15 May including May, throughout ceremonies and events of series a antifascism,” of days “Tuzla‟s on information find also events and ceremonies month, the of end the until last and 9 May on start Antifascism” and to related
“ The dayof wasmourning markedbecause bigofcar a accident that happenedinBosnia. B.S. T. “Presudnabitka,” 99 Zbog
the
and
On May 16, 16, MayOn In In dana formal “Odbranjenodostojanstvo graĎana,”
the following y following the - 2001 “Tuzla‟s Days of Antifascism” that included laying wreaths laying included that Antifascism” of Days “Tuzla‟s 2000 people from Tuzla with no m no with Tuzla from people
ţ 45 alo
a atce a pbihd in published was article an , session sti
s t em i ti atce te ot o My s ild ih events with filled is May of month the article, this in seems it As Dnevniavaz in
u
h lyn o te wreaths the of laying the Tuzli
1999 Oslobođenje
. of the Municipal Council Municipal the of 44
odgo , May 15 is briefly mentioned inmentioned brieflyis May 15 , ear In an article in the Tuzla local newspaper from May 21, 1999, w 1999, 21, May from newspaper local Tuzla the in article an In , May , 1999 16, , Ď an ene
- May.
article in article
sve s el since well as a
sve day of of day
č Frontslobode anosti ,
2 ilitary experience is mentioned a mentioned is experience ilitary . avaz Dnevni
mourning ,” 21 was Oslobođenje
Dnevni
. The article states article The . ohn ws rte aot a 15 May about written was nothing
, , May1999. 21, followed s rvosy mentioned. previously as
avaz that was calledwas that
from May 16 states that all ceremonies all ceremonies that states from16 May , Dnevni avaz Dnevni May
n a 16. May on by the session of the Municipal Municipal the of session the by
16,2000, 8. at the memorial of the 1995 1995 the of memorial the at
47 accompanied
There is a quiet period in period quiet a is There that the “Tuzla‟s Days of of Days “Tuzla‟s the that in the Federation.inthe
as part of the of part as
at various memorials various at The participation of of participation The nd this is important is this nd
The article also also article The
92 stated that that stated 92 by numerous by activities activities
46 in
May this e -
CEU eTD Collection 51 RacialStudies 50 49 48 of overview brief its establishing JNA, civilian position. the by attack under being as Tuzla of position the on emphasis the to tried army Serbian the of units paramilitary and JNA of units the “when 1992, 15, May mark to more issue the one, innocent and just infollowingelaboratelyaddressedchapter. the the as side one of position the constructing for instrumentalized are and innocence of symbols as prominently feature they However, neither. furth see will we as 2010, in threats political or 1992 in as military either threats, are hand, other the on men, enemy The doers. the and actors the are men 15, May “ sons. its of lives the is states, he as possession, That possession.” saying2001 16, justifylegitimize, silencewell other as as to order in to, respond emotionally to likely are Tuzla in people most event one the and war most that event only the probably of use make to betweenthe made sometimes Tuzla. of Council the nati the
A.H.“ JoaneNagel, “Masculinity andNationalism: Gender andSexuality the in Making of Nations,” Ibid. A.D.S., , 12. ,
The period ofThe period Desetogodi In o chairmen the Jurišić, Ilija take onal state is state esseonal “Tolerancijapotisnula mrţnju,”
2002
21, the no. 2 no. (March 1998):251. , that “the freedom of the town was defended with this country‟s most valuable wasvaluable freedommost“thedefended country‟s this with town ofthat the centre š an
njica May 15 15 May 48
article in article
2002
h rfrne o the to reference The bitke
of the town.” the of ntiallymasculineinstitution.a
na at the beginning the at and
Br Dnevni avaz Dnevni
massacre 2003 č anskoj f the Municipal Council Municipalf the Oslobođenje
51
isInperiod. silent a
malti
What we can observe in this newspaper at this point i point this at newspaper this inobserve can we What
in 1992 and the one in 1995 can be seen as as seen be can in1995 one the and 1992 in narrativesmightMayexistthatabout 15.
,” from May 16 writes about the laying of the flowers thelaying of the about writes 16 Mayfrom
and states and Dnevni massacre 22 ,May 16,2001, 12.
people in Tuzla see as the worst during the the during worst the as see Tuzla in people
avaz
that , ” n 95 n te eainhp ht is that relationship the and 1995 in May 50 2004
In the Federation/TuzlaInthenarrative of , people of Tuzla of all nationalities nationalities all of Tuzla of people
16, 16, 2002. is quoted in th isquoted ,
an
article from articlea givesMay17 49
A s Joane Nagel Joane s is article from May May from isarticle er on. Women are are Women on. er Ethnica
an attempt attempt argues nd s , CEU eTD Collection 54 53 52 rifles automatic continues, the of parents the one no that writes She JNA.” of knife the under escape managedto town this when characterizes She Tuzla. in 16 May to 15 May of marking of shifting the mention not does but event, the incommemoration of interpretation the in differences are there that as 2006 not is layingwreathsthe isTheon celebrated.emphasis or way inextravagant markedan is not event the indicatesthat criticizes wreaths laying by states, article the 16 the on formed were that Units (military) Tuzla committed. in places other and Brčko, Bijeljina, of people the as consequences same the suffer to not order in themselves organized
“Prviporaz JA Bosniu Hercegovini,”I “ A.Avdić, “ thirty Godi , muchassuch. to referred we find one of the biggest articles on the event. the on articles biggest the of one find we š n e clm in column her In However, njica - five members of JNA and four members of MUP of members four and JNA of members five h fact the “They also did not ask where ask not did also “They
Gdje
However, the event is written ab written is event the However, odbrane
su f h dukn eevss and reservists drunken the of 16, May from article an ratni for killedthe membersoverallofmilitarythe formations Tuzla
ht few that Bijeljina. It also statesBijeljina. It that Tuzle ul slir killed soldiers Tuzla
komandanti ,” Oslobo nvi avaz Dnevni
a cmadr ad on fiil atne te vn. This event. the attended officials town and commanders war
52 north đ ?,”
enje
Oslobođenje Oslobo , atr Bosnia eastern at May
aiu mmra sts n Tuzla in sites memorial various rm a 17, May from are are đ
16,2005, 2. o enje 2005 My 5 o s te hw th how them ask to 15 May n those who were mercilessly were who those out to commemorate the 16 of May, the Day of of Day the May, of 16 the commemorate to out ,May 13, 2006,11. 23 , peoplefoughtin of Tuzla May
writes about the marking of May 15 May of marking the about writes the th
17, 17, 2004.
of May 1992. That is commemorated, as as commemorated, is That 1992. May of JNA where crimes against Muslims were were Muslims against crimes where
The number of persons killed is killed persons of number The
2006
soldiers
and TO. This article briefly notes notes briefly article This TO. and
, Almasa Hadţić criticizes the the criticizes Hadţić Almasa ,
ih asd he fingers, three raised with a May 15 May . mowed down mowed
humaneway.” h atce mainly article The ey are doing and and doing are ey
and as “the day day “the as contacted 53 May15
and i and by the the by given given 54
n
CEU eTD Collection 56 55 article the of Thefamily” title is country,[your] defended. “ Bešla Selim methods.” propagandistic exaggerating against counter a is there mutuallyand absolute exclusive. narratives these In allowed. isexplanation other No children. theirfeed to order in ones petty were they any fathersifcrimes, ascommitted they side” represented who, soldiersare “our fromthe that house„ battle BiH of Army the ofprosecutions S Tuzla. of region the in crimes committed who criminals made i Juriši Ilija of arrest the criticizing columnher wrote Hadţić Almasa soldiers. JNA the of killing the for responsible persons the of one as 2007 11, May on Serbia in arrested was He Tuzla. from 1992 15, May of participants the of one Bosniacsharpenedinon necks Bijeljina, Bratunac.” Zvornik, p mproper commemoration of May 15 Maycommemoration of mproper aroim n hmnt won humanity and patriotism assing through Skojevska Street Skojevska through assing
“ “KoseTuzlistidi u 15. maja?,” Zlo
č the line, they dug out a bag of potatoes in someone‟s garden, or from some abandoned abandoned some from or garden, someone‟s in potatoes of bag a out dug they line, inci swiped‟ The year of 2007 is important for this narrative because of the arrest of Ilija Juri Ilija of arrest the of because narrative this for important is 2007 of year The An incn ad nre slir o JA‟ l o ta, f ore floe by followed course, of that, of all JNA,‟ of soldiers unarmed and „innocent is perpetrator a of position the and victim a as people or nation of position the , i decision
article in article branitelji
the number of killed, wounded and imprisoned and other already familiar familiar already other and imprisoned and wounded killed, of number the
a TV or a or TV a - ,” artv, .. httee s n atte an is there that i.e. narrative, o ou o My 16 May on focus to
Dnevni avaz Dnevni Dnevni quilt
avaz Dnevniavaz
, in order to inorder May
. against soldiers, whose only crime was that, “coming that, was crimeonly whose soldiers, from May 15, 2007 about the marking of May 15 notes notes 15 May marking of the about 2007 15, May from ” She states that JNA that states She ”
13, 2007, 13, 3.
since it was moved to May 16, holding the persons who who persons the holding May16, to moved wasit since ,May 17, 2006, gić is quoted quoted is gić
epnil for responsible
aggression, take it to their children to Tuzla.” to theiritchildren to take 24
3 ” . mpt to represent the event “as a crime crime a “as event the represent to mpt
that it is an example of how “your “your how of example an is it that were aig n eain o a 1 that 15 May to relation in saying h asne of absence the states e tts ht instead, that, states he 55
butcherers “with knives already already knives “with butcherers
that Tuzla would have ended Tuzlahaveended that would ć and what she what and ć
arrests of Serb war war Serb of arrests 56 In May 13, 13, May In
We can observe Weobserve can back saw there are are there from the the from
2007 as as that that šić, šić, an an ,
CEU eTD Collection 59 58 57 An Tuzla. visits RS the from commemoration the time first the is 2010 May The Federation. the and Tuzla in rage with markingthe ofMay 15. of activities, part held as sport includingpreviously activities,and ceremonies series thefor of e the of marking thefor content sport financethe to want not municipalitydid the stated, organization laid anniversary the of marking event. the of marking the 15 the marking the and Tuzla in politicians the between disagreement the article the of center the in enclosedis Serbian the to according soldiers, a that commemoration the to relation in mentioned is Bijeljina from 2.3. for Bosnia 15 May of participant up
E A.Še., “ Huremović,“E.
. May like
Huremovi flowers one hour after the members of the municipality, because, as the president of the the of president the as because, municipality, the of members the after hour one flowers
religious servicereligious
An article in article An In September 2009, September In “That is our intersection, and our town” town” our and our intersection, is “That had vent and the veterans rebelled. veterans the and vent
rbeia f t h it if Srebrenica 15 Ceremonija . 57 been committed been ć, “ ć,
Da th Borci
of May. Jasmim Imamović Jasmim May. of
nije
posva
bojkotirali Oslobođenje
bilo
was held in Bijeljina on May 15 and that the number of the killed JNA JNA killed the number of the that and 15 May inon Bijeljina held was
who states that the battle happened after after happened battle the that states who Ď
ala 15. 15. d o be fr h 15 the for been not ad 58
borce
Ilija Jurišić was sentenced to 12 years in prison, which was met met was which prison, in years 12 to sentenced was Jurišić Ilija maja
was and that the same would have happened to Tuzla to happened have would same the that and
An article from May 12, 12, May from article op
ć ,
inski i
more modest than in 2008 and that that and 2008 in than modest more Tuzla ril in article
from May 16, 16, May from politi Prosecutor‟s Office, Prosecutor‟s
protokol
in a separate square. H square. separate a in č bi 59 are
do We can observe an inclination an observe can We ,” ţ ivjela nvi avaz Dnevni Oslobo ,” , the town‟s mayor, town‟s the , 25 Dnevni
2009 sudbi đ th enje 2010 states that that states 2010
avaz of May, which is part of a quote by a a by quote a of part is which May, of nu
, , is the first time that a counter narrative counter a that time first the is
is 92. This information This 92. is Srebrenice May ,
May from May 16, 16, May from -
16,2009, 6,7.
owever, the article itself isitself article the owever, Twocommemorations
16, 2009, 16, 6. vet
of May 15. We are informed are We 15. May of ,” attending not for criticizedis erans Dnevni horrible the famil the veteran‟s
of way the regarding
to restrict the budget the restrict to avaz 2009
rms in crimes ies ,
May
been not it had
states
about Bijelina about of the victims victims the of organizations organizations
15, 2007, 15, 10.
ht the that eastern eastern about
CEU eTD Collection 62 JournalofGlobal and Historical Anthropology 61 60 of anniversary common“ourcallsin humanity”humanity, but to cont other the to in superiority relation moral of form a rather but reconciliation, at attempt the represent not does Howeve people.” are we that show will “We expression: similar a find contexts.” particular in shapes sanctioned humanity.”common abstract so basedon other eachengagewith not “people do that argueshe However, reconciliation. level” “ljudexpression framework, humanistic universal a on based often were wars 1990‟s the town.” our andintersection, street our is ljudi!] smo da are we that show will Wepolitization! want not do we but killed, were ones loved her where place the mark and come to right the has mother every course, 1 in event the of participant A to). allowed are mothers from people but later, hours two 15 May mark states Office Prosecutor‟s fromth
Ibid., StefJansen, “Borci,ipak, na raskrsnici!,”
61 that that 37. nte atce rm a 1, 00 s n con o te rprtos for preparations the of account an is 2010 15, May from article Another e RSe
and was used to justify meetings across national/ethnic lines for the purpose of of purpose the for lines national/ethnic across meetings justify to used was and
veterans
“Ofwolves and men: Postwar reconciliation andthe genderof inter announced their arrival to Tuzla arrivalto announced their the
There will be no incidents no be will There a 15 May i smo!” (we are people!) which, as he argues, represents “the most elementarymost“thehe represents ias argues, smo!”people!) which, are (we S rie A uscin f h atce s nild “Mothers entitled is article the of subsection A arrive. RS
te a ofcas f Tuzla of officials war the ,
at first contemplated ignoring the gathering from the from gathering the ignoring contemplated first at . Thus, calls to humanity do not necessarily have to imply calls to to calls imply to have necessarily not do humanity to calls Thus, . A atcpn o te vn fo Tza ie hs con o i and it of account his gives Tuzla from event the of participant A . Oslob He adds that, instead, “humanity is given specific, often socially socially oftenspecific, givenis “humanityinstead, that, adds He
ođenje
that they that , May, 2010, 12, 6. 57(2010): 37. 60
That malta. Brčanska at be will we but side, our on 62 Stef JansenStef
. The article also states that, according to BiHaccordingthe that, statesarticle to Thealso . In the example from this newspaper article, we article, newspaper this from example the In
26 decided to be present at the intersection when when intersection the at present be to decided
r nt rmnly responsible. criminally not are
rast“the hasto other” none. that writes that reconciliation attempts after after attempts reconciliation that writes 992 from Tuzla is quoted saying quoted is Tuzla from human - nationalencounters,” ! [Mi ćemo pokazati pokazati ćemo [Mi ! r, in this instance it it instance this in r,
exemplified by exemplified RS and coming to to coming and RS May
h article The ( ” the i.e.
Focaal
that that 18 “Of the the me th -
CEU eTD Collection 65 64 63 weather actual the to refer not does here used as rain the likelihood all in and from came th of beginning the at falling was states article the that rain The two. the between interaction no was there and commemoration their held had Bijeljina from people the after hours three intersection at wereintersection: whothe officers police and journalists Tuzla the of reactions the and Tuzla left arrivals RS the which article. this in provocation a and arrival This speeches commemoration, the of part religious the arrived also associations veteran the of heads and Srpska of Republic the of Tuzla from commemor Tuzla. from Bijeljina from commemoration the of tw these that interesting as such undertaken, be will that measures security the then birth second his as it describes
Ibid. Tuzlajoš jednom pobijedila,” “Raskrsnicapod policijskom opsadom,” swithces , 3. at are wet lateronceagain!policejournalists.wongatheredof the Tuzla hoursofficers and Three s e a se the see, can we As faces the on smiles brings which fingers, three raising are buses the from men Young
about how the persons who committed how “certainpersonsfreely thewho stilloperations”about are walking ations, one from the Republic of Srpska Srpska of Republic the from one ations,
which is which of families, survivors and officials from the from officials and survivors families, of An
to the part that announces the arrival of the families of victims from the from victims offamilies the of arrival announcesthe that part the to e visit from the RS stopped when they entered the buses to return where they they where return to buses the entered they when stopped RS the from visit e article from May 16 May from article heintersection
not. Besides family members, it is written that the high the that written is it members, familyBesides not. o accounts are juxtaposed in this way, and that the news of the that and way, this injuxtaposed are accounts o Oslobođenje
epe rm ul wo atd o ak a 1 cm t the to came 15 May mark to wanted who Tuzla from people
day because he was was he because day
onceagain.hasstopped! Therain h floig xep i te eito o te anr in manner the of depiction the is excerpt following The Oslob ,May 16, 2010,2,3. , 2010 titled 2010 ,
comes after the personal account of one participant participant one of account personal the after comes ođenje the article states states article the 27 ,May 15,2010, 3.
“Tuzla won once again” writes about two about writes again” once won “Tuzla shot and was lucky to survive to lucky was and shot which is seen is which
RS
lsn off closing
is seen as a political performance performance political a as seen is
h officials the 65
as
being h intersection the rm h RS the from political - ranking officials officials ranking
in
Tuzla . The article article The . the arrival arrival the ,
and one one and . RS 63 . After .
gave gave t is It and . 64
CEU eTD Collection 70 69 71 68 67 political 66 a of kind any make to there not is mother A subjects. political as treated are inpoliticianscommemorationfromalsoattendedtheheldwho RS the Tuzlaspeeches and and agency.” national gendered” disempowerment.” nationalrepresenting as as women th and arms Afrikanertheir in children holding and suffering represent to used were monuments ways the to referring category, social a is it that stating nation, the of mother the of concept the mentions also family and in.” killed was figures. mourning are he here mentioned formation which of regardless child, her for mourns mayor the killed were that Tuzla from people the of members,” “family commemoratio the for Tuzla to arriving article this in mentioned are members” “family of and categories participants war of representatives officials, town current of Municipality the by organized gathering the switches question in article newspaper the RS, the from commemoration superiority. of establishment an and smile, a reaction, civilized of people the at fingers three raised RS the from people young shows. again”) once won (“Tuzla article the of title the as it, to itisBijeljina assert theywhen one‟sand do, to conditions.
Ibid.,62. Ibid.,61. AnneMcClintock, “Family Feud Tuzlajoš jednom pobijedila,” Tuzlajoš jednom pobijedila,” - 72.
69
of Tuzla, of The newspapers discussed in this chapter rarely mention the commemoration in commemoration the mention rarely chapter this in discussed newspapers The
and that women are symbolic bearers of the nation, but do not have relation to relation have not do but nation, the of bearers symbolic are women that and 70
ee wmn are women Here, stated about the arrival from mothers from the RS that RS the from mothers from arrival the about stated Oslobođenje Oslobođenje s: Gender,s: Nationalism andFamily,”the
,May 16, 2010, ,May 16, 2010,
Anne McClintock in her arti her in McClintock Anne
n/political provocation and the other other the and provocation n/political seen as symbols and not as a threat, unlike the the unlike threat, a as not and symbols as seen 68
McClintock also states that “all nationalisms are nationalisms“allare that alsostates McClintock 28
[ininstancethisTuzla‟s]
Tuzla and Tuzla
at the women‟s disempowerment was seen seen was disempowerment women‟s the at 3. 3.
the attendance of the of attendance the on May 15 May on
FeministReview –
Tuzla, but were met with a a with met were but Tuzla, h one the Here we are informed how informed are we Here After the overview of the the of overview the After cle on gender, nationalism gender, on cle f ml members. amily
superiority in superiority relation
. Jasmin Imamović, Imamović, Jasmin . f people of to the overview the to
of 44 (Summer44 1993): 67
“Every mother mother “Every
the legitimate the h mothers The former and former
n buses in 66
Two
of
CEU eTD Collection 73 72 71 isin not. since 1993 Tuzla held been has that commemoration the whereas Bijeljina, in held commemoration the as well politi as seenis commemoration the of arrivalThe soldiers. JNA the of membersfamily the and side” “Tuzla the from killed the of members” “family legitimate between difference distinct as held are that how on commentth happen. to incidents any for allow now will who one civilized the are they that implying security, which for the politization. as characterized is RS laid were wreaths avaz RS the from survivors and families the of arrival 15. May for been not it had Srebrenica like been have would Tuzla prominent very a have mothers importantfor position, constructionthe innocent.positionofthe ofthe where RS the of narrative the on chapter following the the mourn to but statement,
A.Hadţić, A.Hadţić, “ Huremović,E. “ RS, the emphasis being on the fact that there were no incidents or provocations incidentsor no were there that fact the on being emphasis the RS,
from An Thesefromare 2010 articles
The article mentions one man who was raising three fingers and one who made a a made who one and fingers three raising was who man one mentions article The
was given to th to given was article from May 15, 15, May from article “Tuzlacipokazali dostojanstvo,” h f the and separate, separate, and Branioce at the same place and only hours away from each other. other. each from away hours only and place same the at Na loig day ollowing
Br side Tuzla the by
eylynch wantedto but no himreacted thatin one Tuzla, to that.
grada č anskoj
ubili
e people of Tuzla of people e hs narratives these Malti
loss of her son. This essentialization will be further elaborated in elaborated further be will essentialization This son. her ofloss
Dubaji
rts bu te ommrto ta ws held, was that commemoration the about writes
sve 201
72 ć ć evi examples of different representationsexamples ofdifferent of e at the at
0
The article below this one writes about the arrival from arrival the about writes one this below article The biti
Dnevniavaz in rezervisti
mirno Dnevni avaz Dnevni monument
are
29 well as the as well
i
,” dostojanstveno
n neato wt each with interaction in Dnevni ,May 2010, 16, 4. has been has
at Brčan at
made a reference to to reference a made avaz local
, announced. ,” ,” May Dnevni s ka malta. The arrival from arrival The malta. ka MUP
16,2010, 4.
The article states that t that states article The avaz
who were in charge of of charge in were who E 71 ven though they seem seem they though ven , May ,
An
other. other.
Srebrenica commemorations article in article
15, 2010, 15, 2. that There is a a is There , the credit the ,
73
Dnevni Dnevni
flower
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that that the the he
CEU eTD Collection innocence is also constructed by othering the enemy, presenting the killed as Chetnik Chetnik as killed the presenting m enemy, the othering by constructed also is innocence of position The purpose. just a for fighting and country their and families their for fighting w that narrative, the of beginning the at especially done is it as emphasizing, by and politics multiethnic Tuzla‟s emphasizing by to, had they because killed they that humane, were formations) (military Tuzla Units. t called now are intersection the at streets Federation/Tuzla killed legitimately be can who ones the into turned thus are soldiers JNA The 1995. 25, May i on Serbs Bosnian by committed murder mass people young massacre of the to it connecting theby Tuzla, importantlyfor most andSrebrenica, to as well as war the of beginning the at Bosnia eastern in soldiers JNA other by committed crimes the and Tuzla in JNA soldiers the between connections making by managed is which spree, murder a on Chetniks as presented importantly, formationsfromare More Tuzla theheart.” the but “everythinginmore powerful o an battle, war. characterized also as newspapers Federation 2.4. urderers. The mothers appear to be automatically seen as symbols of innocence and and innocence of symbols as seen automatically be to appear mothers The urderers.
May 15 May . They . s e a se te vn fo My 5 19 hs en characterized been has 1992 15, May from event the see, can we As The attempt is to present one side(i. presentone isto attempt The Concluding notes Concluding pen war and an eviction of JNA from Tuzla, the army that is otherwise seen as as seen otherwise is that army the Tuzla, from JNA of eviction an and war pen , as killed persons, killed as ,
moral has also been described as a fierce attack and a lightning a and attack fierce a as described been also has narrative
and humane and humane and ounded soldiers were looked after in the hospital. Men are represented as represented are Men hospital. the in after looked were soldiers ounded the most importantmost event,war whichthe furtherthe determined course ofthe
as an exempl an as f a 1 wih s ute eiecd y h fc ta the that fact the by evidenced further is which 15 May of
are
present only as numbers and otherwis and numbers as only present ary event and a lesson that Tuzla men taught JNA taught men Tuzla that lesson a and event ary the JNA soldiers as soldiers JNA he Street of the 15 the of Street he e. Tuzla) as just, whether by stating that the Tuzla Tuzla the that statingby whetherjust, as Tuzla) e. 30
drunken and insolent, as barbar as insolent, and drunken th
of May and the Street of the the of Street the and May of - quick action, an open open an action, quick e
excluded from the the from excluded
in the main main the in .
It is It t ous ous wo n CEU eTD Collection present to insoldiersdemilitarized a context. necessary becomes it when evoked is father a of figure the whereas suffering,
31
CEU eTD Collection 74 they that and killed were soldiers nine that learn we 1992 3.1. the are status military a asMuslimoftenattackers, referred Muslimfundamentaliststo or extremi given ones The service. military their finishing of purpose the A attacked. were and Tuzla from retreating peacefully were JNA former the of soldiers that line established the follows newspapers these all in narrative The 15. May on writing extensive th in included be will novine Nezavisne of edition daily first The 2010. to 2000 from here included be mainly will newspapers these alt extent, large a to 1990s the in about written not was 15 May Since Bijeljina. reached not had Tuzla in event the on information novine Semberske wh 1992 exceptionof the with whole, a as May month of the of period the at lookingwas I so on later week a once or month a twice then 1990s, early newspaper Bijeljina newspapers daily two newspapers: three Nezavisnenovine in 2010 to 1992 from Srpska of Republic the
s we will see, soldiers are usually represented as being very young and as being in Tuzla for inbeingTuzla as youngand very being as usuallyrepresented are soldiers see, will swe The dailynewspaper 3.
. It is a short article with little information. The event of May 15 is seen as an attack and attack an as seen is 15 May of event Theinformation. little articlewith short isa It
This chapter will give an overview of the development of the narrative of May 15 in in 15 May of narrative the of development the of overview an give will chapter This The first article first The Mother and Son Son and Mother T he N arrativeof the Repub
and came out in December 27, 1995. However, the articles from this newspaper newspaper thisfrom articles the However, 1995. 27, inDecember out came
from June 15 since the previous edition was the one of May 15 and the the and 15 May of one the was edition previous the since 15 June from Glassrpske
Semberske novine Semberske e thesis mainly from 2002 to 2010, since that is the period of a more more a of period the is that since 2010, to 2002 from mainly thesis e Glas srpski/srpske Glas about May 15 in the RS can be found in found be can RS the in 15 May about
wascalled . This local newspaper was printed once a month in the the in month a once printed wasnewspaper local This . Glassrpski hough there were some exceptions, the articles from from articles the exceptions, some were there hough 74
from the period of May 10 to May to 10 of May period fromthe 32
lic Srpskaof
in 1990sthe andearly 2000s.
en I looked at the monthly edition of of monthlyedition the at looked I en were from the region surrounding surrounding region the from were
Glas srpski Glas sts. sts.
20 and the local the and 20
from May 17, 17, May CEU eTD Collection 77 76 75 addin hospital, the to way the on kicked and murdered were soldiers wounded that and imprisoned were 140 than more that killed, were soldiers morethan 200 that states The article an into state. makeIslamic BiH to purpose had a fir the of one as framed is 15 May excerpt, the from see can we As intuţilaštvo] Belgrade. M the by Tuzla in persons 59 against brought charges Muslims.Thenarrative(s)basis willthe of on these early develop accounts. no did soldiers JNA the that and massacre a and wasan isevent attack the that It established with RS. narrative the beginningassociated ofthe odnos] [nekorektan staff the by not hospitalwere inthe were who those that andexactly whom] stated by not were soldiers that information have they that and “massa a of tricked people” “Serb the that and attack the planned Municipality Tuzla of authorities the that Tuzla. in 15 May of account first the is 1992 15, June from article an beginning, the at called was Tuzla
P.Simić, “Krivičneprijave ubiceza JNA,”vojnika “ Vojska napustilaTuzlu, . 75 . The emphasis is on “Muslim [military] formations [military] “Muslim on is emphasis The . The commander of the of commander The destructioninSerbofthepeopleTuzla the region.‟ informermakingandBiH thefor state Islamic organizingthe of Muslims Islami of 1992 May positions of the beginning from the „in League‟ Patriotic „the organization fundamentalist membersthe of wereof most whom accused, the isthat itstated charge criminalInthe 16 May from article An
In the local Bijeljina newspaper, Bijeljinalocal the In “Masakrje bio planiran,” cre” in the title. title. the in cre”
Glassrpski
The commander The
part of t of part . ListSAO Semberije iMajevice 76 , 1995, the next one to appear, to one next the 1995, , , May , 1 17,
These two articles from these two newspapers represent the newspapers represent two thesefrom articles Thesetwo Glassrpski c fundamentalism made a decision about a military military a about decision a made fundamentalism c he JNA that was stationed in Tuzla stationed was that JNAhe List SAO Semberije i Majevice i Semberije SAO List 992.
g that the bodies of the killed JNA soldiers were were soldiers JNA killed the of bodies the that g states that they were shot at, at, shot were they that states
33 , May , 16,1995, 3.
murdered t fire first but were attacked by primarily primarily by attacked were but first fire t ,June 15, 1992, 17. 77 ilitary Prosecutor‟s Office [Vojno [Vojno Office Prosecutor‟s ilitary ”
on their way to the hospital the to way their on and the event is given the status the given is event the and
mostly writes about criminal about writes mostly st in a line of events that events of line a in st
as states for the article article thefor states that they that
Semberske novine Semberske
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CEU eTD Collection 82 81 80 79 similarincident occurred earlier in1992. 78 here is Tuzla position. its place a as presented diminish to is here attempt the formation, military powerful and mighty a as represented is JNA the which to according narrative Federation/Tuzla the p the establishes “evacuation” term town.” Muslim this from evacuation the “during happened it Muslim that byadding extremists,” killed brutally were “who soldiers JNA the of massacre” “the of anniversary Petrovo in marked Ozren Muslimsascapablepeople“brothers.” of killing their “brotherh of symbol asa JNAthe representationof on, the later seeAswill we BiH. Federation the of now is what in SFRY former the representing as seen longer no was narrative, Federation/Tuzla Yugosla former the of unification Bosnia.” in war civil the SFRY, unified of symbol a beenhad that JNA, 14, May from article an later, year One Herzegovina. and Bosnia in entity an as Srpska of Republic recognizedthe inhumanityand of incomprehensibility the and “Muslims” of barbarity the to point to mostly well, as on later heapheap.trashofbetakingtheto takentown‟s This bodiesthe will to theused element trash
“Svećeumorene,” za Petrovo(prewar Bosansko name: Petrovo selo)small a is munici MilošJevtović, “Nekaţnjeni zločini,” SFR This“both” referstoeventthe Brčanskaat malta and eventthe inDobrovoljačka ulicai Y
In the meantime, the war was ended by a peace agreement in 1995 which officially officially which 1995 in agreement peace a by ended was war the meantime, the In An article from May 15, 15, May from article An stands forstands Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. ood and unity” and unrelated to the “civil” war in BiH will serve to represent the represent to serve will BiH in war “civil” the to unrelated and unity” and ood
theirMayactionson 15. Glassrpski one rushed to leave because it was no longer safe. The assumption is that that is assumptionThesafe. longer no was it leavebecause to rushedone 1996 80
It is indicative that the JNA is here represented as a symbol of the the of symbol a as represented here is JNA the that indicativeis It , states that “both that states 81 , May , 1997. 15,
sal to small a 1997 Glassrpski
via. What is left unmentioned is that JNA, as we saw in the the in saw we as JNA, that is unmentioned left is What via. ower relations between Tuzla and the JNA. In contrast to contrast In JNA. the and Tuzla between relations ower
states that The Association of Serbian Veterans from from Veterans Serbian of Association The that states n oae bten ul ad Doboj, and Tuzla between located wn
,May 14, 1996,2. 78
34 unprecedent
79
largely later determined the brutal course of course brutal the determined later largely
palityRepublicthe in of Srpska.
ed and unimaginable conflicts with conflicts unimaginable and ed n Sarajevon where a
h fifth the 82
The CEU eTD Collection Kideckel(Pennsylvania: PennsylvaniaThe State University 2000)Press, Anthropological perspectiveson Yugoslav 85 Kideckel(Pennsylvania: PennsylvaniaThe State University 2000)Press, Anthr 84 83 “f that notes war, the of beginning the about writing threat.” potential or threat a as Other increasing the and victim, potential the present side at “each that looking notes and 80s, late Yugoslavia the in in rhetoric nationalistic war the of beginning the about writing successful be to that for tha but constructed, be to has difference a partition, justify to order in that, argues He partition. justify to order in “othering” of usage the as well as Yugoslavia, former the narrative. one‟s legitimize thus and another over superiority one‟s establish to only if present, is them between interaction the entities, different in situated tows different in held commemorations understand to us helps in which 15 Tuzla, May of “celebration” the to reference constant a is there develops, narrative the as inTuzla. celebrated is 15 May mentionedthat is also It extremists”“Muslim describe is event The RS. the from were them of majority largeranarrative is suffering1992 related the not of to that war. inthe Serbs sufferingof the of articleone was the in made be to point the when usually army, Serb the as to referred sometimes was JNA there. safe not are Serbs that and article this in referreis it as “Muslimtown” a now is Tuzla isimplicationthat The subordinateposition. a in are and situation the alter to helpless are somewhere from evacuate to have who those
BetteDenich, RobertM.Hayden, “Pomen nastradalimvojnicima,” opological perspectiveson Yugoslav An article from May 16 and 17, 17, and 16 May from article An
Rober “UnmakingMultiethnicity Yugoslavia: in Media andMetamorp t M. Hayden emphasizes the importance of Orientalist rhetoric for the war in war the for rhetoric Orientalist of importance the Haydenemphasizes M. t “Muslimsas „Others‟ inSerbian and CroatianPolitics,”
,
the construction of the Other ha Other the of construction the Glassrpski
ethnicity,culture and ethnicity,culture and ,May and16 17, 1998,2. that, even though the narratives seem separate and and separate seem narratives the though even that, 1998
35 states that 235 soldiers were killed and that the the that and killed were soldiers 235 that states
We
Thesuffe will ormer „brotherly‟ ormer history history
observe observe d as a “brutal attack” committed by committed attack” “brutal a as d - , , 1995 war1995 only. d
, , ed. Joeled. M.Halpern andDavid A. Joeled. M.Halpern andDavid A.
ring of the Serb people is part of of ispart people Serb the of ring 48 118 ob negative. be to 85 .
- Mirjana Prošić Mirjana in 123. later in the narrative the in later hosis,” NeighborsatWar:
ed itself as a victim or or victim a as itself ed nations were not only only not were nations
in
NeighborsatWar: 83 84
As we will see see will we As - Bette Denich, Bette Dvornić, also also Dvornić, t, in order order in t, that the that d to to d CEU eTD Collection 92 91 90 89 88 87 PennsylvaniaState University 2000) Press, Yugoslav 86 in part important very a have or narrative the to central either are mothers where articles and missing was tha he out finding while him for searching her about mourning, and sorrow her about May31, ma and “attacked were the of Soldiers Missing and Killed soldiers JNA thecommemoration that that andstates article the about Municipality Petrovo the of of Families of Association the of members by serv military regular the serving and young were soldiers the that states article the here and Bijeljina in commemoration the May16, monsters.”“inhuman of one the other, the of verynegativeperception a constructs “Muslims.” This ofbehavior the incomprehensibilityemphasisof the constant ona is there and menyounghelplessbutchering presented frequently is side Tuzla The street. the on injured lying were they while them killing or soldiers JNA the at apartments their from shooting either citizens random of but rep sometimesis 15 superior. morally being people,” celestial “martyred, a mankind.” of inhuma as also but enemies, as represented
Ibid. Lj.Ljubojević, “Tuga za izgublj “Sjećanjeţrtve na Skojevske ulice,” “Pomenpoginulim vojnicima “Sjećanjeţrtve na Skojevske ulice,” Ibid.,323. MirjanaProšić ,
322 T
ethnicity,culture and
wo commemorations are written about in two two in about written are commemorations wo 2000 2000 .
86 .
- is primarily about the experience of one mother whose son was killed in Tuzla, Tuzla, in killedwas son whosemother one of experience the about isprimarily
Dvornić, The firstarticleThe h ws killed. was he t She uses the example of Serbia exampleof the uses She
resented as a mass attack of not only Tuzla police or military formations, militaryformations, or police Tuzla only not of attack mass a as resented 88 “Serbia: InsideThe Story,”
ssacred” by Muslims. by ssacred” history NA enim sinom,”enim
,” 89 92 Glassrpski ,
Glassrpski Glassrpski ice in Tuzla. in ice is about the commemoration in Petrovo and the second aboutand secondthe in commemorationPetrovo the is about ed.Joel Halpern M. David and A.Kideckel (Pennsylvania: The
h atce s ey mtoa ad ersns n o many of one represents and emotional very is article The ,
322. Semberske novine
, May , 2000. 16, ,May 16, 2000. ,May 16, 2000. n monsters, worthy only of perishing for the good the for perishing of worthy only monsters, n 91 in 90 36
A and the representation of representation the and
NeighborsatWar: Anthropological perspectives on
The commemoration in Petrovo is organized is Petrovo in commemoration The n article in article n
87
,May 15 adjoining articles in articles adjoining
As we will see in the narrative, May May narrative, the in see will we As Semberske novine Semberske - May2000, 31, 7.
the Serbian nation as as nation Serbian the Glas srpski Glas
from May 15 May from
from from as as - CEU eTD Collection 94 93 fir 3.2. it.for responsible RS of Civilians that stated enjoy. and afterwards it watch can they so attack the and JNA of exiting relayaslocala forthe but it, arrangingstationto andfor TV having this about prepared attack knowi as only not Tuzla of people the representing in narrative this throughout place its happened. it as “massacre” the showing a as represented 15 May on event the happened, actually what of account representative the as taken is article statement at presentthe occurred. That beginning intersection the theof at attack thenot when the in represented is She missing. still is and person lives…” a as long As understand. to able be never will person a something is That people. with opportunity, an had with children. (someone‟ as soldiers of image the constructing and event the of version the legitimating
Ibid.,2. G.Klepić, “Zločin bez kazne,” st released in December 1995, did not contain any articles significant for the narrative until until narrative the for significant articles anycontain not did 1995, December inreleased st
a
sta The figure of a mother is also present in an in present also is mother a of figure The From this point on, the narrative from narrative the on, point Fromthis Mourning and Celebration and Mourning 93
tement that trucks were on fire, on were trucks that tement
The article states that this is a testimony of a mother whose son was killed in Tuzla killed sonwas mother whose ofa testimony a isthis that states Thearticle the Organization of the Families of Imprisoned and K and Imprisoned of Families the of Organization
emphasized that the event is “celebrated” in Tuzla and that no one is held held is one no that and Tuzla in “celebrated” is event the that emphasized asv all massive
an Glassrpski
- axe,
n attack. in a bludgeon ,May 15,2001, 2.
94 The article emphasizes that the local television was was television local the that emphasizes article The that soldiers were on th soldierson were that
The emphasis on this is important because it finds it because important is this on emphasis The
37 Nezavisne novine Nezavisne I o o ko with know not do I , article as an eye witness, even though she was was she though even witness, eye an as article
article from May 15, 15, May from article
is included. The daily edition, edition, dailyThe included.is ose trucks and that “w that and trucks ose illed Soldiers and Missing Missing and Soldiers illed
ht anymore, what 2001 The article also also article The
which hit hoever hoever
starts starts those those ng ng s) s) CEU eTD Collection 97 96 95 as article the ends it and article the of title main the underneath put also is politician this of mourning. are municipalities neighboring the while massacre,a Brčanskaatstate malta survived event manOnethe event. who thecommemorate to came who Srpska of Republic the in politicians prominent of positions and names of list celebration a is there states, article the as where, Tuzla with RS” in municipalities neighboring “all and Bijeljina of town the in mourning” pas were we while streets the on lying were that soldiers young dead the of bodies the remember added. he people,” wounded soldie the for most the sorry felt he that and agreement the followed they that unprovoked, was the attack that saying quoted is survivor One apartments. the from shooting soldiers, the killing accor that, states and event some in municipalitiesRS. of Mourning of Day a as proclaimed is 15 May that states and Bijeljina in soldiers the of framing the into insight Federation/inTuzlanarrative RS. the useful a give they however, 2010, to 2002 From 2002.
D.Glišić, U Bijeljini dan ţalosti,u Tuzlidan pobjede,” S.Raćen S.R. Todorić,“Dostojna sahrana mučenika,” ig by.” sing An article in article An
A the in courts the all before testify martyrsMayworld. frominrestthose „Tuzla convoy‟ the peace.to live will and live I 1992. bloody that in Tuzla, knowsh OnlyGod
- politician from RS from politician Todorić,“Posljednja počast „tuzlanskoj rs serving the military service from the former country. “I watched them kill kill them watched “I country. former the from service military the serving rs calling 96
An article from May 16, 16, May from article An
the soldiersthe
Glas srpski Glas 95
An article from the following day includes information about same the informationincludesfollowingabout dayfrom Anthe article ow I managed to surviveI„Brčanmanaged massacre ow to at during the ding to the testimonies of some survivors, even civilians were were civilians even survivors, some of testimonies the to ding
is quoted say quoted is martyrs. nte participant Another
from May 14 May from
Glassrpski
koloni,‟” 2002 ing that that ing 38 , 2002 announces the burial of 30 unidentified unidentified 30 of burial the announces 2002 ,
Nezavisnenovine
,May 2002, 14, 2. . A big portion of the article i article the of portion big A . in Glas srpskiGlas it is it This part of the article, i.e. the statement statement the i.e. article, the of part This novine Nezavisne is quoted “It hurts the most when I I when most the hurts “It quoted is “ shocking ,May 2002, 15, 3. , May , 2002, 16, 6.
”
that Tuzla is celebrating celebrating is Tuzla that
97 contrasts the “day of of “day the contrasts
s given to the to given s s d ka malta‟ inmalta‟ ka
that it was that , CEU eTD Collection 100 99 98 Čolović combat. of context the in seen frequently are soldiers since unusual seem might children as soldiers representing contexts, war many In cemented. establishe thus is child, a of one the victim, absolute an of position their and function military any from apart as seen are they children, as soldiers the Representing inhumane. who ones the as attackers the way, Either fire. of exchange the in killed been have might that Tuzla of people ishe to that referring view,hisor fightinback in to positionnot the becausewere they t assume can I to, referring is he civilians town.” that from retreating peacefully pre the to according who elders, their happened crime monstrous and terrible service religious Killed the of Families of Organization the of Assembly the Serb. ever the of innocence and nature naïve the and Muslim the of nature treacherous countrymen.” friends, “comrades, people”, “young as to commemoration referred are soldiers the which novine Semberske an In “massacre.” a such celebrate can someone how is implied is that question the since narrative, one‟s of legitimating the for important is narrative other the of existence well.
E D.Glišić, U Bijeljini dan ţalosti,u Tuzlidan pobjede,”
“Pomenpoginulim,” . S 98 .
N
An . Th ,“Napokon našl
cntn mnin f h “eerto” n ul i a idcto o hw the how of indication an is Tuzla in “celebration” the of mention constant e article inarticle are killing civilians, whoever they were, are the ones who are barbarous and and barbarous are who ones the are were, they whoever civilians, killing are
that that o “h kle slir and soldiers killed “the for
rm a 15 May from
Glassrpske Glas srpski Glas i vječni i mir,” those who were shooting at them were, up until that point, their their point, that until up were, them at shooting were who those
,May 16,2003, 3.
from May 16, 2003 from16, May Semberskenovine - a 3, 2002 31, May 99
- hs a b se a a adtoa tsaet o the to testament additional an as seen be can This 100 existing agreement with the authorities of Tuzla, were were Tuzla, of authorities the with agreement existing against
Even though I am not completely sure who are the are who sure completely not am I though Even hat he is either representing soldiers as civilians, civilians, as soldiers representing either is he hat
39
the innocent child innocent the iiin. “n ht horrible that “On civilians.”
Nezavisnenovine , May , 15 about includes -
May 31, 2002.May 31, the
commemoration the statement of the ofstatement the , May , 2002, 16, 6. lists virility as one of the most the of one as virility lists one odes of Soldiers ren, the soldiers of JNA and and JNA of soldiers the ren,
survivor
RS given at the the at given RS
day in 1992, a a 1992, in day in Bijeljina, Bijeljina, in stated at the the at stated President of of President
- art suffering suffering icle d and and d in in in CEU eTD Collection 106 105 104 103 Hurst,2002) 102 Hurst, 101 narrati the in mother a of presence the that to addition in nation; the sonsbeentwo had killed. and husband whose region, Tuzla thefrom refugee a Ruţa, was them among that and May15 “ entitled text some with part separate ais there article the of middle the in However, narrative. established an follows risk militarized, of notions the victim, ultimate the of position the for competition postwar the In men. young naïve and children as soldiers JNA the representing of purpose the and narrative body.” dead credible a be should he that order in also but victim, pure innocent, of status the achieve to warrior the for order in “necessary is child frequentlyref boy,”a or child andwarriorthe the brings “that together one the innocence. as such warriors, virility, of one the to reduced be war the of part are manliness males” adult of world the into initiation with war in participation of o ispropaganda war that states He warriors. of features basic
S.Raćen Ibid.,54. Ibid., Ibid.,52. IvanČolović, IvanČolović, - taking, warrior masculinitywarrior fortaking, become, na this 2002), A bereaved mother in the narrative of the RS is used as a symbol of the suffering of of suffering the of symbol a as used is RS the of narrative the in mother bereaved A break.cannotbreaking, but stayedbehind. and ones previous the as account similar a gives 2004 17, May from article The That was my black day and black sorrow. My older son was married and two orphans two and married was son older My sorrow. black and day black my was That 52. -
,56. Todorić,“Pravda u slijepoj ulici,”
48. erred to as our children, our sons.” children,our asour to erred
“ “ Warrior,“ Warrior,“in
My younger one was not even married. Black are myisTheevenmarried.washeart one not BlackMy younger are woes.
in
Ruţa
ThePolitics ofSymbol inSerbia: Essays inPolitical Anthropology ThePolitics ofSymbol inSerbia: Essays inPolitical Anthropology 102
rhetoric ” that tells tha tells that ”
He
106 u httee r ohr ee more even other, are there that but
argues that the most common metaphor for innocence is innocence for metaphor common most the that argues
.
However, h However, Glassrpske t many Serb families were dressed in black on on black in dressed were families Serb many t 40
104 , May , 2004,3. 17, e
rrative at least, impediment.anrrative at He states that states He argues 105
His argument can be can argument His
that the image of a warrior cannot cannot warrior a of image the that ften based “on the identification identification the “on based ften
103
the innocence attributed innocenceattributed the
and that “soldiers are most“soldiers are and that 101 ve helps construct the construct helps ve important
and
that the calls to calls the that applied to this to applied
(London: (London:
features of of features
to
a CEU eTD Collection 113 112 111 110 Elissa NewThe BosnianMosaic Identities,: Memories,and Moral ClaimsPostina 109 (Aldershot:Ashgate, 2006), 108 Postthe 107 accident. byjuxtaposed not are Tuzla. ofdefense the and Units) Tuzla of Day (The victims commemoration instrumentalizedpassiveasasymbols given and position. tak life as processes.” political nurturers and mothers victims, (war) “passive are women men which in constructions other ethnicizedthan as identities construct to women for space little leaving womanhood, Bosnian of all for stand by affirmed and defined is victim. „woman of category absolute the of status the awarded automatically are justicerequesting w as represented and older mostly women, mourning of is depicted victimhood Bosniacusually the arguesthat Srebrenicaandwomen child. a and son a as soldier a of image
R. ElissaHelms, J.“PriznanjaŠ., povodom Danatuzlanskih jedinica,” D.G.,“Ešdaun pozvan daformira komisiju za rasvjetljava JeanBethke Elshtain, Ibid.,236. ElissaHelms,
Charli HelmsandGer Duijzings (Burlington: Ashgate, 2007 - .” An YugoslavSpace 112
Carpenter,
ers.” article There is another article beneath this one this beneatharticle is another There “ “‟Politics Whore‟:is a Women, Morality and Victimhood inPost 'BosnianGirl:' Nationali 111 for the killed soldiers and soldiers killed the for . 107
’InnocentWomen and Children:’ Gender, Normsand the Protection ofCivili 110 in , ed. Slobodan, Karamanić andDanijel Šuber (Leiden: Brill,
oe ae ie pae n hs artv ecuiey s mothers, as exclusively narrative this in place given are Women Womenand War 113 Charlistates women, that Carpenter whosehelplessness,impliesposition
A victimsmen.”enemypassive of ,
27 eain novine Nezavisne Eventh s Jean Bethke Elshtain argues, argues, Elshtain Bethke Jean s
are the warriors and the ones who are politically active, whereas whereas active, politically are who ones the and warriors the are
certificates of merit of certificates As in the previously mentioned article from article mentioned previously the inAs ough there is no explicit reference to May 15, the two articles two the May 15, to reference explicit no is there ough
(Brighton: HarvesterThe Press: 1987), xiii. sm andInnocence through Imagesof Women,“ in
Elissa Helms writes about the representations of of representations the about writes Helms Elissa states rm a 1, 2004 17, May from 41
Nezavisnenovine
wartime events. Victim images have come to to come have images Victim events. wartime
), that t that nje zločina,”nje
237. that were given for their contribution their for given were that which tells which
he flowers were laid for the “ the for laid were flowers he 109 “women are seen as life givers, men givers, life as seen are “women
She also points to the local pointsShethe also to gender eeping, but also represented as as represented also but eeping, - , May , 2004, 17, 6. Nezavisnenovine objects rather than subjects of of subjects than rather objects
- about the about WarSociety 108
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forthcoming).
markingof , ed. Xavier, Bougarel, , May , 2004, 17, 6. Nezavisne novine Nezavisne
rus ht “the that argues ReadingImages in through images through - Herzegovina,” the
ans Bijeljina Bijeljina innocent May 16 May
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CEU eTD Collection 116 115 114 event article such committed and planned minds sinister what forgotten be never can it becannot “It comprehendedis and RS quoted: ofMissing Imprisoned,Killedthe and Soldiers commemorati novine Nezavisne An minds. monstrous the of incomprehensibility the highlights and it frames article h was what watched they that state mothers both homecome and to supposed were they how theirsons, speakarticle.about They article inthe given places original.] the in [Emphasis and friends neighbors, our were it?” committed and of thought have could minds monstrous “What asking, families killed.” were civilians and soldiers of hundreds when crimes serious most the of “one was Convoy Tuzla the that another town. something celebrating is Tuzla that stating by achieved is superiority The fromcountry. newsthe the of likecoveringequal an seems barbarity,this other‟seventhough here RS, the in municipalities the in mourning the to contrasted is Tuzla in celebration the where
“Obiljeţena13. godišnjica stradanja kolone JNA,” S.Raćen S.Raćen the narratives are also juxtaposed to assert one‟s moral superiority and establish the the establish and superiority moral one‟s assert to juxtaposed also are narratives the that followsthat narrative.establishedthe RS then mentions then An article in article An - - Todorić,“Da zločincestig Todorić,“Pucali ibolnice,”iz
n n iejn ad h peiet f h Ognzto o te aiis f the of Families the of Organization the of president the and Bijeljina in on
from May 16, 16, May from
Glas srpske Glas
the 114
laying of the flowers in Tuzla, but but Tuzla, in flowers the of laying
-
h atce rm a 1, 2 16, May from article The 115 one at the end as a final point, and one in a separate part within an within an part separate a inand finalone apoint, asendthe at one
w ohr h nvr manag never who mothers Two ne kazna,” ne
2005 from May 14 and 15, 2005 mentions a survivor‟s statement statement survivor‟s a mentions 2005 15, and 14 May from appening on May 15 on television. Their presence in this this in presence Their television. on 15 May on appening Glassrpske former
writes about both Bijeljina and Tuzla. and Bijeljina both about writes Glassrpske
Nezavisnenovine ,May and15, 2005,14 3. 42 ebr o te ae ry hy ht at. shot they army same the of members
, , May2005, 16, 3. 0 qoe a ersnaie f the of representative a quotes 005 , May , 2005, 16, 10. ends by giving an account of the the of account an giving by ends dt idtersn r also are sons their find to ed
that is mourned in mourned is that
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article 116 Those Those
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CEU eTD Collection 118 117 by statement VeteranofPresidentthethe O following the is celebrates” “Tuzla title the under and article the of middle the in square a wrong time. the in being simply moreover, as, and helpless as depicted are prized, highly ismanliness when event war a narrative of ofa might expect wewhat to here, contrary the trusted who “boys” are Theynaïve. youngand inexperienced, as represented are here soldiers The country. former the in as service, military regular their serve to Tuzla in were they that not were they that is here implication The Serbia. in towns are which Pirot, and Niš Kragujevac, in located are soldiers asserted. he that,” like buried are animals even “Not heap. trash the to taken were eye that stated families the The of leg.” representative a and arms, both stomach, the in shot was I but truck, a to next blood in laying was that boy a help to tried ”I heart, his in ones the than less him hurt wounds physical that survivor The killed.” “brutally were they that and formations Tuzla the snoplje] [kao flies like o and Pirot the survivorstatingthat
S.Raćen G.Klepić, “Porodice traţe istinu,”
formations in Tuzla that they would be let go, but were tricked and murdered. The weremurdered.soldiers go, but trickedlet be and theyformationsthat in would Tuzla An article in article An [harmedthem]. lay to prepared are they youngjusthad killed, soldiers who were children when day the celebrate they that understand normal is who anyone Can In Bijeljina. in commemoration the of account an is day following thefrom article An - Todorić,Ubice slobodi,”još na ther places to serve their fatherland [otadţbina].” He states that they were “ were they that states He [otadţbina].” fatherland their serve to places ther
Glas srpske Glas 118 on the streets of Tuzla.” The article states that they “blindly trusted” trusted” “blindly they that states article The Tuzla.” of streets the on soldiers“ were
from BiH and thus had nothing to do with the war, and moreover, and war, the with do to nothing had thus and BiH from
Glas srpskeGlas down
from May 15, 2006 entitled “Families seek truth” quotes a quotes truth” seek “Families entitled 2006 15, May from Glassrpske their life, even for that Tuzla that that Tuzla that for even life, their beardless young menyoung beardless , May , 2006, 15, 1 pledged rganization: - 43 wi ,
May16,2006, 3.
tnesses allege that the bodies of the soldiers soldiers the of bodies the that allege tnesses
that they will defend the country for which theywhich forthat countrywillthe defend
,3.
who came from Niš, Kragujevac, Niš,came from who
laid is quoted as stating stating as quoted is rn pae t the at place wrong a hand on them them on hand a 117 falling falling
The CEU eTD Collection ttmns te rsdn o te S a qoe ta My 5 s n xml o “the of 120 example an is 119 15 May that quoted was RS the of president the statements, ismentionSerbsAlso, no there from that in Serbia inparticipated war BiH.the war. the in victims the were Serbs the that out point to is purpose the when soldiers Serb as Muslimstherepresenthand, in other way.JNArepresented Onsoldierstheparticular are a the the above, noted As victimhood. innocence and of status the establishing the toward points children,” “womenand to referenceused oft the as well This,as statement. above the to according killed civiliansare ma ethnic specific more a them giving soldiers, andtruth. were men” “young that adding civilians,” that Bijeljina article soldiers, young 200 than more killed and massacred they ago ye 14 that celebrate who people understand reasonable anyone Can Liberation. of Day the Bijeljina. downlives for. their lay life, soldiersto theirnot iscountryasdownTuzlaprepared the thesee JNA side wouldthe lay to prepared were men, young or soldiers, JNA the country the since war the of beginning n different of example an also is This side. Serb Bosnian the supported that army the was JNA the that and BiH in war the of beginning the
Lj.Ljubojević, “Samo se istinom moţegraditibudućnost,” Kusmuk.,Z. “Odata počastţrtvama tuzlanskeiz kolone,” in An at JNA the of position the about ourselves remind to useful be might it point this At In an article from May 16, 2007 about the commemoration in Bijeljina and politicians‟ in politicians‟ commemorationandBijeljina the about 2007 from16, May In article an 120 Semberske novine Semberske The President of the Veteran Organiz Veteran the of President The
a
rticle rticle We can notice a shift here since the soldiers are not Serbsoldiersnot JNA than sincerather soldiersnoticeWeareherethe shift acan May15 in
eain novine Nezavisne JNA is referred to as the army of the SFRY when the purpose is to to is purpose the when SFRY the of army the as to referred is JNA crime monstrous “horrible, a was
from May 18, 2006 18, May from
rm a 1, 06 oes the covers 2006 16, May from “ ambushed 44
, ation RS is quoted: “In Tuzla they celebrate celebrate they Tuzla “In quoted: is RS ation rking. Also, not only Serb soldiers, but Serb but soldiers, Serb only not Also, rking.
one official stated at the commemoration in commemoration the at stated official one Nezavisne novine otions of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the the at Herzegovina and Bosnia of otions Semberske novine ”
against and killed. There are calls for justice for calls are There killed. and women and children.” and women
the innoce the ,May 2006, 16, 8. ,May 2006, 18, 5. eiiu service religious nt Serb soldiers and soldiersand Serb nt
119
In
ars ars an in
CEU eTD Collection 124 123 122 121 an forming peace, and youth of symbols as depicted are article this in men” young beardless people the and sons young by as Bijeljina, soldiers and representing Tuzla; in 1995 25, May on massacre the as well as Srpska of Republic the of Army the to gave JNA the that support the and BiH in places other in 15 May after victim a of position establishthe to trying is narrative inthis side Eachmentions. also article this as fightback, to beasts Muslim the to contrast in people Serb the of superiority moral a establish to serve revenge justicewithout and truth for revenge.” Thesecalls not justice“and and truth for callsare there and war international as well as of rights, humanitarian principles basic the also but retreating, on agreement the only “notviolated attackers the that stated also He peace.”and youth of convoy the “inkilled were the of President the that states 2008 16, May from incelebrated“dayliberation.” Tuzla asa of we 2007, call amade JNA of soldiers young Bijeljina, in commemoration an In war. the of course further the inbeginningcivilofthe warBiH.” unscrupu
Ţ. Dobrić,Ţ. “Kolona mladosti i miraposlata u smrt,” Lj.“ZločinLj., treba kazniti,” ZoricaKusmuk, “Još nema kazne počinioce,”za M.Pajić, “Masakr pred TV kamerama, , as know, theykillthat onlyrepresented, areare how in positionyoungto no that people One year later, we encounter substantive writing on May 15. An article in article An 15. May on writingsubstantive encounter we later, year One os eair f oa atoiis n h Muslim the on authorities local of behavior lous id nomto aot h cmeoain n the and commemoration the about information find for the crime to be prosecuted. be to crime the for
-
Tuzla, by emphasizing the behavior of the of behavior the emphasizing by Tuzla,
was brutally killed brutally was Semberskenovine B
rčanska malta rčanska
human and God‟s rights.” God‟s and human 121
Glassrpske article
This can also beThis seencanalso at asjustification anthe attempt of 122 ,May 17,2007, 3. in 123 .” The article adds that the gathering in Bijeljina Bijeljina in gathering the that adds article The .” Nezavisne novine
,
was referred to as the place “ place the as to referred was 45 novine Nezavisne Glas srpskeGlas In an article an In May2007, 16, 1.
RS asserted that “beardless young men” men” young “beardless that asserted RS f ul a Msi eteit. “The extremists. Muslim as Tuzla of ,May 16,2008, 1. , May , 2007, 16, 7.
in 124 -
controlled territories at the very very the at territories controlled Semberske novine Semberske
seswee nti narrative, this in elsewhere As
from May 1 May from
JNA mention
in the war prior to and to prior war the in
where f a 1 being 15 May of 6, 6, 2007
from May 17, 17, Mayfrom a number a Glas srpske Glas
about the the about of of
CEU eTD Collection 129 128 127 126 125 asso negative the on insistence the indicates Bosniac term the than rather units.” Muslim of attack the in “killed soldiers srpske justice.”andseek wetruth contested. wayany incommemorationis as taken Bijeljina soldiers killed commemoration the about 16 May and 15 May of marking the of part as to related 16 May Serb. Martyr the and Muslim position cementingthe hatred,” of “disseminators those to important not was conscripts were they that fact the that adds and militaryservice, regular the servingconscripts paraphra to soldiers, those that and people” Serbian the for wound permanent a “remain will crime the that writes He want. authorities Muslim the truth of kind what of indicator an is which to crime this want people righteous all that states He “helpless.” killed were who children and as partition to BiH referred are the soldiers for basis a was Convoy Tuzla the that writes author The soldiers. in column a Similarly, formation. military the of member killed a than rather civilian killed a of image
Ibid.,6. “Zločin„tuzlanskom nad kolonom‟ još nekaţnjen,” “Kuzmanović:Ne traţimo osvetu, već istinu,” JasminaŠarac, “Sjećanje branioce na civilne i ţrtve,” PantelijaMatavić, “Kad pravda zakasni,”
from May 16 and 17, 2009 is an account of the commemoration in Bijeljina for the for Bijeljina in commemoration the of account an is 2009 17, and 16 May from We find numerous articles on May 15 in the years 2009 and 2010. An article in article An 2010. and 2009 years the in 15 May on articles numerous find We e ol rsodd o h cl, .. a n cneto t te iiay xet as except military the to connection no had i.e. call, the to responded only se,
ls srpske Glas s o mnind n h frt ril, hs number this article, first the in mentioned not is the event in question. in event the
The president of RS is quoted quoted is RS of president The
rm a 17 May from
128 be punished, but that nothing is happening to make that possible, possible, that make to happening is nothing that but punished, be for
125
“200
Also in Also
members of the former JNA. former the of members Glassrpske
the only one, without mentioningin is numberthe without that only the one,
n 1, 08 eis ih etoig 19 mentioning with begins 2008 18, and 2008 The first one is about laying of the flowers the of laying about is one first The Nezavisnenovine Glassrpske 46 , we find two articles two find we , 126
, May , 16,2008, 4. Nezavisne novine
129 and t and as saying that “we do not seek revenge, but but revenge,seek not “wedo that saying as
hs esset s o te em Muslim term the of use persistent This he ,May 16 and17,2009, 3. ,May 16,2008, 6. se cond ,May 16, 2008,6.
” article below the first one first the below article 127 given in the article on the the on article the in given in
Since the number the Since Nezavisne novine Nezavisne
of the Barbarian Barbarian the of ciation between between ciation -
year old old year in Tuzla Tuzla in of the the of
from Glas Glas is CEU eTD Collection 132 131 130 Convoy Tuzla of topic the on held table freedom and victory some as Convoy Tuzla the of misery narrative different and crimes” all of crime “the as Tuzla” in massacre persons. “young as to referred [Serbs] The missing. the and they stated that an In responsibility. of game t between relationship tense the of examples happened. have not should that war the in killed that person every for sorry feel and victims the of families all understand presumably) t adding here,” fell that victims the of memory have they that quote is Mladina Nada Tuzla, wreaths the of justice. article to Another brought been yet has one no that wounded”) and burned and murdered way th original]. inthe child” [emphasis her embrace to and him for candle a light to today came mother his so friends, his with here article the to central held ceremony religious the An fundamentalism. and Islam e families of the killed (“the families of more than 200 soldiers of JNA who were in a brutal ina were JNAwho soldiers of more200 than families of families (“the killed the e of
V.Z.,“Ţrtve smijemo ne zaboraviti,” J.Šarac,“Tuzlaci branili svoj grad,” O.Stjepanović, “Sjećanje na ţrtve „tuzlanske kolone‟,”
o ogv, u nt o ogt Tee r cls o jsie n h atce slir ar soldiers article, the in justice for calls are There forget. to not but forgive, to
at the monument at various monuments various at monument the at [the politicians] [the from the same newspaper on the same day same the on newspaper same the from
since head of the Municipality is quoted saying that “some celebrate the celebrate “some that saying quoted is Municipality the of head since
. The mother The . head of the Municipality of Bijeljina stated stated Bijeljina of Municipality the of head
in Bijeljina. The picture of a mother with a cross behind her behind cross a with mother a of picture The Bijeljina. in
d article
, together with the mothers and their tears, mourn withmothers , together thekilled theirthe forand tears,
” as article
Nezavisnenovine , One minister isquot minister One h peiet f h Vtrn raiain S ald “the called RS Organization Veteran the of president The
Semberskenovine stating Jelka Ilić Jelka
in in ebrk novine Semberske
that “we cannot hold against the people of Bijeljina Bijeljina of people the against hold cannot “we that Nezavisne novine Nezavisne held in Bijeljina and organized by the Bijeljina Bijeljina the by organized and Bijeljina in held ,
is quote is 47 e w nraie ad h cntn ping constant the and narratives two he
,May 16,2009, 5
131 Nezavisnenovine ,May 2009,6. 21,
This statement can be taken as one of the the of one as taken be can statement This d ed sayinged at the beginning the at Tuzla is also mentioned as having a a having as mentioned also is Tuzla .
The chair of the Municipal Council Council Municipal the of chair The
writes about Tuzla and Tuzla about writes . official one 2009, 21, May from from May 16, 16, May from ” 132 .
, May , 2009, 16, 4. that it is difficult to explain isto it to difficult that
hat we (the people of Tuzla Tuzla of people (the we hat In the account o account the In that
: “ : religion teaches them teaches religion My child is child My 2009
writes about about writes f the round round the f
the
buried buried laying - pong pong was was
130 is is e
CEU eTD Collection 136 135 134 133 her for mourns who mother a of figure The his child. someone‟s as by primarily seen mournedis he mother, son, a as soldier a seeing By son. a as more and figure military a as less motherispriests, the one given placeinaarticle.also the religiousservice ofpeace. build relationship “we”ato want but [Serbs] that in difficult, BiH situation make theythat the and BiH in people Serb the against committed crimes were there that admit to want not do “politicalstructur are there andin that BiH” “tragedy ofSerbs the point to necessityto the of RS in Crimes War Investigating for Team Coordination the of head the of statement a in day one killed were and innocent were who heart, courageous a with their children the for For children. cry still fathers and “mothers that states then and sons their commemorate eyes eventsin later war. the the for motif a as 15 May the and Serbs the ofsuperiority moral the mothers, of symbolicuse war. the of character further the on impact be the at was 15 May happenedon what that stated participants Veteran the and Labor of for Ministry the and Municipality
O.ZaS., zločin se mora odgovarati!,” V.K.“Okupljanja na mjestustradanja,” VedranaKulaga, “‟Tuzlanska kolona,‟” Preciznoplaniran zločin,” A column in columnA
B other victimsinnocentslain were of inwho and son her of killers the that hopes she that adding tears, through said Sara after hell is day myevery and truck, inthe burnt child ‟My 135 y evoking the figure of a mother so many times in this narrative, this in times many so mother a of figure the evoking y lc cle Tuzla.” called place
An
article from Bijeljina local newspaper fromMa newspaper localBijeljinafrom article
that wasinheld B that
Glas
Semberskenovine
srpske
134
from May 17, 2010 mentions mothers who with tears in their in their tears with mothers who mentions 2010 Mayfrom17,
n ril in article An Semberskenovine i jeljina. In addition to the parts of parts speechestheby and jeljina.to officialsIn addition Glas Glassrpske ,May 21,2009, 6.
srpski the 133 ,May 2010, 17, 5. 48 ,May 17, 2010,4. Tuzla
n hs svrl rils w cn bev the observe can we articles, several these In
ls srpske Glas ,May 2010, 20, 6. C onvoy
-
Invalid Protection of the RS. T RS. the of ProtectionInvalid
would rm a 1, 00 nlds a includes 2010 17, May from y 20, 2010 is an account of the of account an is 2010 20, y ginning of the war and had an an had and war the of ginning
his bepunished. horrible the soldier is seen seen is soldier the
death,‟ mother death,‟ 136
es” that he CEU eTD Collection 137 and old Investigating years 19 was son her that states article The packing.” were they because not, could he but escape to wanted He crying. was he and t marriageandmixed a gatherings. thesetwo at expressedwere town. the of soldiers killed the for memorial that as well as incidents, no were there that and commemorations of holding the about writes 2010 16, May left. have RS from people the after flowers lay will party Tuzla the that resistanc organized the of Day the “as 15 May marks Tuzla that people two the time first the An apart. is 2010 15, May chapter, s inTuzla, held are RS) fromthe other the and Tuzlafrom commemorations (one previous the from know we As helplessness.implies the establish to positio used Mothers, sorrow. with marked life sons, their without life a difficult having as represented are or killed are they how television on watch and son their save featureshelpless mothers as of depiction The times. at narrative Federation/Tuzla the in as father, a as soldier a depict isto that used, isfather a of image Whenthe narratives. these in mentioned rarely are Fathers powe a is remains his for searching still is who or son
J.Šarac,“Na Brčanskoj malti neočekuju incidente,”
that a monument a that n of innocence and themselves represented as innocent, show that the innocence innocence the that show innocent, as represented themselves and innocence of n from the RS the from
article
War Crimes in the RS stated that that stated RS the in Crimes War people of of people in Nezavisne novine Nezavisne
are expected to come to Tuzla to come to expected are
should hat he had been moved to Tuzla three days earlier. “He was frightened frightened “Hewas earlier. days three Tuzla to movedbeen had he hat ul li flowers laid Tuzla prominently throughout narrativethisprominently throughout
be built on the place where the JNA soldiers were “ were soldiers JNA the where place the on built be
from May 14, 14, May from One mother is quoted as saying that her son was from from her sonwas assayingisthat motherquoted One
49 Nezavisnenovine late hours three
the h atce tts ht “ that states article The .
T
RS has a big responsibility to the families the to responsibility big a has RS he head of the Coordination Team for for Team Coordination the of head he for the commemoration the for 2010 rful image and emotionally evoking. evoking. emotionally and image rful
announces , May , 2010, 14, 5. ad 0 ees ate a the at farther meters 20 and r e to the aggressor” as well as as wellas aggressor” the to e –
they are either helpless to helplesseither areto they
that that irreconcilable two buses with 100 100 with buses two 137 . The article The .
An
everal hours hours everal ril from article innocently views states ” ,
CEU eTD Collection the Postthe 141 140 Bougarel,Xavier Elissa Helms andGer Bosnia,”in 139 138 RS Civilians Missing and Veterans Killed and Imprisoned of Families the in of Organization article an this, of example an As competition. h that crime sinister the on and 15 May on emphasis increasing the Srebrenica, to references explicit frequent make not does narrative RS the though even hand, other the On mentioning. its by evoked Serbs as is seen power, symbolic enormoushaving Srebrenica, 15. May for been not it had Srebrenica as same the suffered have would Tuzla that stating Srebrenica, to connected is Tuzla in 15 May how see we newspapers, Federation v Bosniac of symbol ultimate “the as serves states, Helms Elissa as and media, the in covered more and more becoming is commemoration Srebrenica Serbs. the for useful increasingly becomes also war the in Muslims comm were crimes the when 12 July on Zalazje and Kravica of villages more becoming nearby Srebrenicathe in Serbs local inby held commemoration the institutionalized, Muslims more and prominent murdered the su for Muslim 11 July and on Serb commemoration equalizes politicians, moderate by shared the also is which urging discourse, Serb “dominant and the that adds recognized He so. do be to community international to victims Serb the for asking was Srebrenica in victims comp memorial the of building the to reaction common most the that acknowledged. not is this that and Muslims did as more) not same (if extent the to suffered Serbs that is war the of narrative RS the in element omnipresent An killed
ElissaHelms, Ibid.,162. GerDuijzings, J.Šarac,“Bijele zaruţe ţrtve,” ,” a monument that “will warn of the of warn“will that monument a ,” - YugoslavSpace TheNew BosnianMosaic : Identities,Memories, Moraland Claims ina Post
“ “CommemoratingSrebrenica: Histories of Violence andPoliticsthe of Memory in Eastern 'BosnianGirl:' Nationalism andInnocence through Imagesof Women,“ in
, ed. Slobodan, Kara appened in Tuzla against Serbs is part of a bigger narrative of the the of narrative bigger a of part is Serbs against Tuzla in appened Nezavisne novine
Duijzings(Burlington: Ashgate, 2007), manić andDanijel Šuber (Leiden: Brill, forthcoming suffering ,May 2 16,
enough of a justification and the barbarity of the the barbarityof the and justification a of enough 50
010,4,5. o f
ls srpski Glas the Serbian people in BiH as BiH in people Serbian the ictimhood.”
162.
in 2001, states that the the that states 2001, in 140
141 ffering.”
itted against Serbs by by Serbs against itted As time goes by, the by, goes time As Ger Duijzings writes writes Duijzings Ger
lex for the Muslim Muslim the for lex - In articles from the from articles In WarSociety ReadingImages in 139 ).
ih the With
,ed. well.” 138
CEU eTD Collection 142 knew town entire the that beingimplication the television, on localst TV the informationthat human Muslims as moreover, and Muslims, as Tuzla in trusting war the in event motherhis bymourned bacfire to helpless and doing hisman young just right country thingtheserving child,and as soldiera aimagea as of sons. someone‟s and children someone‟s as seen being start soldiers mother, a mourning of figure evoking emotionally the introducing By part. important and prominent a such me young and people young as represented being from apart Soldiers, time. wrong the at place wrong of context the in more but context, military combat ha Yugoslavia former the in men all almost Since civilians. with associated military are they way regular same the is This their service. serving reservists as position their emphasizing by mostly people, wo and children and people young 3.3. forkilled possible inthose Tuzla. that, states
G.Klepić,
a big abru ad merciless and barbarous being as , The worst crime in any war, in our imagination, is the crime against civilians, crimeagainst theis imagination, inour war, any incrime worst The Concluding notes Concluding
and naive, as well as helpless. As helpless. as wellas naive, and
are ascribed not only a very militarized status, but are also depicted as not being not as depicted also are but status, militarized very a only not ascribed are n, are also represented as children and this is where the figure of figure the where is this and children as represented also are n, if it is insisted that a monument be built in Srebrenica, the same should be made made be should same the Srebrenica, in built be monument a that insisted is it if “Zločinbez kazne,” Glas srpski, May 2001, 15, 2.
r f n‟ pol, ain r side or nation people, one‟s of or
d to serve their regular military service, soldiers are not seen in a a in seen not are soldiers service, military regular their serve to d k under attack under k ,
contributes to the building of an argu anof building the to contributes
ation was following the event as it as event followingthe was ation 142
unded people. The soldiers are represented as young young as represented are soldiers The people. unded , ambushed and brutally killed, a son who is missed and and missed is who son a killed, brutally ambushedand ,
we can see, the emphasis is on depicting the people the depicting on isemphasis the see, can we . This is emphasized even more by including the the including by more even emphasized is This . ulm extremists Muslim 51
. persons h JA odes r represented are soldiers JNA The
ment for innocence for a certain a for innocencefor ment that the JNA would be attacked be wouldJNA the that
who found themselves in the the in themselves found who r ulm fundamentalists Muslim or happened
and showing that showingthat and the
mother has mother
women, The The
as as .
CEU eTD Collection Hurst,2002), 54. 143 child.asaimage ofwarrior a the with replaced innocence for competition the of context the in is mobilization, of purpose dead credible a be should he that body.” order in also but victim, pure innocent, of status the is child a with soldier a Associating position. militar their of outside seen be to have nation, one of suffering the of symbol a as used be to inorder and victima of status givenbethe to innoworder targets, legitimate as wars in soldier,otherwise usuallysee a of image The innocence. side‟s Serb the establish to used symbolically mothers, bereaved evenheap,“notway the animals treated.” are Muslims, The martyrs. of status the to soldierskilled the took that mindscriminal monstrous, as given consequently,represented are hand, other the on JNA, from Soldiers them. murdered and approached wounded, lying them seeing then, and them, at started shooting them, ambushed them, trusted who men young this the tricked In Muslims retreat. the for narrative, made agreement the on emphasis the by established also is extremist incompreThe were they that and
IvanČolović, 143 as instrumentalized are narrative, the from absent completely otherwise Women,
h iae f mn s wrir s ueu a te beginning the at useful so warrior, a as man a of image The hensibility of the crime is also very often emphasized. very is also crime hensibilitythe of
“ Warrior,“in
enjoying ThePolitics ofSymbol inSerbia: Essays inPolitical Anthropology
n inmilitarynis ahere Soldiers, frequently reversed.context, seen the murder and massacre of young, innocent young, of massacre and murder the
52
“necessary in order for the warrior to achieve to warrior the for order in “necessary
The position of a Muslim Muslim a Theof position
f h wr o the for war the of ,
unarmed
(London: people
a trasha ized . CEU eTD Collection postwar period and its competition for the status of a victim, representation of May 15 as an an as 15 May of representation victim, a of status the for competition its and period postwar and narrative fascism. against resistance people‟s of act an back fighting in explicit “battle a as and town, it period, war the during especially inmassacre 1995T between relationshipthe to reference constant a is There incomprehensible. bodies represented are Muslims newspapers Federation Mus a as represented in articles the in most the emphasized is Chetniks as status their and Chetniks as to referred often are They barracks, military people of composed T othering. ofSrpska
4. the one who kills only because he has to, is to, has he because only kills who one the
While examining the different narratives of May 15 in the Federation and the Republic inFederationRepublic the and the narrativesMay15 Whileof different the examining The initialThe to Conclusion
, we noticewe , One patterns. isinsomeelementsimilarthat isnarratives both/allpresent
is the trash heap. The actions of both “sides” are represented represented are “sides” both of actions The heap. trash the Dnevni avaz Dnevni he JNA JNA he a
and demilitarizes their status, which is also achieved by representing May 15 as as 15 May representing by achieved also iswhich status, their demilitarizes and depiction of the Tuzla side as humane and moral. The moral. and humane as side Tuzla the of depiction nvi avaz Dnevni accounts are n h Fdrto narrative Federation the in
uzla, committed bymemberscommitted uzla, the o who drunk and shooting at residential buildings, celebrating and rejoicing. rejoicing. and celebrating buildings, residential at shooting and drunk . lim (extremist/fundamentalist). (extremist/fundamentalist). lim
” . That representation that the Tuzla (military/police) formations were were formations (military/police) Tuzla the that representation That . as butchering people people butchering as
h ersnaino My1 sa “tako ul” is Tuzla” on “attack an as 15 May of representation The in the RS newspapers RS the in
are not to be trusted, trusted, be to not are of May15 of the JNA a JNA the O te te hn, n h R na RS the in hand, other the On . is represented as one of the most important events for the the for eventsimportant most the of one as represented is nd the Army of the RS by mentioning Srebrenica or the the or Srebrenicamentioning by RS the of Army the nd represent it as a “serious incident, whereasincident, “serious a asit represent before and after May 15, 1992 around BiH BiH around 1992 15, May after and before 53
n o te ot important most the of One as burn as is at the very beginning presented as being being as presented beginning very the at is after 1995 after important who h Cenk ae represented are Chetniks The ing young men and taking and men young ing f the ArmyfRS.ofthe the r tkn waos rm the from weapons taking are
for the for in the Federation/Tuzla narrative narrative Federation/Tuzla the in rrative, the enemy is often often is enemy the rrative, status
theme of a moral a of theme s nmgnbe a unimaginable as
of innocence. of element
later on and and lateron their dead dead their the s in this this in s
in the the in
In Tuzla Tuzla killer killer most
and and the nd nd CEU eTD Collection 146 145 Anthropology reconciliationandthe gender of inter 144 15. May mark properly to how on disagreements are there that see we itself, Tuzla in as monolithic not are narrativesthe that find attacked. was and Tuzla from retreating was JNA the that states narrative narrat soldiersreactprovocations.sincepeople not the do of Tuzla to JNA thefor commemoration hold a to coming RS thefrom persons the to in relation civilized justice. but revenge, want not do Serbs that emphasizing in especially narrative, RS the in evident is superiority h as repr is JNAthenarrative, inRS the whereas comparison, minisculein Tuzla‟sas party is one of notion the (since women construc and men both which through and processes of set context masculinity that ConnellW.R. war. the withassociatecan we masculinitythat oftype onlyone job.” man‟s a as seen was defense for terms, self choiceno havingconstructing sinceextraordinary.experiencecircumstanceswereas war This attack th from shifts emphasis The useful.more is Tuzla on attack
Ibid.,71. R.W. Connell, Thiswas the - lls ad nre ad h Tza at a wl ognzd n ruthless. and organized well as party Tuzla the and unarmed and elpless reconstr the “allowed identification ive states that the JNA, while exiting Tuzla, started firing first. The RS/Bijeljina RS/Bijeljina The first. firing started Tuzla, exiting while JNA, the that states ive
to the one being under attack. attack. under being one the to s e a se bt nraie hv a establish an have narratives both see, can we As the and army mighty the as represented is JNA the narrative, Federation/Tuzla the In , adding , ted in notionted therelation live to lives.other) ofthe their gendered
57 (2010): 40. discussionofwork ofthe
Masculinities that masculinity cannot be treated as an object, but but object, an as treated be cannot masculinity that shou
In Tuzla as well, and particularly in 2010, Tuzla is repres is Tuzla 2010, in particularly and well, as Tuzla In d not ld
(Berkeley:
be essentialized, but has to be seen as constructed in a certain certain a in constructed as seen be to has but essentialized, be
- nationalencounters,” NatalijaBašić inStef Jansen, Universityof CaliforniaPress, 1995) cin f pstv self positive a of uction
Stef Jansen also recognizes the commonality of of commonality the recognizes also Jansen Stef or constant through time through constant or 144 54
However, this also indicates that there is not is there that indicates also this However, Focaal - JournalofGlobal and Historical e one partic one e “Ofwolves men: Postwarand ed
basis. The Federation/Tuzla Federation/Tuzla The basis. - image in deeply gendered gendered deeply in image . ,
68,69. In the Fed the In should be should ipating or initiating an initiatingan or ipating 146
However, w However,
eration, as well well as eration, seen through a a through seen 145 ented as more as ented
emphasizes h moral The esented esented e also also e CEU eTD Collection (Aldershot:Ashgate, 2006), 2. 147 gender about assumptions adds, she as However, assessment. objective an making by not, immedia an poses who one the men empirically„womenchildren‟not isand interchangeable „thecivilianwith population,‟ “This gender. of usage the through established often legitimately. killed be can who combatants and killedbe cannot who civilians between constructed is difference the participants. active are who men unlike passive, as and figuresmourning “children.” or men” “young as to referred often thei youth.Both sidesinnocent narrative in legitimize other referringtheto are to order their own. that emphasize 15 May victim. the of position the change to order in RS the of government the by narrativ Federation the celebration. a as 15 May of marking the represent newspapers two other The two. the contrasting by often though even Bijeljina, Nezavinsenovine novine Nezavisne RS the In everyone. by accepted bythe organized 15 markingMay manner of the information that avaz Dnevni
R.Charli Carpenter, r regular military service as the majority of me majorityof the as militaryservice regular r are not not are In the RS, there is an attempt to represent JNA soldiers as being in Tuzla only to serve serve only to inbeingTuzla as soldiers JNArepresent to attempt anis there RS, Inthe
n Tuzla in
„combatants.‟” fes rtcs fr h isfiin mrig f h eet n w as find also we and event the of marking insufficient the for criticism offers h peopl the
attempts to cover waysMay to attempts o te te hn, s fe mnind n h R nraie n re to order in narrative RS the in mentioned often is hand, other the on , n h oe ad and hand one the on
’InnocentWomen and Children:’ Gender, Normsand the Protection ofCivilians e and when it is, it when and e She
e of Tuzla celebrate what is in the RS seen as the butchering of of butchering the as seen RS the in is what celebrate Tuzla of e
147 states that the distinction between a combatant and a civilian is is civilian a and combatant a between distinction the that states
Sh te military threat in a certain situation and the one who does does who one the and situation certain a in threat military te e w cn e to ifrn rpeettos f a 1 in 15 May of representations different two see can we , states that the distinction that should be made is between is made be should that distinction the that states
The commemoration in Bijeljina is rarely mentioned in mentioned rarely is Bijeljina in commemoration The it is seen as a political provocation and manipulation and provocation political a as seen is it ls srpski Glas 55
15
is markeis n had to in the former country and they are are they and country former inthe to had n In both narratives, mothers are seen as as seen are mothers narratives, both In
makes a difference because the category category the because difference a makes
and and d/commemora ebrk novine Semberske Municipality of Tuzla is not is Tuzla Municipalityof ted in both Tuzla and inTuzlaboth and ted As
Carpenter states, states, Carpenter The marking of of marking The
n h other the on
and
all all
.
CEU eTD Collection (Aldershot:Ashgate, 2006), 148 lying.exaggeratingand than smaller being of purpose the in exist They Mrtvi.) and numbers as nisu only narrative Federation ali mrtvi, su (Oni bodies. dead legitimate are they since which as constructed are soldiers JNA the narratives, Federation/Tuzla the killed. legitimately be can they which in position demilitarizetheir to used is children with narrative. RS the in to referred frequently of status the soldi JNA the associate to wanting non than rather themselves protect to children) and women (i.e. civilian a of inability the and vulnerability implies it gendered, so is civilian innocent term the Since victims. absolute of thus, and civilians, of status the given are children, and men protection the from excluded are men Carpenter, to According especially not as males adult and civilians as seen automaticallybeing children and women in usuallyresult
R. .
Sh Charli into into
is show is e arg e the association of biological characteristics (male/female) with assumed social social assumed with (male/female) characteristics biological attrib of association nation territorialized the essentialisms newly gender for favorable the conditions normative and institutional of produced space the and domestic conscription; civilian, male mass with protecte along the with children‟ and „women associatingnarratives national emergenceof militaries modern of emergence the participants in the war and a potential threat, whereas women, especially mothers, mothers, especially women, whereas threat, potential a and war the in participants
Carpenter, ues that the emergence of innocence as gendered is part of the of part is gendered as innocence of emergence the that ues utes civilian n by the fact that they are completely absent from the narrative as as narrative the from absent completely are they that fact the by n –
to beinto reproduced contextthe ’InnocentWomen and Children:’ Gender, Nor s,
are they as helpless, is who someone with them associating are they 27.
h nme pooe b te S n so hw h R is RS the how show and RS the by promoted number the ers with young men or children or men young with ers the number the A s Čolović also states, the association of soldiers soldiers of association the states, also Čolović s 56
of the civilian immunitycivilianofthe norm. s
that are that msand the Protection ofCivilians
- given to given given seems to have to seems given involv -
by wanting to to wanting by the legitimately killed, killed, legitimately the mn i cma. By combat. in ement -
state. These factors factors These state. civilian historical process, process, historical s 148 , making all all making , the victims victims the
give the
them them
s ole ole
In In d, –
CEU eTD Collection oftenareconstructed. self not are not is who and civilian a is who between distinctions the as well as always not distinctio The given. is civilian a of position the how implies also soldiers JNA the of position the menachieve innocence,forbe to oftheyseen status asThe such.thehaveto contestation over militarythreat, a pose not does who someone denoting than rather civilian, term the and innocence be term The cannot gender. from that disassociated implications has innocence term the that shows else anything than rather innoc of position the establish to order in used is mothers In the narrative of the RS, the reference to soldiers as children and the presence of of presence the and children as soldiers to reference the RS, the of narrative the In ns between the persons who pose a military threat and those who do not, do who those and militarythreat a pose who persons the between ns
57 implies weakness and helplessness and in order order in helplessnessand and weaknessimplies
ence. The usage of precisely that that precisely of usage The ence. - evident and evident CEU eTD Collection Bosnian Institute, 2004. Bosnian Institute, Attila.Marko Hoare, Ashgate,2007. Burlington: Post Herzegovina.” Helms,Elissa. Šuber(Leiden:forthcoming).Brill, ImagesinPost the Reading Helms,Elissa. University2000. Press, HalpernM. Kideckel,A.Davidand 116 perspectivesWar:YugoslavAnthropological cultureon and ethnicity, M. Hayden,“Muslims inRobert „Others‟ as SerbianCroatian and Politics 1998. LoisLorentzenAnnand Turpin,Jennifer50 MasculinityFemininityandin InWars.” Nationalist Cythia.Enloe, Elshtain,Jean Bethke. 141 Posta Claimsin inMemoryBosnia.”In Eastern Duijzings, Ger. UniversityState 2000. Press, byeditedHalpern JoelA.M. Kideckel.and 39 David NeighborsperspectivesWar:YugoslavhistoryAnthropological cultureat on and ethnicity, Denich,Bette. 2002. Čolović,Ivan. Connell,W. R. Civilians. Charli Carpenter, R. InterventionInternational Steven Burg, andShoup. PaulL., S. London:Routledge, 1990. Homi.Bhabha, - 5. - 166. Burlington: 166. Ashgate,2007. War
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