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On-farm characterization of the indigenous small East African Shorthorn Zebu cattle (SEAZ) in the Southeast rangelands of Kenya
J.M. Mwacharo1 & J.E.O. Rege2
1National Range Research Centre-Kiboko P.O. Box 12 Makindu, Kenya 2International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. BOX 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Summary calving intervals. The average milk production per day was 1.6 litres with The small East African short horned Zebu significant differences being observed (SEAZ) is an important source of animal between districts, and hence Zebu strains, at protein in Kenya. This indigenous genotype is the start and peak of lactation. well adapted to environmental stresses including endemic diseases of the tropics. Résumé However, literature available on its genetic potential is scarce. The Government of Kenya, La race de Zébu de petite taille à cornes in order to study this valuable germplasm in courtes de l’Est africain (SEAZ) est une a systematic manner, has recently initiated importante source de protéines au Kenya. Le some research and breed improvement génotype indigène est bien adatpé aux stress programmes. This paper reports on some of environnemental, y compris les maladies the results of this work. Information was endémiques des tropiques. Cependant, il obtained-using a structured questionnaire existe peu de litérature disponible sur son administered to 430 farmers in Makueni, potentiel génétique. Le Gouvernement du Kitui, Taita Taveta and Kajiado districts, Kenya, pour pouvoir étudier ce germoplams Kenya. A multi-level stratified sampling de grande valeur d’une façon systématique, a technique was used to select the farmers to be initié récemment quelques programmes de interviewed. Utilization and reasons for recherche et d’amélioration. Cet article preference of SEAZ cattle differed across and présente les résultats de ce travail et within districts in rankings. Generally, the l’information obtenue à travers un SEAZ cattle are kept as multi-purpose questionnaire soumis à 430 éleveurs dans les animals and were mainly preferred to the zones de Makueni, Kitui, Taita Taveta et exotic breeds due to their superior adaptive Kajiado au Kenya. On a utilisé une technique capacity to the local environmental stresses. d’échantillonage stratifié à différents niveaux Herd structures differed between the agro- pour sélectionner les éleveurs. L’utilisation et pastoral and pastoral herds, but showed a les raisons pour la préférence du SEAZ management system that is subsistence diffèrent à travers les zones et à l’intérieur oriented with milk production and draught même de celles-ci. En général, le SEAZ est power being the main objectives of herd utilisé à double propos et on les préfèrent aux owners. Breeding bulls were sourced from races exotiques car plus adaptés aux stress du within or obtained from other herds for milieu. La strcture des troupeaux aussi diffère pure- or crossbreeding by natural, entre agro pastorale et pastorale, mais montre uncontrolled mating. Natural pastures, under de prévalence une conduite de subsistence continuous grazing were the main source of basé sur la production de lait et la traction. livestock feeds. The herds surveyed had Les mâles reproducteurs sont choisi parmi le
advanced ages at first calving and prolonged troupeau ou obtenu à travers d’autres
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also necessary. This study undertook to framework. That is, in each district, a
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a more arid and predominantly pastoral
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Animal Genetic Resources Information, No. 32, 2002 East African Shorthorn zebu (SEAZ) in S-E Kenya
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. Fertilizer Fuel Building Fertilizer Fuel Yes No Yes No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No - 2.1 - - - 2.1 - - - 1.6 1.6 - 3.2 - 0.7 - 2.9 5.8 - 9.4 - - - 0.6 0.7 5.5 0.7 6.1 0.6 0.6 2.2 3.3 1 2 3 Total 1 2 3 Total 1 2 3 Total 1 2 3 Total 3 2 1 Total 1 2 3 Total 1 2 3 Total 3 2 1 Kitui 88.9 11.1 1.7 98.3 1.7 98.3 98.3 7.5 1.7 92.5 82.3 98.3 17.7 73.7 1.7 88.2 26.3 11.8 11.1 building for fuel or fertilizer, as dung animal using (%) respondents of Table 2. Proportion 57.8 25.0 District Kitui 88.9 75.0 Taita-Taveta 42.2 Kajiado Makueni 96.0 4.0 - 100.0 - 100.0 100.0 - 100.0 - 4.0 Makueni 96.0 District Makueni Uses/Ra nk Draught Milk 21.1 Kitui Cash 3.4 Manure 7.5 Meat 6.1 0.7 4.8 Social 17.0 Taita-Taveta 30.6value 2.0 8.8 4.8 By - 10.0 10.2 10.9 products 29.3 Kajiado 0.7 Total 6.3 12.9 24.5 15.6 34.1 34.0 31.9 100.0 7.8 100.0 33.9 - 1.6 6.8 13.1 34.4 33.8100.0 33.9 32.3 32.1 100.0 35.3 33.8 31.0 24.0 10.5 3.1 2.6 0.7 8.9 1.4 9.4 31.8 5.8 26.4 - 29.5 13.5 3.6 2.9 2.9 - - 8.6 1.4 10.1 1.6 5.1 0.6 7.9 34.5 10.1 1.6 0.6 22.1 19.4 0.7 11.6 15.1 3.3 11.1 7.9 14.9 - - 4.4 2.2 3.9 33.7 - 10.8 29.8 1.7 - 1.7 5.5 15.5 21.0
Table 1. Functions performed by indigenous breeds (percentage of respondents ranking each function as 1, 2 or 3). or 2 1, as function each ranking respondents of (percentage breeds indigenous by performed Functions 1. Table
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Figure 1. Taita zebu, commonly found in Tantia-Taveda District.
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. Preference work for Ability to to Ability long hourslong Better Better animal draught and and parasites parasites Resistance Resistance to diseases diseases to 9.0 12.6 - 0.9 10.8 - - 1.8 35.1 1.8 - - 10.8 12.6 0.9 - 9.0 11.8 2.9 2.1 - - 2.6 - 2.1 21.3 13.9 33.8 10.2 8.0 34.1 1.4 17.5 2.1 - - - - 2.6 6.6 100 2.221.2 - - - 5.1 32.2 1.5 - 7.3 14.3 52.6 2.6 35.1 21.9 2.2 2.2 - - - 8.8 2.1 - - - - 11.8 2.9 - - 29.7 100 22.8 4.5 12.4 23.4 39.4 4.6 10.4 3.6- 2.6 9.9 58.0 - 1.0 - 4.5 - 25.7 - - - - - 12.6 1.8 - 9.3 - - 11.7 0.9 16.2 9.0 2.7 - 1.313.5 - 39.3 34.2 5.4 - - 0.5 - 34.2 3.924.9 - 100 3.6 - 18.8 3.0 19.3 6.7 - 63.0 8.5 - 18.2 - - - 4.2 35.1 - 1.8 - 1.2 3.0 33.3 - 3.6 - 1.2 1.2 - 31.5 8.4 0.6 - 1.8 100.0 6.0 - 4.2 during Survival droughts droughts
1 2 2 3 1 2 3 1 3 1 2 3 Total Total Total Total 3. Kajiado 3. Kajiado rates fertility high survival, calf high hours, long for work to ability animal, draught better Docile, = 2.T/Taveta Better = carcassquality, docile, betterdraughtanimal, high calf survival,better mothering ability, high fertil
Table 3. Proportion (%) of respondents ranking each preference as 1, 2 or 3 in each district each in 3 or 2 1, as preference each ranking respondents of (%) Proportion 3. Table RankDistrict Others Note: 1. Kitui ability mothering better survival, calf high docile, quality, carcass better animal, milking Better = Makueni Makueni Kitui Taita Taveta Kajiado
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droughts due to the aridity of the district. developing countries (e.g. Nuru and Dennis’,
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Table 4. Age and sex structure of cattle herds in the study area (%).
District Age – sex structure Makueni Kitui Taita-Taveta Kajiado Males 46.9 41.8 36.0 36.1 Adult males (> 3yrs) 13.9 18.0 8.4 5.4 Adult castrates (> 3yrs) 6.2 5.2 5.6 11.9 Young intact males (1-3yrs) 9.6 8.9 11.8 5.7 Young castrates (1-3yrs) 1.0 0.8 2.6 4.2 Immature (0-1yrs) 16.0 8.9 7.7 8.8 Females: 53.1 58.2 64.0 63.9 Mature (> 3yrs) 29.0 43.1 40.3 39.3 Young (1-3yrs) 12.1 8.1 14.0 12.1 Immature (0-1yrs) 12.0 7.0 9.6 12.4 Average herd size (numbers) 5.2 7.9 22.3 53.9
1976). Under on-farm conditions, lack of latter (P<0.05) between: Kitui and Makueni, performance recording is a major handicap to Kitui and Taita Taveta and Kitui and Kajiado. breed improvement. Generally, there was some culling of bulls. Qualitative and quantitative traits were However, cows were maintained in the herds used for selecting breeding animals (Table 6). up to the end of their reproductive life. This is However, selection criteria differed between attributed to the important functions cows and within districts in ranking. Milk play in the households, the low replacement production, body size and coat colour formed potential due to high calf mortality and the the selection criteria for breeding animals in need to reduce risk by holding onto surviving Makueni, Taita Taveta and Kajiado. In Kitui, adult female animals. milk production, coat colour and horn shape Livestock production is based on natural and size were traits of importance. In Taita pastures under a continuous grazing system Taveta, fertility and in Kajiado horn shape (Table 7). Tethering, practised to a small and size were additional traits used to select extent in the Kitui District, is done during the animals for breeding. Farmers favoured high planting and harvesting when farming milk producing animals as this ensured activities are at their peak and herding labour self-sufficiency both for the calf and the is scarce. Feeds are conserved in the form of family, while larger bodied animals fetched crop residues (cereal straws) in Makueni, better market prices. Brighter coloured coats Kitui and Kajiado and also as hay in the Kitui were preferred as these are considered not to District (Table 7). Supplementation using attract tsetse flies and thus act as a natural concentrates and mineral licks is rare due to control against trypanosomosis. The the additional cost involved which farmers preference for horn shape and size in Kitui are either not willing or able to incur and Kajiado was for socio-cultural reasons. (Table 7). However, animals exploit natural The average age at culling (AAC) breeding salt deposits within the grazing fields or at animals was 7.2 years and 11.3 years for male watering points. and female animals, respectively (Table 7).
Significant differences were observed for the
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Table 5. Proportion of respondents (%) for each breeding management system.
Breeding management Districts 1. Breeding system Makueni Kitui Taita-Taveta Kajiado Straightbreeding 77.6 79.7 55.1 26.7 Crossbreeding 10.2 15.6 26.5 58.3 Both straight- and 12.2 4.7 18.3 15.0 crossbreeding 2. Mating system Natural uncontrolled 88.9 66.7 63.0 82.7 Natural controlled 11.1 28.6 37.0 17.3 Artificial insemination (A.I.) - 4.8 - - 3. Source of breeding bulls Own herd 88.9 57.1 57.7 97.7 Neighbours’ herd 11.1 42.7 42.3 2.2 4. Calving season Wet 11.4 49.2 36.5 27.4 Dry 4.2 15.9 23.1 12.9 Year round 84.4 34.9 40.4 59.7 5. General selection of breeding animals Yes 90.0 42.0 77.6 93.6 No 10.0 58.0 22.4 6.4 6. Selection based on sex Male animals only 37.3 67.7 12.5 49.1 Female animals only 2.3 6.5 20.8 25.4 Both sexes 60.4 25.8 66.7 25.9
Age at first parturition and calving The mean calving interval (CI) was interval 16 months with significant differences being observed between districts: Makueni (14.9 ± 0.93) vs Taita-Taveta (18.5 ± 0.92) The mean age at first calving (AFC) was (P<0.01), Kitui (16.7 ± 0.79) vs Kajiado 4.5 years, but there were substantial (13.9 ± 0.81) (P<0.05) and Taita-Taveta vs differences between districts: Makueni Kajiado (P<0.001). The observed differences in (4.3 ± 0.14) vs Kitui (5.3 ± 0.14) (P<0.001), calving intervals between Kajiado and the Makueni vs Kajiado (4.4 ± 0.14) (P<0.001), other districts (e.g. Kitui and Taita Taveta), is Taita-Taveta (4.0 ± 0.16) vs Kajiado (P<0.05) in line with short lactation lengths observed and Taita-Taveta vs Kitui (P<0.001). These among Kajiado herds, a result linked to the results show the expected patterns in which fact that Maasai wean their calves early. This conditions in Kitui (nutrition stress) and facilitates early return to oestrus and thus Kajiado (nutrition stress and trekking long conception. distances in search of pastures and water) are associated with delayed AFC (Ward et al.,
1988).
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qualt. Others Total Other Horn shape Fertility
Basis selection of breeding of animals Milk Prodn. Coat colour colour Coat Prodn.
Body size 1 - 6.0 - 8.4 - 7.3 6.1 27.7 27.8 10.3 19.5 2.3 6.5 6.1 39.0 9.4 0.6 - 8.94.1 - 2.3 5.9 4.7 1.1 7.3 1.237.3 - 1 21.9 - 3.6 8.9 - 4.7 7.7 2.4 - 3.0 2 5.3 - - 2.31.1 0.6 2.42.4 0.6 - - 8.4 3 1.8 - 1.8 3.6 0.6 - - 4.3 - 4 3.0 - - 6.0 5 0.6 - - - - 9.6 2.4 23.0 32.6Total 2.4 17.2 1 - 19.3 - 4.4 2 - 2.4 - 3 - 1.4 1.5 4 28.4 - 16.9 100 33.8 10.9 9.7 16.4 0.85 - - 15.3 - 44.0 20.2 2.2 12.11.5 - - 6.1 - - - Total - 0.8 0.8 4.4 - 3.6 11.6 - 33.6 7.49.7 5.2 - 1 16.4 - 3.0 - 1.50.8 - 100 21.7 1.5 7.5 0.8 - 2 10.5 - 10.1 - 31.1 3 3.7 - - 3.1 2.6 - 4 - 1.0 - 2.0 16.85 - 15.2 - 31.4 30.6Total 1.5 3.0 16.8 - - 2.1 9.2 - 2.6 11.9 1 8.2 7.1 - 1.0 1.5 25.3 11.1 - 2 11.2 - - - 2.5 7.1 - 3.6 3 3.6 - - 18.0 4 1.0 5 - - 25.9 24.0Total 8.2 22.4 18.8 100 - - 9.1 100.0
4. KajiadoFertility = and other qualitative trait 2.Kitui sizeand = Fertility body traits qualitative other and size and shape Horn = T/Taveta 3. Kitui Kajiado Makueni T/Taveta
Table 6. Proportion of respondents ranking each trait as 1, 2, 3, etc. 3, 2, 1, as trait each ranking respondents of Proportion 6. Table Rank District Note:Otherqualt.= otherqualitative traits which include extended dewlap, long neck, tail, long long prepuce, long navel flap Others = 1.HornfertilityMakueni size, and shape =
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Figure 2. Maasai zebu, commonly found in Kajiado District.
Average lactation length areas characterized by nutritional and climatic stress and are kept by resource poor farmers. The average lactation length (LL) was These factors account for the short lactation 235 days (Table 7) with significant differences lengths of the SEAZ cattle of the study area. (P<0.05) observed between the following districts: Makueni (9.8 ± 0.32 months or Milk production 294 days) vs Kitui (8.0 ± 0.41 months or 240 days); Makueni vs Taita Taveta The daily milk yield averaged 1.6 litres with (6.7 ± 0.47 months or 202 days); Kitui vs Taita significant differences observed between Taveta; Kitui vs Kajiado (6.8 ± 0.32 months or districts, and hence strains, at the start and 205 days) and Makueni vs Kajiado Districts. peak of lactation (Table 8). For the former, The short LL observed in Taita Taveta is differences were observed between Makueni related to the practice of partial/restricted and Kitui; Makueni and Taita Taveta and suckling, as the calf is separated from its dam between Kajiado and Taita Taveta, and for the for part of the day during grazing. This latter between Taita Taveta and Kitui and encourages early return to oestrus after between Taita Taveta and Makueni. The parturition. The inhabitants of Makueni, Kitui study area is characterized by overgrazed and Kajiado prolong the lactation lengths by poor quality forage resources, climatic stress continuously milking the dams and suckling and low levels of disease and breeding their calves. The SEAZ cattle strains analysed management. Semenye (1987) observed that in this study showed short or very short the lactation curve of the Maasai Zebu lactation lengths. The SEAZ strains studied responds to forage availability regardless of
are found in the arid and semi arid lands, the month of lactation. In spite of the low
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a) 0.45 10.6 0.49 0.49 7.3 ± ± 0.55 0.55 12.6 0.52 0.52 6.9 ± ± 6.7 11.1 11.1 No 0.0 15.0 - 0.0 0.0 100.0 96.2 19.0 81.0 - - - 56.9 85.0 15.0 pastures Natural pastures Sown Both natural pastures and sown 98.9 Continuous 40.5 and tethering Continuous 24.2 75.8 100.0Yes 53.1 69.2 No 0.0 6.3 1.1 Hay residues Crop 27.7 Hay and residues crop - 43.1 3.0 33.8Yes No 66.2 - 15.0 - - - - - 100.0 - 88.5 55.0 30.0 11.5 3.8 - - 100.0 - Females Females Males Figures in the table are percentage of respondents in each district expressing each level of a particular attribute attribute particular a of level each expressing district each in respondents of percentage are table the in Figures
management Nutrition 1. Type on feeds the available of farm system grazing The common 2. 3. Feed conservation 4. Type feedsof conserved 5.Supplementation animals of Makueni Kitui Taita-Taveta Kajiado Taita-Taveta Kitui management nutrition and (years) animals breeding of Tableat culling 7. Age District Makueni Breeding management 1. Age animals breeding at culling a) (of nutrition management)
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Table 8. Average milk yields (litres) for Zebu cattle in the study area.
Districts surveyed Makueni Kitui Taita Taveta Kajiado 1. Daily milk yields Lactation start 2.8 ± 0.23 1.9 ± 0.16 1.8 ± 0.18 2.3 ± 0.23 Lactation peak 3.1 ± 0.27 3.2 ± 0.23 2.4 ± 0.25 3.1 ± 0.27 Lactation end 1.0 ± 0.11 1.0 ± 0.10 0.7 ± 0.11 0.9 ± 0.10 2. Adjusted mean daily yields 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.8 3. Lactation milk yields 464.5 410.4 276.7 362.9 4. Annualized milk yields 380.1 299.0 181.6 316.4 5. Amount of milk potentially 83 545 980 56 808 100 23 698 800 239 957 760 produced by Zebu cows (annualized) Annualized milk yield = (actual lactation milk yield * 365)/calving interval 5Based on the proportion (%) of mature (breedable) cows as obtained from the herd structures (Table 4 as follows: Makueni = 29.0; Kitui = 43.1; T/Taveta = 40.3; Kajiado = 39.3. These were used to get the population of adult breedable females in each district). The Zebu cattle population figures
Makueni = 219 800; Kitui = 190 000; T/Taveta = 130 500 and Kajiado = 758 400 (MOALD, 1995)
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References Pullan, N.B. 1979. Productivity of White Fulani cattle on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria. I. Galukande, E.B., Mahadevan, P. & Herd structures and reproductive Black, J.G. 1962. Milk production in East performance. Tropical Animal Health and African Zebu Cattle. Animal Production 4, Production. 11, 231-238. 329-340 Rege, J.E.O. & Tawa, C.L. 1999. The Jaetzold, R. & Schmidt, H. 1983. Farm state of African cattle genetic resources II. management handbook of Kenya. Vol IIC. Geographical distribution, characteristics and Natural conditions and farm management uses of present-day breeds and strains. information. Part C – East Kenya (Eastern and Animal Genetic Resources Information 26, Coast provinces), Kenya Ministry of 1-25. Agriculture. SAS Institute. 1993. SAS/STATÒ Users th de Leeuw, P.N. & Wilson, R.T. 1987. Guide Version 6.0. 4 Edition, Volume 2, Comparative productivity of indigenous GLM – VARCOMP. SAS Institute Inc. cattle under traditional management in Semenye, P.P. 1987. Factors influencing Sub-Saharan Africa. Quarterly Journal of Maasai cattle productivity in Kajiado district, International Agriculture, 2 (4), 377-390. Kenya. PhD Thesis University of Nairobi, MoALDM (Ministry of Agriculture Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 391. Livestock Development and Marketing). Ward, P.N., Saeed, A.M., Light, D. & 1995. Animal Production Division Annual Wilson, R.T. 1988. Reproductive performance Report. Government of Kenya Press. of Kenana cows in Sudan. Tropical Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. 1981. A study of Agriculture (Trinidad) 65, 73-76. traditional livestock production in the Ada Wilson, R.T. & Clarke, S.E. 1975. district of Ethiopia. ILCA, Addis Ababa, Studies on the livestock of Southern Darfur, Ethiopia, Animal Reproduction and Health Sudan. I. The ecology and livestock resources Unit. of the area. Tropical Animal Health and Nuru, S. & Dennis, S.M. 1976. Abortion Production 7; 165 – 187. and Reproductive performance of cattle in Northern Nigeria: A questionnaire survey. Tropical Animal Health and Production 8,
213-219.
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Characteristics of indigenous chicken in Iraq
A.A. Al–Rawi & A.K. Al-Athari
IPA Agric. Res. Center, Abu-Ghraib, Iraq
Summary una serie de especímenes recogidos a través del país. El color del plumaje de las líneas IIC The Iraqi indigenous chickens (I.I.C.) are well va del blanco al negro. La mayoría de los adapted to a wide range of ambient animales poseen la piel blanca, la cresta es temperature (-5°C to 50°C). They are found única, el color de la cáscara de los huevos throughout the country and are raised for varía de blanco, beige a marrón, la madurez meat and eggs. The birds are active and sexual se alcanza alrededor de los 162 a independent foragers. 166 días, el peso corporal en el momento de la The IPA Agricultural Research Centre madurez sexual fue muy similar para las played a role in the purification and diversas líneas (1,4 kg), lo que indica que la multiplication of five different genetic lines IIC es de pequeno tamano y las variaciones according to feather colour. These lines are entre líneas fueron significantes en cuanto a the progeny of segregating populations of the producción de huevos, peso del huevo y foundation stock which was a specimen eficacia alimentaria. collected from all over the country. The plumage colour of the I.I.C. lines varied from Keywords: Chicken, Indigenous, Iraq, Practices, white to black. Most of the birds have white Production, Characteristics, Morphological skin colour; comb type is single; egg-shell description. colour varied between white, tinted to brown; age at sexual maturity ranged between 162 to Introduction 166 days; body weight at sexual maturity was found to be similar for the different lines The Iraqi indigenous chickens (I.I.C.) have the (1.4 kg) indicating that I.I.C are small–sized advantage of being well adapted to the local birds and variations among lines of the I.I.C environmental conditions (high temperature, were significant for egg production, egg up to 50°C during summer and low weight and feed efficiency. temperature, as low as zero centigrade during winter, poor farming hygiene and deficient Resumen diet) (Al-Jebouri 1970, Al-Soudi and Sokker 1973, Al-Murrani et al., 1997). Another La raza indígena de aves Iraquí (IIC) está bien advantage of the I.I.C. claimed by the adaptada a un amplio espectro de consumers is the good taste and flavour of temperaturas ambientales que va de –5°C a both eggs and meat as compared to 50°C. Esta raza está presente en todo el país y commercial chickens. The I.I.C. are spread se crían tanta para producción de carne que throughout the country, usually in a limited de huevos. Los animales se crían al suelo y se number of 20-30 birds per family. They are alimentan de forma independiente. El IPA a mainly raised in rural areas in a free-range jugado un papel esencial en la purificación y system. Therefore, they are a good source of multiplicación de cinco líneas genéticas animal protein and income to most rural diversas en base al color del plumaje. Estas populations. Furthermore, I.I.C. are líneas son la progenie de poblaciones scavengers by nature and as such, provision
segregadas del stock original formado por of feed or supplementary feeding is a rare
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White White naked percent). (3.2) 162 a
(19.1) (19.1) (14.1) (14.1) (11.5) (11.5) (32.0) (32.0) 52.5 c c 52.5 209.3 bc 209.3 1457.6 b 156.5 cd (5.2) (8.1) 165 a (21.7) (21.7) (10.1) (10.1) (29.8) (29.8) 53.3 bc 98% black black 98% white 90% white 98% white 97% red 98% 162.2 bc 162.2 1385.4 b 221.0 ab
(2.6) (2.6) (6.2) (6.2) (20.1) (20.1) (10.0) (10.0) (23.4) (23.4) Brown Barred Black Black Barred Brown pattern Plumage colour Skin Shank and foot colour red 98% type Comb 90% yellow colour Egg-shell 90% yellow 100% Barred 70% black white 100% white 100% tinted 100% 80% yellow tinted 100% single 100% yellow 100% 90% yellow single 100% white 100% tinted 100% 100% yellow white 100% single 100% white 100% 100% yellow single 90% yellow white 100% 90% yellow 100% single 100% white 100% single 100% brown 100% single 100% Age Age (day) at sexual maturity (g) maturity at sexual weight Body b 1342.8 162 a Trait Trait WT BR BA BL WN LG NH Egg productionEgg 175.1 ab Average egg weight (g) Average weight egg 54.1 abc Feed efficiency (g feed/egg) (g feed/egg) efficiency Feed cd 196.2 Fertility (%) Fertility of (%) egg Hatchability fertilized of Hatchability egg (%) set massEgg (g/hen) 95.5 90.0 94.085.0 85.7 77.3 75.8 90.0 75.3 75.1 96.0 87.9 6 088.4 b 6 185.0 b 5 954.1 bc 86.1 82.0 5 533.0 c 5 650.2 c 88.0 70.2 7 414.9 a 83.0 89.8 7 384.9 a 69.4 92.5 82.6 Table 2. Selected traits of indigenous Iraqi chicken. Iraqi of indigenous traits 2.Table Selected (P<0.05) differ letters different with line same in Means (%) variation of coefficients are parentheses between Figures Table 1. Morphological characteristics of indigenous Iraqi chicken (prevalence, chicken Iraqi of indigenous characteristics Table 1. Morphological
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Figure 1. Iraqi indigenous chicken: brown line.
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Figure 2. Iraqi indigenous chicken: barred line.
Figure 3. Iraqi indigenous chicken: black line.
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Figure 4. Iraqi indigenous chicken: white naked line.
Figure 5. Iraqi indigenous chicken: white line.
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between 1.290-1.391 kg. The heavy weight
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Al-Murrani, W.K., Kassab, A., Sam Jensen, H.A. 2000. Structures for H.Z. A.L. & Al-Athari, A.M.K. 1997. improving smallholder chicken production in Heterophil/Lymphocyte Ratio as a selection Bangladesh breeding strategy. ICAR Tech. criterion for heat resistance in domestic fowls. Series no. 3, 395-407. British Poultry Sci. 38: 159-163. Ismail, I.H. 1997. Estimation of genetic Al-Rawi, A.A. 2001. Genetic parameters parameters for some quantitative characters of some economic traits in Iraqi–Barred of Iraqi–Brown chickens. Ph.D. thesis, College chicken. M.Sc. thesis, College of Agric., Univ. of Agric., Univ. of Baghdad, Iraq, (In Arabic), of Baghdad, Iraq, (In Arabic), pp. 74. pp. 176. Al-Rawi, B.A. 1969. Effect of Mohammad, A.H., Al-Athari, A.K., crossbreeding on productive and Al-Rawi, A.A. & Shideed, K.H. 1999. reproductive characters of Iraqi chicken. M.Sc. Development of hybrid chicken adaptable to Thesis. College of Agric. Univ. of Baghdad, rural area and backyard. Arab Agricultural Iraq, pp. 113 Research Journal.2: 94-105. Al-Soudi, K.A. & Al-Jebouri, M.A.J. Safalaoh, A. Ch. 1997. Characteristics of 1979. Production potential in subtropical indigenous chickens of Malawi, Animal climate of native Iraqi chicken compared to Genetics Resources Information. FAO, Rome, white Leghorn, New Hampshire and their No. 22, 61-69. cross. World’s Poultry Sci. 35: 227-235. Al-Soudi, K.A. & Sokker, I. 1973. Evidence of resistance to Newcastle disease in chickens native to Iraq. Iraqi. J. Agric. Sci.
8:10-17.
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Rabbit genetic resources in Mediterranean countries Options Méditerranéennes no. 38, series B: Etudes et recherches M.H. Khalil & M. Baselga (Eds) Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Zaragoza, Apdo. 202, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain Published in 2002. ISSN: 1016-1228 ISBN: 2-85352-241-5 pp. 262
The Mediterranean Rabbit Group is a presents the first results obtained, with working group created in the eighties, 24 breeds/strains from seven Mediterranean supported by the International Centre for countries. The content will be included in a Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies web page (www.iamz.ciheam.org/ (CIHEAM), through its Mediterranean med-rabbit-genres.htm) that will be updated Agronomic Institute of Zaragoza, in with new information on other Mediterranean coordination with FAO, and whose objectives breeds. are the study and characterization of Mediterranean autochthonous populations, the selection and dissemination of selected lines throughout the Mediterranean Region for productivity and adaptation to the environmental conditions of the region, and the identification and solution of problems which are specific to Mediterranean rabbit production, such as the variability of heat tolerance and the selection of productive animals in low-cost production systems. The exchange of information has been one of the most important activities of this group. Four seminars have been previously organized, whose Acta were published in the same series. Other activities of this group have been the exchange and common testing of genetic material, the submission of Research Projects to donor bodies, technical stays and training, with two editions of the course on “Production Systems of Rabbit Meat” held in Valencia in 1992 and in Zaragoza in 1997. Given the limited available evaluation reports on local rabbit breed characterizations, production variables, crossbred performances, and environmental factors, the Mediterranean Rabbit Group has undertaken the task to develop standardized descriptors for breed/strain characterizations of rabbits in
Mediterranean countries. This publication
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The challenges of drought to livestock production in Kenya Proceedings of the Animal Production Society of Kenya (APSK) Annual Symposium, held in Egerton University, Njoro, Kenia from 7 to 8 March 2001 Animal Production Society of Kenya (APSK), P.O. Box 57811, Nairobi, Kenya Published in 2002, pp.158
The Animal Production Society of Kenya (APSK) with the financial support of the European Union under the umbrella of the Agriculture/Livestock Research Support Programme held its Annual Symposium on 7-8 March 2002 at Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya to debate the effect of drought on cattle population in Kenya. In fact, drought management is a core issue in more than 80% of Kenya’s land, which is classified as Arid and Semi-arid Lands (ASAL). These areas are characterised by unpredictable climatic conditions, livestock rustling, food insecurity and low household income. Most of the papers in this symposium have critically attempted to analyse and evaluate different strategies of achieving sustainable livestock production by encouraging wider adoption of technologies and knowledge in the affected area. One of the major objectives of APSK is to promote interest and to contribute in the development of livestock production in Kenya by, among other things, providing a forum for stakeholders in the sector to exchange ideas, research results and experiences. The society has endeavoured to meet its objectives by organising annual symposium and farmers’ field days. The papers in this symposium created stimuli within the stakeholders in formulating and implementing a sustainable policy framework to alleviate poverty and improve food security particularly in ASAL. From the several papers presented, the issue of technology development and transfer to the target group in the animal agriculture were particularly debated and some suggestions to overcome this bottle necks
were presented and discussed.
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Multipurpose germplasm of fodder shrubs and trees for the rehabilitation of arid and semi-arid land in the Mediterranean isoclimatic zone. A photographic catalogue Options Méditerranéennes no. 37, serie B: Etudes et recherches H. Noël (Ed.) Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Zaragoza, Apdo. 202, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain Published in 2002. ISSN: 1016-1228 ISBN: 2-85352-240-7 pp. 118
This singular publication is aimed at all those interested in the use of multipurpose fodder trees and shrubs (TRUBS) in the Mediterranean region and brings together, through comments and appraisals, the perspective of the scientist and that of the user of these species. The texts accompanying the photographs are condensed extracts of personal experience of the Author, contrasted with that of scientists, extension workers, project managers and farmers of the Mediterranean countries. The photographs have been selected according to their scientific and technical significance, some of them being genuine historical documents. The publication is essentially a catalogue of recommended species that contains reflections and recommendations on the strategies of use for soil rehabilitation and animal production, based on the bioclimatic conditions and management requirements. Likewise, it includes, which is not usual, a brief discussion on the economic conditioning factors of their implementation and use, based on practical examples. This photographic catalogue complements the results of studies hosted by the cooperative research networks coordinated by the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Zaragoza, available to the reader in several
publications.
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Development of successful animal recording systems for transition and developing countries ICAR Technical Series no. 8 J. Mäki-Hokkonen, J. Boyazoglu, T. Vares & M. Zjalic (Eds) Proceedings of the FAO/ICAR Seminar held in Interlaken, Switzerland, 27 May 2002 ICAR, Villa del Ragno, Via Nomentana 134, 00162 Rome, Italy Published in 2002. ISSN: 1563-2504 ISBN: 92-95014-04-9 pp. 195
The 33rd session of ICAR and Interbull stakeholders, which need to be more meeting were held in Interlaken, Switzerland informed about the necessary national from May 26 to 31, 2002. In this context ICAR improvements of recording systems for their and FAO organised a joint seminar to discuss optimisation. In order to support, community how sustainable livestock development can and national policy-makers on the sustainable be enhanced in developing and transition use of animal biodiversity, these proceedings countries, through an efficient organisation of will certainly assist them in their job and help animal recording. them in the monitoring and development Some 75 participants, from 42 countries, process of their activities. focused the discussion on common experiences about the successful development and use of animal recording systems in their countries. The workshop aimed particularly at debating the problems of animal recording organisations in different and changing economic realities. Several social and economic elements influence the sector and the existing differences among the countries reflect on the distinct systems of animal recording organisations. In particular, the increasing demand for animal products is playing a determinant role in developing and transition countries along with the commercialisation and a more aggressive intensification of animal production. Such process occurs both in the rural family based systems or in private sector industry, be it in dairy, pig or poultry production systems. These basic elements are prevalent factors in many CEE and CIS countries as well as in large areas in the developing world; these problems were debated and analysed as a common economic reality. This book is particularly addressed to decision-makers, involved in the outlining
and managing animal resources and to local
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On-Station characterization of small ruminant breeds in Egypt S. Galal, F. Abdel-Rasoul, M.R. Anous & I. Shaat (Eds) ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria and Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Egypt Published in 2002. ISBN 977-298-2510-1 pp. 78
This report was commissioned by The International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria, as a part of a regional study on the genetic resources of small ruminants in the countries in the area of interest to ICARDA. The report is structured to elucidate the characteristics of the breeds within the socio-economic context and ecological considerations of the country. A total of 12 sheep breeds and seven goat breeds are included in the report; many of them are reported for the first time. A very extensive review of literature was made to collect information included in the report. Photos are provided for both sexes of most of the breeds. Also reported were the institutions and workers in the country interested in different breeds. Egypt does not have a census of livestock by breed, but the report made an attempt to estimate breed populations roughly extrapolated from the geographical distribution of the breeds. No breed seemed to be in danger of extinction. A comprehensive bibliography on Egyptian small ruminant breeds is included in the
report.
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Editorial Policies and Types of Articles Procedures The following types of articles are published in AGRI. The mission of the Animal Genetic Resources Information Bulletin (AGRI) is the promotion of information on the better use of animal Research articles genetic resources of interest to food and agriculture production, under the Global Findings of work on characterization, Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal conservation and utilization of farm animal Genetic Resources. All aspects of the genetic resources (AnGR) in well described characterization, conservation and utilization production environments, will be considered of these resources are included, in accordance for publication in AGRI. Quality photographs with the Convention on Biological Diversity. of these genetic resources viewed in the AGRI will highlight information on the primary production environment to which genetic, phenotypic and economic surveying they are adapted, accompanying the and comparative description, use, manuscripts are encouraged. development and maintenance of animal genetic resources; and on the development of Review articles operational strategies and procedures which enable their more cost-effective management. Unsolicited articles reviewing In doing this AGRI will give special attention agro-ecosystems, country-level, regional or to contributions dealing with breeds and global developments on one or more aspects procedures capable of contributing to the of the management of animal genetic sustainable intensification of the world’s resources, including state-of-the-art review medium to low input production articles on specific fields in AnGR, will be environments (agro-ecosystems), which considered for publication in AGRI. account for the substantial majority of the land area involved in livestock production; Position papers the total production of food and agriculture from livestock; and of our remaining farm Solicited papers on topical issues will also be animal genetic resources. published as deemed required. Views expressed in the paper published in AGRI represent the opinions of the author(s) Other published material and do not necessarily reflect those of the institutions which the authors are affiliated, This includes book reviews, news and notes FAO or the Editors. covering relevant meetings, training courses The suitability of manuscripts for and major national, regional and international publication in AGRI is judged by the Editors events and conclusions and recommendations and reviewers. associated with the outcomes of these major events. Readers are encouraged to send such Electronic publication items to the editors.
AGRI is available in full electronically on the Guidelines for Authors Internet, in addition to being published in hard copy, at: Manuscript submission << http://www.fao.org/dad-is>> Manuscripts prepared in English, French or
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Preparation of the manuscript Tables and figures must be enclosed with the paper and attached at the end of the text The first page of the manuscript must include according their citation in the document. the running head (abbreviated title), title, Photos will not be returned names of authors, institutions, full addresses including postal codes and telephone number Tables and other communication details (fax, e-mail, etc.) of the corresponding author. The Tables, including footnotes, should be running head not exceeding 45 characters preceded and succeeded by 2 blank lines. plus spaces, should appear at the top of page Table number and caption are written, above 1 of the manuscript entirely in capital letters. the table, in italics (12) followed by a dot, then The title of the manuscript is typed in upper one blank line. For each column or line title or and lower case letters. The title should be as sub-title, only the 1st letter of the 1st word is brief as possible not exceeding 150 characters capitalized. Tables should be numbered (including spaces) with species names when consecutively in Arabic numerals. Tables and applicable. Authors, institutions and captions should be left justified as is the text. addresses are in upper and lower case italics. Use horizontal or vertical lines only when There is one blank line between the title and necessary. Do not use tabs or space-bar to the authors. Addresses are typed as footnotes create a table but only the appropriate to the authors after leaving one blank line. commands. Footnotes are designated numerically. Two lines are left below the footnotes. Figures
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and its text. Summary should not exceed 200 All the submitted diagrams, must be
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Normes et règles éditoriales Types d’articles
L’objectif du Bulletin d’Information sur les Les articles suivants pourront être publiés sur Ressources Génétiques Animales (AGRI) est AGRI: la vulgarisation de l’information disponible sur la meilleure gestion des ressources Articles de recherche génétiques animales d’intérêt pour la production alimentaire et agricole, d’après les Seront prises en considération pour leur recommendations de la Stratégie Mondiale publication sur AGRI les études sur la pour la Gestion des Ressources Génétiques caractérisation, la conservation et l’utilisation des Animaux Domestiques. Tous les aspects des ressources génétiques des animaux relatifs à la caractérisation, la conservation et domestiques (AnGR) accompagnées d’une l’utilisation de ces ressources seront pris en bonne description du milieu. On encourage considération, suivant les normes de la les auteurs à envoyer des photographies de Convention pour la Biodiversité. bonne qualité qui montrent les races en AGRI désire diffuser de l’information sur question dans leur milieu naturel de la génétique, les enquêtes phénotypiques et production. économiques et les desciptions comparatives, l’utilisation et la conservation des ressources Révisions génétiques animales, ainsi que toute information sur le développement de Occasionnellement, des articles contenant une stratégies opérationnelles et de normes qui révision des agroécosystèmes, au niveau puissent permettre une meilleure gestion de national, régional ou mondial, avec un ou la relation coût/efficacité. C’est pour cela que plusieurs aspects se rapportant à la gestion AGRI prendra spécialement en considération des ressources génétiques animales, y toutes les contributions référées aux races et comprises les mises à jour des différentes aux normes capables de permettre une zones de AnGR, seront pris en considération. intensification durable des milieux (agroécosystèmes) à revenus moyens et bas Articles spécifiques dans le monde; qui comprennent la majeur partie des terres consacrées à l’élevage, à la Ponctuellement, des articles sur des thèmes production totale des aliments et l’agriculture spécifiques pourront être demandés pour la provenants de l’élevage; et tout ce qui reste publication d’éditions spéciales. comme ressources génétiques des animaux domestiques. Autre matériel pour publication Les opinions exprimées dans les articles publiés dans AGRI appartiennent seulement aux auteurs et donc ne représentent pas Ceci comprend la révision de livres, nouvelles nécessairement l’opinion des instituts pour et notes de réunions importantes, cours de lesquels ils travaillent, la FAO ou les éditeurs. formation et principaux évènements L’opportunité ou non de publier un article nationaux, régionaux et internationaux; ainsi dans AGRI sera jugée par les éditeurs et les que les conclusions et recommendations par réviseurs. rapport aux objectifs des ces principaux évènements. Les auteurs sont priés d’envoyer ce genre de matériel aux éditeurs. Publication électronique
En plus de sa version imprimée, la version totale de AGRI se trouve disponible sur Internet, sur le site:
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Guide pour les auteurs des notes à pied de page pour chacun des auteurs après avoir laissé un espace en blanc après les noms. Chaque note de pied de page Présentation du manuscript sera numérotée. On laissera deux espaces en blanc après les adresses. Les articles se présenteront en anglais, français ou espagnol, avec un résumé en Titres anglais et sa traduction en français ou en espagnol; et seront envoyés à l’éditeur de Les titres de chaque chapitre, par example AGRI, AGAP, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Résumé, Introduction, etc. seront alignés à Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italie. L’autre gauche. Laisser deux espaces en blanc entre possibilité est d’envoyer l’article par courrier les notes de pied de page avec les adresses et électronique avec le document adjoint en le Résumé, et entre le titre Résumé et le texte version WinWord à
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Pour tout envoi de manuscripts ou correspondence au sujet d’AGRI, vous êtes prié d’utiliser l’adresse suivante:
Merci pour votre collaboration
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Reglas y normas editoriales Tipos de artículos
El objetivo del Boletín de Información sobre Serán publicados en AGRI los siguientes tipos Recursos Genéticos Animales (AGRI) es la de artículos: divulgación de la información sobre una mejor gestión de los recursos genéticos Artículos sobre investigación animales de interés para la producción alimentaria y agrícola, siguiendo la Estrategia Se tomarán en consideración para su Mundial para la Gestión de los Recursos publicación en AGRI los estudios sobre la Genéticos de los Animales Domésticos. Todos caracterización, conservación y uso de los los aspectos referidos a la caracterización, la recursos genéticos de los animales domésticos conservación y el uso de estos recursos serán (AnGR) con una buena descripción del tomados en consideración, de acuerdo con la entorno. Se agradecerá el envío de fotografías Convención sobre la Biodiversidad. de calidad que presenten a las razas en AGRI publicará información sobre cuestión en su ambiente natural de genética, encuestas fenotípicas y económicas producción. y descripciones comparativas, uso, desarrollo y conservación de los recursos genéticos Artículos de revisión animales, así como sobre el desarrollo de estrategias operacionales y normas que Se podrán tener en consideración permitan una gestión más eficaz de la relación ocasionalmente aquellos artículos que costo/eficacia. Por ello, AGRI prestará presenten una revisión de los especial atención a las contribuciones agroecosistemas, a nivel nacional, regional o referidas a razas y normas capaces de mundial, con el desarrollo de uno o más contribuir a la intensificación sostenible de los aspectos referidos a la gestión de los recursos medios (agroecosistemas) con ingresos medio genéticos animales, incluidas las revisiones y bajos en el mundo, que comprenden casi la sobre el estado actual de las distintas áreas de mayor parte de las tierras dedicadas a la AnGR. producción ganadera; la producción total de alimentos y agricultura provenientes de la Artículos específicos ganadería; y el resto de los recursos genéticos de animales domésticos. Se solicitarán puntualmente artículos sobre Los puntos de vista expresados en los temas específicos para ediciones especiales. artículos publicados en AGRI son solamente las opiniones de los autores y, por tanto, no reflejan necesariamente la opinión de las Otro material para publicación instituciones para las cuales trabajan dichos autores, de la FAO o de los editores. Incluye la revisión de libros, noticias y notas La oportunidad o no de publicar un referidas a reuniones importantes, cursos de artículo en AGRI será juzgada por los editores formación y principales eventos nacionales, y revisores. regionales e internacionales, así como conclusiones y recomendaciones relacionadas con los objetivos de estos principales eventos. Publicación electrónica Se invita a los lectores a enviar este tipo de material a los editores. Además de su publicación impresa, la versión íntegra de AGRI se encuentra disponible electrónicamente sobre Internet, en el sito:
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Guía para los autores entre el título y los nombres de los autores. Las direcciones se escribirán como notas de pie de página de cada autor después de dejar Presentación del manuscrito una línea en blanco entre los nombres y éstas. Cada nota de pie de página con la dirección Los artículos se presentarán en inglés, francés vendrá indicada numéricamente. Se dejarán o español, junto con un resumen en inglés y dos líneas en blanco después de las su traducción en francés o español, y se direcciones. enviarán al editor de AGRI, AGAP, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Roma, Títulos Italia. Otra posibilidad es enviar el artículo por correo electrónico adjuntando el Los títulos de cada sección, por ejemplo documento en versión WinWord a Resumen, Introducción, etc., vienen alineados
minúsculas. Se dejará una línea en blanco cursiva (12) con un punto al final y seguido
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Se ruega enviar los manuscritos o la correspondencia relativa a AGRI a la dirección siguiente:
Gracias por su colaboración
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