Monogamy in Mammals
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Development of a Partner Preference Test That Differentiates Between Established Pair Bonds and Other Relationships in Socially
American Journal of Primatology RESEARCH ARTICLE Development of a Partner Preference Test that Differentiates Between Established Pair Bonds and Other Relationships in Socially Monogamous Titi Monkeys (Callicebus cupreus) SARAH B. CARP1#, EMILY S. ROTHWELL1,2*,#, ALEXIS BOURDON3, SARA M. FREEMAN1, EMILIO FERRER4, 1,2,4 AND KAREN L. BALES 1California National Primate Research Center, University of California—Davis, Davis, California 2Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California—Davis, Davis, California 3AgroParisTech, Paris, France 4Department of Psychology, University of California—Davis, Davis, California Partner preference, or the selective social preference for a pair mate, is a key behavioral indicator of social monogamy. Standardized partner preference testing has been used extensively in rodents but a single test has not been standardized for primates. The goal of this study was to develop a partner preference test with socially monogamous titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus) adapted from the widely used rodent test. In Experiment 1, we evaluated the test with pairs of titi monkeys (N ¼ 12) in a three-chambered apparatus for 3 hr. The subject was placed in the middle chamber, with grated windows separating it from its partner on one side and an opposite sex stranger on the other side. Subjects spent a greater proportion of time in proximity to their partners’ windows than the strangers’, indicating a consistent preference for the partner over the stranger. Touching either window did not differ between partners and strangers, suggesting it was not a reliable measure of partner preference. Subjects chose their partner more than the stranger during catch and release sessions at the end of the test. -
REVIEW Physiological Dependence on Copulation in Parthenogenetic Females Can Reduce the Cost of Sex
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR, 2004, 67, 811e822 doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.05.014 REVIEW Physiological dependence on copulation in parthenogenetic females can reduce the cost of sex M. NEIMAN Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington (Received 6 December 2002; initial acceptance 10 April 2003; final acceptance 27 May 2003; MS. number: ARV-25) Despite the two-fold reproductive advantage of asexual over sexual reproduction, the majority of eukaryotic species are sexual. Why sex is so widespread is still unknown and remains one of the most important unanswered questions in evolutionary biology. Although there are several hypothesized mechanisms for the maintenance of sex, all require assumptions that may limit their applicability. I suggest that the maintenance of sex may be aided by the detrimental retention of ancestral traits related to sexual reproduction in the asexual descendants of sexual taxa. This reasoning is based on the fact that successful reproduction in many obligately sexual species is dependent upon the behavioural, physical and physiological cues that accompany sperm delivery. More specifically, I suggest that although parthenogenetic (asexual) females have no need for sperm per se, parthenogens descended from sexual ancestors may not be able to reach their full reproductive potential in the absence of the various stimuli provided by copulatory behaviour. This mechanism is novel in assuming no intrinsic advantage to producing genetically variable offspring; rather, sex is maintained simply through phylogenetic constraint. I review and synthesize relevant literature and data showing that access to males and copulation increases reproductive output in both sexual and parthenogenetic females. These findings suggest that the current predominance of sexual reproduction, despite its well-documented drawbacks, could in part be due to the retention of physiological dependence on copulatory stimuli in parthenogenetic females. -
Courtship & Mating Reproduction in Insects
Reproduction Courtship & Mating in Insects • How do the sexes find each other? – Light – Swarming (male only/ female only) – Leks (male aggregations) • Defend territory against males • Court arriving females – Pheromones What do they do once they find each other? Courtship • Close range intersexual behavior that induces sexual receptivity before and during mating. • Allows mate choice among and within species. 1 Types of Courtship • Visual displays Nuptial Gifts • Ritualized movements • 3 forms • Sound production – Cannibalization of males • Tactile stimulation – Glandular product • Nuptial gifts – Nuptial gift • Prey • Salt, nutrients Evolution of nuptial feeding Sexual Cannibalization • Female advantages • Rather extreme – Nutritional benefit • Male actually does not – Mate choice (mate with good provider) willingly give himself • Male advantages up… – Helping provision/produce his offspring – Where would its potential – Female returns sperm while feeding rather than reproductive benefit be? mating with someone else • Do females have • Male costs increased reproductive – Capturing food costs energy and incurs predation success? risk – Prey can be stolen and used by another male. 2 Glandular gifts Nuptial gifts • Often part of the spermatophore (sperm transfer unit) – Occupy female while sperm is being transferred – Parental investment by male • Generally a food item (usually prey) • Also regurgitations (some flies) • But beware the Cubic Zirconia, ladies Sexual selection Types of sexual selection • Intrasexual selection – Contest competition -
Biol B242 - Coevolution
BIOL B242 - COEVOLUTION http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucbhdjm/courses/b242/Coevol/Coevol.html BIOL B242 - COEVOLUTION So far ... In this course we have mainly discussed evolution within species, and evolution leading to speciation. Evolution by natural selection is caused by the interaction of populations/species with their environments. Today ... However, the environment of a species is always partly biotic. This brings up the possiblity that the "environment" itself may be evolving. Two or more species may in fact coevolve. And coevolution gives rise to some of the most interesting phenomena in nature. What is coevolution? At its most basic, coevolution is defined as evolution in two or more evolutionary entities brought about by reciprocal selective effects between the entities. The term was invented by Paul Ehrlich and Peter Raven in 1964 in a famous article: "Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution", in which they showed how genera and families of butterflies depended for food on particular phylogenetic groupings of plants. We have already discussed some coevolutionary phenomena: For example, sex and recombination may have evolved because of a coevolutionary arms race between organisms and their parasites; the rate of evolution, and the likelihood of producing resistance to infection (in the hosts) and virulence (in the parasites) is enhanced by sex. We have also discussed sexual selection as a coevolutionary phenomenon between female choice and male secondary sexual traits. In this case, the coevolution is within a single species, but it is a kind of coevolution nonetheless. One of our problem sets involved frequency dependent selection between two types of players in an evolutionary "game". -
Pair-Bonding, Romantic Love and Evolution: the Curious Case Of
PPSXXX10.1177/1745691614561683Fletcher et al.Pair-Bonding, Romantic Love, and Evolution 561683research-article2014 Perspectives on Psychological Science 2015, Vol. 10(1) 20 –36 Pair-Bonding, Romantic Love, and © The Author(s) 2014 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Evolution: The Curious Case of DOI: 10.1177/1745691614561683 Homo sapiens pps.sagepub.com Garth J. O. Fletcher1, Jeffry A. Simpson2, Lorne Campbell3, and Nickola C. Overall4 1Victoria University Wellington, New Zealand; 2University of Minnesota; 3University of Western Ontario, Canada; and 4University of Auckland, New Zealand Abstract This article evaluates a thesis containing three interconnected propositions. First, romantic love is a “commitment device” for motivating pair-bonding in humans. Second, pair-bonding facilitated the idiosyncratic life history of hominins, helping to provide the massive investment required to rear children. Third, managing long-term pair bonds (along with family relationships) facilitated the evolution of social intelligence and cooperative skills. We evaluate this thesis by integrating evidence from a broad range of scientific disciplines. First, consistent with the claim that romantic love is an evolved commitment device, our review suggests that it is universal; suppresses mate-search mechanisms; has specific behavioral, hormonal, and neuropsychological signatures; and is linked to better health and survival. Second, we consider challenges to this thesis posed by the existence of arranged marriage, polygyny, divorce, and infidelity. Third, we show how the intimate relationship mind seems to be built to regulate and monitor relationships. Fourth, we review comparative evidence concerning links among mating systems, reproductive biology, and brain size. Finally, we discuss evidence regarding the evolutionary timing of shifts to pair-bonding in hominins. -
Acouchi (Myoprocta Pratti)
HISTOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE OVARY AND OF PROGESTERONE LEVELS IN THE SYSTEMIC BLOOD OF THE GREEN ACOUCHI (MYOPROCTA PRATTI) I. W. ROWLANDS, W. and D. G. KLEIMAN* Wellcome Institute of Comparative Physiology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, N.W.I (Received 1st January 1970) Summary. Combined histological and biochemical studies have been made in a small series of pregnant and non-pregnant acouchis. All pregnant animals had twin foetuses and their ovaries contained two to five large corpora lutea (cl) of ovulation and variable numbers of accessory cl which were very much smaller in size and bore evidence of having arisen from un-ovulated follicles. Normal Graafian follicles were also present, together with many small atretic follicles. The true corpora reached maximum size by the end of the 2nd week of pregnancy and had regressed before parturition. The occurrence of maximum secretory activity in early pregnancy, as indicated from esti¬ mates of the mean size of luteal cells, was confirmed by assays of luteal progesterone concentration. The accessory cl tended to increase in number as pregnancy advanced. The luteal cells, though slightly smaller, were otherwise indistinguish¬ able from those of the true corpora and, depending on the stage of preg¬ nancy, contributed 25 to 100% of the total amount of progesterone secreted by the ovary. In early pregnancy, plasma progesterone concentration increased rapidly to a level that was four times as great as that found in non-preg¬ nant acouchis, and which thereafter declined. The rate of growth and decline of the cl of pregnancy, their secretory activity and the levels ofprogesterone in the systemic blood are compared with those reported in some other hystricomorph rodents. -
Primates of the Lower Río Urubamba, Peru
16 Neotropical Primates 19(1), December 2012 PRIMATES OF THE LOWER URUBAMBA REGION, PERU, WITH COMMENTS ON OTHER MAMMALS Tremaine Gregory1,2, Farah Carrasco Rueda1, Jessica L. Deichmann1, Joseph Kolowski1, and Alfonso Alonso1 1Center for Conservation Education and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 2Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract We present data on encounter rates and group sizes of primates in the Lower Urubamba Region of Peru, an unprotected area little represented in the literature. We censused a total of 467.7km on 10 transects during two seasons and documented nine primate species in the area. Compared to nearby protected areas, group encounter rates were lower and group sizes were smaller for all species except Saguinus fuscicollis and S. imperator. Relatively high abundance of S. imperator and low abun- dance of larger bodied primates is a possible example of density compensation resulting from hunting pressure. In addition to the primates, 23 other mammal species were observed or photographed by camera traps, including Procyon cancrivorus, which was not previously reported in the area. Keywords: Lower Urubamba, Peru, primate densities Resumen Presentamos los datos de tasas de encuentro y tamaños grupales de especies de primates en la Región del Bajo Urubamba en Perú, un área no protegida poco representada en la literatura. Censamos un total de 467.7km a lo largo de 10 transectos durante dos estaciones y documentamos la presencia de nueve especies de primates en el área. Comparando nuestros datos con los de áreas protegidas cercanas, las tasas de encuentro fueron bajas y los tamaños grupales fueron menores para todas las especies a excepción de Saguinus fuscicollis y S. -
Okapia Johnstoni), Using Non-Invasive Genetic Techniques
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UCL Discovery Enhancing knowledge of the ecology of a highly elusive species, the okapi (Okapia johnstoni), using non-invasive genetic techniques David W. G. Stanton*; School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom Ashley Vosper; Address? Stuart Nixon; Address? John Hart; Lukuru Foundation, Projet Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba (TL2), 1235 Ave Poids Lourds, Kinshasa, DRC Noëlle F. Kümpel; Conservation Programmes, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom Michael W. Bruford; School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom John G. Ewen§; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom Jinliang Wang§; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom *Corresponding author, §Joint senior authors ABSTRACT Okapi (Okapia johnstoni) are an even-toed ungulate in the family Giraffidae, and are endemic to the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Very little is known about okapi ecology in the wild. We used non-invasive genetic methods to examine the social structure, mating system and dispersal for a population of okapi in the Réserve de Faune à Okapis, DRC. Okapi individuals appear to be solitary, although there was some evidence of genetically similar individuals being associated at a very small spatial scale. There was no evidence for any close spatial association between groups of related or unrelated okapi but we did find evidence for male-biased dispersal. Okapi are genetically polygamous or promiscuous, and are also likely to be socially polygamous or promiscuous. An isolation by distance pattern of genetic similarity was present, but appears to be operating at just below the spatial scale of the area investigated in the present study. -
Matses Indian Rainforest Habitat Classification and Mammalian Diversity in Amazonian Peru
Journal of Ethnobiology 20(1): 1-36 Summer 2000 MATSES INDIAN RAINFOREST HABITAT CLASSIFICATION AND MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY IN AMAZONIAN PERU DAVID W. FLECK! Department ofEveilltioll, Ecology, alld Organismal Biology Tile Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210-1293 JOHN D. HARDER Oepartmeut ofEvolution, Ecology, and Organismnl Biology Tile Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210-1293 ABSTRACT.- The Matses Indians of northeastern Peru recognize 47 named rainforest habitat types within the G61vez River drainage basin. By combining named vegetative and geomorphological habitat designations, the Matses can distinguish 178 rainforest habitat types. The biological basis of their habitat classification system was evaluated by documenting vegetative ch<lracteristics and mammalian species composition by plot sampling, trapping, and hunting in habitats near the Matses village of Nuevo San Juan. Highly significant (p<:O.OOI) differences in measured vegetation structure parameters were found among 16 sampled Matses-recognized habitat types. Homogeneity of the distribution of palm species (n=20) over the 16 sampled habitat types was rejected. Captures of small mammals in 10 Matses-rc<:ognized habitats revealed a non-random distribution in species of marsupials (n=6) and small rodents (n=13). Mammal sighlings and signs recorded while hunting with the Matses suggest that some species of mammals have a sufficiently strong preference for certain habitat types so as to make hunting more efficient by concentrating search effort for these species in specific habitat types. Differences in vegetation structure, palm species composition, and occurrence of small mammals demonstrate the ecological relevance of Matses-rccognized habitat types. Key words: Amazonia, habitat classification, mammals, Matses, rainforest. RESUMEN.- Los nalivos Matslis del nordeste del Peru reconacen 47 tipos de habitats de bosque lluvioso dentro de la cuenca del rio Galvez. -
Dolichotis Patagonum (CAVIOMORPHA; CAVIIDAE; DOLICHOTINAE) Mastozoología Neotropical, Vol
Mastozoología Neotropical ISSN: 0327-9383 ISSN: 1666-0536 [email protected] Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos Argentina Silva Climaco das Chagas, Karine; Vassallo, Aldo I; Becerra, Federico; Echeverría, Alejandra; Fiuza de Castro Loguercio, Mariana; Rocha-Barbosa, Oscar LOCOMOTION IN THE FASTEST RODENT, THE MARA Dolichotis patagonum (CAVIOMORPHA; CAVIIDAE; DOLICHOTINAE) Mastozoología Neotropical, vol. 26, no. 1, 2019, -June, pp. 65-79 Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos Argentina Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=45762554005 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Mastozoología Neotropical, 26(1):65-79, Mendoza, 2019 Copyright ©SAREM, 2019 Versión on-line ISSN 1666-0536 http://www.sarem.org.ar https://doi.org/10.31687/saremMN.19.26.1.0.06 http://www.sbmz.com.br Artículo LOCOMOTION IN THE FASTEST RODENT, THE MARA Dolichotis patagonum (CAVIOMORPHA; CAVIIDAE; DOLICHOTINAE) Karine Silva Climaco das Chagas1, 2, Aldo I. Vassallo3, Federico Becerra3, Alejandra Echeverría3, Mariana Fiuza de Castro Loguercio1 and Oscar Rocha-Barbosa1, 2 1 Laboratório de Zoologia de Vertebrados - Tetrapoda (LAZOVERTE), Departamento de Zoologia, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução do Instituto de Biologia/Uerj. 3 Laboratorio de Morfología Funcional y Comportamiento. Departamento de Biología; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (CONICET); Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. -
The Origins of the Institutions of Marriage
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Papers in Economics Q ED Queen’s Economics Department Working Paper No. 1180 The Origins of the Institutions of Marriage Marina E. Adshade Brooks A. Kaiser Dalhousie University Department of Economics Queen’s University 94 University Avenue Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6 8-2008 THE ORIGIN OF THE INSTITUTIONS OF MARRIAGE Marina E. Adshade Brooks A. Kaiser August 13, 2008 Abstract Standard economic theories of household formation predict the rise of institutionalized polyg- yny in response to increased resource inequality among men. We propose a theory, within the framework of a matching model of marriage, in which, in some cases, institutionalized monogamy prevails, even when resources are unequally distributed, as a result of agricultural externalities that increase the presence of pair-bonding hormones. Within marriage, hormone levels contribute to the formation of the marital pair bond, the strength of which determines a man’swillingness to invest in his wife’schildren. These pair bonds are reinforced through phys- ical contact between the man and his wife and can be ampli…ed by externalities produced by certain production technologies. Both the presence of additional wives and the absence of these externalities reduce the strength of the marital bond and, where the …tness of a child is increas- ing in paternal investment, reduce a woman’sexpected lifetime fertility. Multiple equilibria in terms of the dominant form of marriage (for example, polygyny or monogamy) are possible, if the surplus to a match is a function of reproductive success as well as material income. -
Reproductive Ecology & Sexual Selection
Reproductive Ecology & Sexual Selection REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY REPRODUCTION & SEXUAL SELECTION • Asexual • Sexual – Attraction, Courtship, and Mating – Fertilization – Production of Young The Evolutionary Enigma of Benefits of Asex Sexual Reproduction • Sexual reproduction produces fewer reproductive offspring than asexual reproduction, a so-called reproductive handicap 1. Eliminate problem to locate, court, & retain suitable mate. Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Generation 1 2. Doubles population growth rate. Female Female 3. Avoid “cost of meiosis”: Generation 2 – genetic representation in later generations isn't reduced by half each time Male 4. Preserve gene pool adapted to local Generation 3 conditions. Generation 4 Figure 23.16 The Energetic Costs of Sexual Reproduction Benefits of Sex • Allocation of Resources 1. Reinforcement of social structure 2. Variability in face of changing environment. – why buy four lottery tickets w/ the same number on them? Relative benefits: Support from organisms both asexual in constant & sexual in changing environments – aphids have wingless female clones & winged male & female dispersers – ciliates conjugate if environment is deteriorating Heyer 1 Reproductive Ecology & Sexual Selection Simultaneous Hermaphrodites TWO SEXES • Advantageous if limited mobility and sperm dispersal and/or low population density • Guarantee that any member of your species encountered is the • Conjugation “right” sex • Self fertilization still provides some genetic variation – Ciliate protozoans with + & - mating