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The Rhizosphere Microbiome and Biological Control of Weeds: a Review Anupma Dahiya (Dahiya, A), Kavita Chahar (Chahar, K) and Satyavir S

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The Rhizosphere Microbiome and Biological Control of Weeds: a Review Anupma Dahiya (Dahiya, A), Kavita Chahar (Chahar, K) and Satyavir S Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 17 (4), e10R01, 13 pages (2019) eISSN: 2171-9292 https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2019174-15073 Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) REVIEW ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS The rhizosphere microbiome and biological control of weeds: A review Anupma Dahiya (Dahiya, A), Kavita Chahar (Chahar, K) and Satyavir S. Sindhu (Sindhu, SS) CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125 004, India. Abstract The productivity of important grain crops wheat, rice and maize is adversely affected by various biotic and abiotic stresses. Weeds and phytopathogens are the major biotic stresses involved in biomass reduction and yield losses of these cereal crops. Various weeds compete with crop plants for natural resources viz. light, moisture, nutrients and space, and cause yield losses to agricultural produce. Weeds also increase harvesting costs and reduce quality of the farm produce. Weed management strategies include crop rotation, mechanical weeding or treatment with different herbicides. Although, sprays of different herbicides control various destructive weeds but their excessive use is environmentally unsafe and uneconomic. Indiscriminate use of these agrochemicals for weed control has resulted into considerable pollution of soil, groundwater and atmosphere. Therefore, effective biological weed management is an attractive approach for achieving the increased crop production to meet the food demands of the escalating global population. Many bacteria and fungi have been identified from the plant rhizospheres, which suppress the growth of weeds. The production of indole acetic acid, aminolevulinic acid, toxins and hydrogen cyanide has been correlated with the growth suppression of various weeds. Interestingly, inoculation with bioherbicides results in creation of biased rhizosphere leading to resource partitioning of nutrients towards growth stimulation of crop plants. Thus, inoculation of plants with bioherbicides has been found to increase germination percentage, seedling vigor, root and shoot growth, seed weight and increased grain, fodder and fruit yields. These environment-friendly biocontrol strategies for management of weeds are highly compatible with the sustainable agriculture. Additional keywords: rhizosphere bacteria; natural resources; biotic stresses; resource partitioning; growth promotion; bioherbicides; sustainable agriculture. Abbreviations used: 2,4-D (2,-4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid); 2,4,5-T (2,-4,-5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid); AAL (Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici toxin); ALA (δ-aminolevulinic acid); DRB (deleterious rhizosphere bacteria); HCN (hydrogen cyanide); IAA (indole acetic acid); ISR (induced systemic resistance); PGPR (plant growth promoting rhizosphere bacteria); RDW (root dry weight); SDW (shoot dry weight); VOC (volatile organic compounds). Authors’ contributions: Concept and design: SSS. Compiled the information: AD and KC. All authors analyzed the data, wrote the paper and approved the final manuscript. Citation: Dahiya, A; Chahar, K; Sindhu, SS (2019). The rhizosphere microbiome and biological control of weeds: A review. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, Volume 17, Issue 4, e10R01. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2019174-15073 Received: 26 Apr 2019. Accepted: 23 Dec 2019. Copyright © 2019 INIA. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-by 4.0) License. Funding agencies/Institutions Project / Grant University Grant Commission, New Delhi (Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship for RGNF-2015-17-SC-HAR-5228 SC candidate to Anupama Dahiya as Junior Research Fellow) Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Correspondence should be addressed to Satyavir S. Sindhu: [email protected]; [email protected] Introduction variability in yield losses among the different locations (states) in case of direct-seeded rice (15-66%) and ma- Weeds adversely affect the production of the world's ize (18-65%). Soltani et al. (2016) estimated average most important food and cash crops. Assessment of yield loss in corn as 50%, i.e., 148 million tonnes of corn yield losses due to weeds were estimated at 26-29% for valued at over USD 26.7 billion annually in the United soybean, wheat and cotton, and 31, 37 and 40% for maize, States and Canada. rice and potatoes, respectively (Oerke, 2006). Significant Weeds are the silent robbers of plant nutrients, differences in yield losses were observed between di- soil moisture, solar energy and also occupy the space fferent locations, crops and soil types. For example, Bhan which would otherwise be available to the main crop. et al. (1999) estimated a 31.5% of reduction in yield by Moreover, weeds harbour insect-pests and disease- weeds, whereas Gharde et al. (2018) reported greater causing or ganisms, exert adverse allelopathic effects, 2 Anupma Dahiya, Kavita Chahar and Satyavir S. Sindhu reduce quality of farm produce and increase the cost toxin produced by the pathogen Alternaria alternata of production. Seeds of weeds can stay in the soil for f. sp. lycopersici has been found to inhibit a range of several years until conditions are favorable for their weed species and has been patented as an herbicide germination. After germination, weed plants grow fast, (Abbas et al., 1995). Other allelochemicals produced rapidly establish weed populations and soon reach the by microorganisms such as indole acetic acid (IAA), δ- flowering phase. They again produce numerous seeds, aminolevulinic acid (ALA), glycoproteins and mellein which are easily dispersed over long distances. Some have also been reported to reduce the germination and weeds produce vegetative reproduction organs that help development of weeds (Mejri et al., 2010; Adetunji et them to survive in soils. al., 2018; Radhakrishnan et al., 2018). Moreover, ino- The major prevalent dicot weeds include bathua culation of soil with deleterious microorganisms (Chenopodium album), gazari (Fumaria parviflora), (bio control agents) may suppress weed growth by krishnneel (Anagallis arvensis), chetri (Vicia sativa), production of hydrogen cyanide (Zeller et al., 2007). senji (Melilotus indicus), matari (Lathyrus aphaca) and These rhizosphere microorganisms could be exploited satyanashi (Argemone mexicana). Likewise, monocot for development of bioherbicides as ecofriendly weeds viz. kanki/gullidanda/ mandusi (Phalaris minor), technology for management of weeds in sustainable wild oats (Avena ludoviciana, Avena fatua), piazi agriculture. In addition, in-depth understanding of me- (Asphodelus tenuifolius) etc., impose serious problems chanisms and factors involved in crop-weed competitive in wheat fields. Avena fatua is one of the most eco- interactions is required to develop cost-effective and nomically harmful annual grass weed in North America, sustainable weed management strategies (Swanton et Europe and Australia especially in grain crops such as al., 2015; Adetunji et al., 2019). barley, oat and wheat. Similarly, P. minor is another troublesome weed of wheat in India, Pakistan, USA, Canada, Africa, Australia, France, Iran and Mexico. It Rhizosphere and plant microbiome may cause 25-80% reduction in wheat yield (Chhokar et al., 2009). Herbicides such as isoproturon, clodinafop- The rhizosphere is a region of rich microbial di- propargyl, fenoxaprop, pinoxaden, Accord plus (feno- versity, which is influenced by plant roots through xaprop + metribuzin), sulfosulfuron and Atlantis (meso + rhizodeposition of root exudates, plant mucilage and iodosulfuron) are applied for control of common weeds. sloughed cells (Mohanram & Kumar, 2019). Root exu- Nevertheless, the application of chemical herbicides dates are the key determinants of rhizosphere microbiome leaves residues that contaminate water, soils and food structure. These root exudates contain a variety of com- crops, and in some cases results in the development of pounds, predominately organic acids and sugars, but herbicide resistance in many weed biotypes. Therefore, also contain amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, growth it is imperative to explore various biocontrol appro- factors, hormones and antimicrobial compounds (Sindhu aches that are ecofriendly for the control of weeds. et al., 2017). The composition of root exudates varies Naturally-occurring rhizosphere microorganisms have between plant species and cultivars, plant age and the the potential to suppress the weed growth through al- developmental stage. The physico-chemical properties teration of the rhizosphere ecosystem (Charudattan of soils may also directly affect the growth of specific & Dinoor, 2000; Mohan Babu et al., 2003; Adetunji et microbes by creating niche environments that benefit al., 2019). These rhizosphere bacteria colonize the certain types of microbes and influence the availability root surface of weed seedlings and suppress the growth of plant root exudates. For instance, soil pH and nutrient of weed plants by reducing weed density, biomass availability (e.g. carbon, nitrogen, phosphate) have been and its seed production (Kremer & Kennedy, 1996). found to affect the abundance of crop pathogenic bact- Many rhizobacterial strains including Pseudomonas eria, fungi and nematodes as well as beneficial microbes aeruginosa, Flavobacterium spp., Erwinia herbicola, (Lareen et al., 2016). Recent advances in plant-microbe Alcaligenes spp., Xanthomonas campestris pv. poannua, interactions revealed that plants are able to mani- Pseudomonas
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