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Kamari Maxine Clarke NEW SPHERES of TRANSNATIONAL FORMATIONS: MOBILIZATIONS of HUMANITARIAN DIASPORAS

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Kamari Maxine Clarke NEW SPHERES of TRANSNATIONAL FORMATIONS: MOBILIZATIONS of HUMANITARIAN DIASPORAS Kamari Maxine Clarke NEW SPHERES OF TRANSNATIONAL FORMATIONS: MOBILIZATIONS OF HUMANITARIAN DIASPORAS The subject of this article is the reinscription of a new Analysis of Philosophy and Issues in Africa and diaspora in the public sphere by which governments the Diaspora, founded in 2001 and edited by philoso- and multilateral institutions are mobilizing. The fol- pher Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze, explored ‘‘pluralistic lowing argues that these kinds of mobilizations have experiences of Africa and the Black Diaspora had the effect of subverting traditional approaches to from both universal and comparative points of diasporic linkage that in African and African Ameri- view,’’2 fostering interdisciplinarity and intellectual can studies have privileged trans-Atlantic slavery and engagements with African-descended communities. its consequent social dislocations and led to the mar- Both leading journals, international in scope and ginalization of other forced and voluntary diasporic engagement, have elicited original and critical linkages. As this article argues, one such movement pieces that further interpellate diasporic traditions often excluded from popular diasporic theories in the of thought. Black Atlantic region represents new types of eco- Over the past decade, a range of publishers have nomic linkages being deployed alongside various UN supported the 21st century emergence of new, rele- stakeholders and members of business communities of vant themes that update the scholarship of diaspora the Global South. These formations carry the mission studies, reinstating use of the word, and broadening of developing concrete goals to end global poverty its terms of inclusion in order to problematize its bi- through eradicating war and developing new diasporic nary conception of origins and sites of dispersal. In projects that will accelerate economic growth in the these articulations, scholars have extended the ter- South. The author calls for a rethinking of the con- rain of African American and Africana studies by temporary processes that are at play in diasporic creating a widening field of engagement that makes invocations of a post-9/11 period and shows how the the Africa in ‘‘African American’’ present. Many call for nationals abroad to invest in their ‘‘home’’ scholars of black Atlantic theorizing have moved countries is being used to create new diasporic link- away from the language of diaspora and to instead ages. In this regard, the article introduces the notion of articulate the linkage between and movement of humanitarian diasporas in an effort to rethink trans- people and things across various national states as atlantic slavery as the central basis for conceptualizing transnational (Brown 2005; Clarke 2007; Holsey the starting place of African diasporic theorizing in the 2007; Olupona 2008; Zeleza 2005). Some are re- North American Academy. thinking the relevance of diaspora in contexts that KEYWORDS: humanitarian diasporas, trans- insist on the political and economic hierarchies at national mobilizations, rethinking diaspora play (Axel 2004; Clarke and Thomas 2006; Edwards 2003; Van Hear 1998). And many others have intro- duced new metaphors for exploring black Atlantic ties such as circum Atlantic linkages (Roach 1996), SPECTERS OF LOSS: RETHINKING THE and Black Atlantic (Gilroy 1993; Thompson, 1984), FICTION OF DIASPORA Black Atlantic dialogs (Codrington 2006; Matory The concept of ‘‘diaspora’’1 continues to be among 2005; Yelvington 2001) and diasporic identification the most controversial and evolving for scholars to- as politics (Gordon and Anderson 1999; Zeleza day. The journal Diaspora,editedbyKhachig 2006). At the same time, various powerful corpora- To¨lo¨lyan, which had a wide and successful circulation tions, funding agencies, United Nations (UN) think for over a decade, identified the term in relation to its tanks and powerful international bodies interested in larger semantic domain, including such words as the future of economies from the Global South have ‘‘immigrant, expatriate, refugee, guest-worker, exile also begun to take notice of the diversity of diasporic community, overseas community, ethnic commu- formations and the powerful economic realities that nity’’ (To¨lo¨lyan 1991:5;1996). Philosophia Africana: their alliances produce. In places throughout Africa, Transforming Anthropology, Vol. 18, Number 1, pp. 48–65, ISSN 1051-0559, electronic ISSN 1548-7466. & 2010 by the American Anthropological Association. All rights reserved. 48 DOI: 10.1111/j.1548-7466.2010.01074.x. Latin America, and the Caribbean as well as Asia, American studies programs throughout the United remittances being sent home on a regular basis con- States have been slow to reframe the study of dia- stitute the making of diasporic linkages between sporic formations so as to detail the different ways hometown regions and cities and towns in the North that the language of diaspora is being articulated in (Naı´m 2002; Newland 2004). the contemporary present. Rather, academic schol- Yet, in the midst of all this rethinking, a parallel arship on black American social life has dispro- revival of the language of diaspora has been pro- portionately studied the ‘‘African diaspora’’ through mulgated in the black world by new public the prism of particular identity, religion, music, and institutional agents of change. African activists, performance in which the most recent shift has in- NGO and humanitarian workers, donors, and state volved the exploration of Afro-Atlantic ‘‘dialogues’’ functionaries whose formation diverges from that of highlighting mutual engagements with histories of popular black Atlantic ontologies, these agents are slavery among those of the contemporary circum- laying claim to black diasporic language that en- Atlantic region (cf. Scott 1991; Yelvington 2006). gages a new ontology of diaspora quite different A result of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, among from that of the modernity of Western trans-Atlan- other processes, created the potential for a world- tic slavery. This new ontology underscores the wide black ‘‘community,’’ and that which has more formation of a postcoloniality in particular African recently been created through the post-World War states in which a global capitalist permissiveness un- II, and especially post-1965, proliferation of trans- derlies ongoing resource wars, and where there exists national migration (Pierre 2006; Thomas 2004; an exponential rise in more human fatalities that the Trouillot 2003), what is needed today more than ever past century has seen since the second world war. is a scholarly agenda committed to rethinking the Within this context, I want to reevaluate the category of the black diasporaFincluding the spec- centrality of both trans-Atlantic slavery and race as ificities of migration, transnational travel, and the single most important problem of the West in the refugeeism that are part of its contextFbut that also 20th century, in order to detach and reattach a new includes the realities of militarization, poverty, exile, ontology of sub-Saharan Africa in crisis to African and death that are central to sub-Saharan African America. In the 21st century, it is not only the color histories and contemporary networks. line that summons our urgent attention, but also the crisis of death and global complicity to live and let DIASPORIC HUMANITARIANISM die. The dilemma of various weakened African state The plunder of Africa used to build Europe and polities whose significant economic and political de- North America along with its system of racial exclu- cisions are brokered outside of the country with sion is being redirected and is producing a new international donors and institutions, must be seen diasporic subject in Africa and beyond. A response alongside diasporic survivors of slavery in the to this dynamic is the emergence of a new movement. Americas whose ontological formation emerged This formation, which I call ‘‘diasporic humanitari- from a pre-Westphalian order. Yet while this com- anism,’’ reflects new collaborations between those of parative evaluation points to the central divergence the Global South with institutions of international of relationships in transition, it insufficiently ad- power whose mission is tied to the protection of hu- dresses their pressing need for analytic attention. man rights, the eradication of poverty, and the In sub-Saharan Africa, the after effects of struc- related protection of victims. Early humanitarian tural adjustment, in addition to the liberalization of ideas were certainly at the heart of legitimizing slav- trade and struggle over resources, are leading to a ery and subsequent colonial encounters and over rise in the military industrial complex in which death time these forms of humanitarianism have both from civil wars and the debilitating of Africa’s states produced the condition for the eradication of slavery have all contributed to poverty, unrest, and conflict as well as the condition for the maintenance of new in the African postcolony. A range of African-based forms of inequality (see also de Waal 2007; Fadlalla programs has been developed alongside those in the 2008, 2009; Mamdani 2009). To understand this new international community to produce new economic emergence of diasporic humanitarianism, its rheto- opportunities between various African business ric, purpose, and institutional power is to recognize people and their diasporic counterparts abroad. Yet the ways that new global nodes of economic inter- interestingly,
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