Abou El Fadl, Khaled, 161–163 Abubakar, Yakubu, 206

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-71779-3 - Fictions of Justice: The International Criminal Court and the Challenge of Legal Pluralism in Sub-Saharan Africa Kamari Maxine Clarke Index More information

INDEX

Abou el Fadl, Khaled, 161–163 militarization of, 48 Abubakar, Yakubu, 206 mining in, 73–74 Accountability, 23–24, 152 oil in, 74–75 Acholi people, 122–123, 125–126 ratification of Rome Statute in, 70–73 Action Aid–Nigeria, 83–84 resource-based conflicts, 45–46 Actus reus, 168 resource extraction in, 73–75 Adultery under Sharia, 195–198, 206, “scramble for Africa,” 47–48 211, 228 sovereignty in postcolonial Africa, Afako, Barney, 125 142–143 Africa. See also specific nation “specters of justice” in, 115–116 Christianity in, 73 “tribunalization of violence” in, Cold War, effect of end of, 45–46, 36–37, 45, 94–96, 116 78–79 unequal distribution of power in, corruption in, 78–79 142 development associations in, 73 African Charter on Human and People’s elites, role of, 142 Rights, 178–179 environmental issues, 74 African Union, 71–72 expectations of modernity in, 46–47 Agamben, Giorgio, 119–120, 141, 143 external management of violence, Agbopke, Sandrine, 218 114–115 Aggression, selection for ICC ICC focus on, 95–96 jurisdiction, 55–57, 59 imagery of, 115 Akayesu, Jean-Paul, 13–14 inequality in, 7–8 Albanians, ethnic cleansing of, 9–10 international law, as source of Alhassan, Abdulrahman, 197 innovations in, 76 Ali bin Dunama, 188 Islam in, 73 Ali Ghazi, 188 land use issues, 74 al-Khuruj, 162–163, 169 liberalism, limitations of, 116 Allah, 153–154, 161–162, 166, 214–215, loans to, 78–79 221

307

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-71779-3 - Fictions of Justice: The International Criminal Court and the Challenge of Legal Pluralism in Sub-Saharan Africa Kamari Maxine Clarke Index More information

INDEX

Allen, Tim, 20–22 Bigombe, Betty, 130–132 American Bar Association, 225 Bilateral immunity agreements, 37 American Convention on Human Biopolitics Rights, 178–179 Coalition for the International Americas Watch, 85 Criminal Court and, 67–68 Amin, Rizgar Mohammed, 38 mass violence and, 59–61 Amina. See Lawal, Amina necropolitics compared, 59–61 Amnesty International NGOs and, 61–62 amnesty in Uganda and, 132, 139–140 Boas, Frank, 155–156 CICC, role in, 66 Bockarie, Sam, 15–16 implementation of Rome Statute and, Body Shop International, 84–85 86–87 Bourdieu, Pierre, 51–52 Lawal and Hussaini cases, on, 207, Bretton Woods Institutions, 78–79 219–220 Brilmayer, Lea, 117–118 Nigerian NGOs and, 83–84 Brima, Alex Tamba, 15–16 overview, 85 British Broadcasting Corporation, 207 social services, promotion of British Council, 83–84 investment in, 74–75 Brooks, Daphne, 12–13 Amnesty in Uganda. See Uganda Burundi, ICC investigations in, 95 Anderson, Janet, 130–131 Bush, George W., 37–38 Anderson, Kenneth, 64–65 Anglican Church, 130 Cambodia, Extraordinary Chambers in Annan, Koﬁ, 3, 91, 120–121 the Courts of, 4–5 Anthropology Canada, donations to NGOs, 83 command responsibility and, 105 Canadian Social Research, 218–219 cultural relativism and, 155–156, Capitalism 233–234 donor capitalism (See Donor legal anthropology, 24, 112–114, 156 capitalism) legal pluralism and, 113–114, 233–234 religion and, 174–176 moral economies and, 53–54 rule of law and, 25–26 religion and, 187 Carnegie Foundation, 77, 82–83 universality principle and, 233 CBOs. See Community-based Apartheid, 56–58 organizations (CBOs) “Apparitions.” See “Specters of justice” Celebiˇ ci´ case, 107 Aristotle, 173 Central African Republic, ICC Asad, Talal, 172–174, 187 investigations in, 19, 71–72, 95 Asia Watch, 85 Chad, oil in, 74–75 Austria, on terrorism as international Chatterjee, Partha, 143–144 crime, 58–59 Chayes, Abram, 140–141 Chayes, Antonia Handler, 140–141 “Bare life,” 119–121, 142–143 Chege, Michael, 80 Bashir, Omar Hassan Ahmad al-, 19 Cherkaoui, Hicham, 69–70 Bello Sanyinawal, Muhammad, 206 Child soldiers Benaissa, Mohamed, 69 command responsibility and, 99–100 Benjamin, Walter, 217–218 crimes against humanity, use of as, Berkeley Law Project, 113 90–91 Berman, Paul, 117–119 DRC, in, 1, 18–19

308

INDEX

humanitarianism and, 108 ICTY and, 11–12, 107 imagery of, 115 knowledge requirement, 106–107 individual responsibility and, 92–93 limitations of, 19–25, 112 Lubanga and, 89–92, 102–105 Lubanga and, 98–100, 102–105, 107 moral reaction to, 108–109 Miloˇsevicand,´ 11–12 negation of responsibility, 91–92 operationalization of, 98–99 Rome Statute, under, 90, 94 overview, 3 Sierra Leone, in, 90–91 reconciliation contrasted, 99–100 “specters of justice” and, 90–94, 105, Rome Statute, under, 98–99, 106–107 107–108 root causes of violence and, 2–3, testimony, problems of, 93–94 19–25, 108–109 victim versus perpetrator, 92 “specters of justice” and, 98–100 war crimes, use of as, 89–91 suffering of victims, relevance of, 105 Christianity testimony regarding, 102–105 Africa, in, 73 Commission of the European Union, amnesty in Uganda, role in, 129–130 84–85 basis of international law, as, 166 Community-based organizations human rights, influence on, 173 (CBOs), 64–69 justice making and, 144–145 Complementary nature of ICC, 35 CICC. See Coalition for the Compliance with Rome Statue, ensuring, International Criminal Court 72–73, 133–134 (CICC) Comte, Auguste, 172–173 Classification of crimes, political nature Conflicting notions of justice, 6–7 of, 170 Congo, Democratic Republic of (DRC) Clinton, Bill, 37 child soldiers in, 1, 18–19 Coalition for the International Criminal Forces Armees´ Congolaise, 97 Court (CICC) Forces Patriotiques pour la Liberation´ amnesty in Uganda and, 132–133 du Congo, 89–90, 101–102 biopolitics and, 67–68 ICC investigations in, 18–19, 71–72, compliance, ensuring, 72–73 95 creation, 66 Mouvement pour la Liberation´ du liberalism and, 66–67 Congo, 97 process and techniques, 67–68 Rassemblement Congolais pour la scope of, 66 Democratie,´ 97 Sharia, attitude toward, 232 Rome Statute and, 97–98, 100 Codification of offenses, 18 Union des Patriotes Congolais, 89–90, Cold War 101 Africa, effect of end on, 45–46, 78–79 violence in, 96–98 liberalism, effect of end on, 46 war crimes in, 89–90 Colonialism, 56–57, 75, 189–191 Convention for the Protection of Human Comaroff, Jean, 112 Rights and Fundamental Comaroff, John, 112–113 Freedoms, 178 Comic Relief Charity Project, 84–85 Convention on the Rights of the Child, Command responsibility 90 anthropology and, 105 Cord Aid, 83–84 child soldiers and, 99–100 Corruption in Africa, 78–79 demonization of leader, 108–109 Costs of justice, 62–63

309

INDEX

Cover, Robert, 117–118 DRC. See Congo, Democratic Republic Creation of ICC, 55, 94 of (DRC) Crimes against humanity Drug trafﬁcking, 56–59 child soldiers, use of, 90–91 Darfur, in, 19 Elements of Crimes, 56 intentionality in, 164 Elites selection for ICC jurisdiction, 55–57, Africa, role in, 142 59 cosmopolitan elite, rise of, 63–64 Sharia and, 194–195 decentralization, role in rise of, 64–65 Critical transnational legal pluralism, legal elites, rise of, 65 235–240 role of, 18 Croatians, ethnic cleansing of, 9–10 Encounter model, 31 Culpability, 165–166, 168 Environmental damage, 56–57 Culturalist approach to international Environmental issues, 74 law, 239–240 “Epistemic community,” 87–88 Cultural relativism, 155–156, 233–234 Ethnic cleansing, 9–10 European Convention on Human Daniel, Isioma, 157–158, 167, 170–171 Rights, 178 Danish Centre for Human Rights, 83–84 European Union, 84–85 Darfur Exclusion of crimes from ICC arrest warrants in, 19 jurisdiction, 57–59 crimes against humanity in, 19 Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of genocide in, 19 Cambodia, 4–5 ICC investigations in, 18–19, 36, 71–72, 95 Faier, Lieba, 31, 48–49 Death penalty, 20–22, 213 Faith versus religion, 189, 198–199 de Fontenay, Genevieve, 218 Fatwa, 157 Delalic´ case, 107 Fed´ eration´ Internationale des Droites de Derrida, Jacques, 8–9, 22–23, 94, 111, l’Homme, 207 147–148, 204 Fees for ICC, 62 Development associations, 73 Feminism Dicker, Richard, 138–139 Lawal and Hussaini cases, reaction to, Dictatorships, effect on NGO funding, 218–224 77–78 Sharia, attitude toward, 208–211, Dispute processes, 113 213–214, 232 Diversity in conceptions of justice, 121 Feminist Majority Foundation, Doctors without Borders, 74–75 218–219 Domestication of international law, Ferguson, James, 46–47, 87 51–52, 117–118 Fictions Donor capitalism rule of law, 34–36 bilateral governmental donors, 83 “specters of justice,” 20–22 coalitions and, 86–87 Fiqh school of jurisprudence, 196–197, governance, role in, 86 201 human rights agenda and, 85–86 Flamme, Jean, 1–3 overview, 81–82 Fofana, Moinina, 15–16 private foundations, 82–83 Ford Foundation, 76–77, 82–85 Donor dancing, 81 Fornication under Sharia, 195–198, 228

310

INDEX

Foucault, Michel, 13, 49–50, 59–61, 68, Humanitarianism 217–218 child soldiers and, 108 Founding moments, 54 hegemony of, 110–111 France justice making and, 111 Declaration of the Rights of Man and moral economies and, 112, 145–146 the Citizen, 176 ontology of, 109–112 French Revolution, 176 primacy of, 110 “Friction,” 31 rise of, 49 Funding pools, 68–69 use of force in furtherance of, 180 Human rights Gates Foundation, 82–83 Christianity, inﬂuence of, 173 Gbao, Augustine, 15–16 critical approach to, need for, 235–236 Geertz, Clifford, 155–156 encounter model, 31 Gender rights, 208–211, 213–216 hegemony of, 209–210 General intent, 165 importance of, 8–9 Geneva Conventions, 55–56, 100, individual rights, characterized as, 138 174–178 Genocide limitations to models of, 33–34 Darfur, in, 19 micropractices and, 237–238 intentionality in, 164 models of, 30–32 Rwanda, in, 13–14 NGOs, human rights agenda and, selection for ICC jurisdiction, 55–57, 85–86 59 norm internalization model, 30–31 Genocide Convention, 164–165 punishment and, 221–222 Ghana, loans to, 79 sharia, human rights advocates and, Ghauri, Judge, 182 198 “Ghosts.” See “Specters of justice” truth regime, as, 170 Globalization vernacularization model, 31, 51, 118, cosmopolitan elite, and rise of, 63–64 236–237 decentralization and, 64–65 Western conceptions of, 178 Goodale, Mark, 18, 31 Human rights economy, 46 Grotius, Hugo, 174–175 Human Rights First, 66, 74–75, 83–85, 207 Haas, Peter, 87–88 Human Rights Watch, 66, 85–87, Hague Charter, 152–153 138–140, 207 Hannerz, Ulf, 63–64 Human Rights Watch–Switzerland, Hegemony 83–84 humanitarianism, of, 110–111 Hussaini, Saﬁya human rights paradigm, of, 209–210 death sentence against, 213 individual responsibility principle, of, defense of, 224 152 feminism and, 222–224 NGOs, of, 145 global reaction to trial of, 218 rule of law, of, 145 Sharia and, 214–215 secularism, of, 166–167 trial of, 206–209 Helsinki Watch, 85 Hussein, Saddam, 38 Hirsch, Susan, 20–22 Hutus, genocide by, 13–14 Hobbes, Thomas, 174–175 Hybrid forms of justice, 142

311

INDEX

Hyper-absence of state, 142 genocide, in, 164 Hyper-presence of state, 142 international law, in, 164–165 Islam and, 162–163 Ibrahim, Ahmadu, 197–203 political acts and, 167–168 Ibrahim, Hauwa, 198, 224–232 Rome Statute, under, 164–165 ICC. See specific topic sharia and, 163–164 ICTR. See International Criminal specific intent, 165 Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) war crimes, in, 164 ICTY. See International Criminal Western jurisprudence, in, 164 Tribunal for the Former Inter-American Development Bank, Yugoslavia (ICTY) 25–26 IMF. See International Monetary Fund International Bank for Reconstruction (IMF) and Development, 79 Immunity International Bar Association, 66 bilateral immunity agreements, 37 International Centre for Rights and Morocco, in, 69–70 Democratic Development, 84–85 Implementing legislation, 71 International Convention on Labor, Incommensurability 25–26 amnesty and, 119, 131, 135 International Covenant on Civil and command responsibility and, 19–25 Political Rights, 50–51 overview, 236–237 International Criminal Court (ICC). See politics of, 32 specific topic Sharia and, 151, 153, 183, 208–209, International Criminal Tribunal for 228 Rwanda (ICTR) truth regimes and, 26–27 Akayesu, indictment of, 13–14 India, on terrorism as international budgets, 62 crime, 58–59 creation of, 13–14 Individual responsibility criticism of, 15 child soldiers and, 92–93 humanitarianism and, 49 command responsibility (See individual responsibility, establishing, Command responsibility) 14–15 hegemony of, 152 overview, 4–5 ICTR establishing, 14–15 International Criminal Tribunal for the moral economies and, 49 Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) root causes of violence and, 54–55, budgets, 62 108–109 command responsibility and, 11–12, SCSL establishing, 16–17 107 Individual rights creation of, 10 human rights characterized as, extraterritorial law and, 11 174–178 humanitarianism and, 49 truth regime, as, 174–175 legitimacy of, 10–11 Institute for War and Peace Reporting, Miloˇsevic,´ indictment of, 9 130–131 overview, 4–5 Institutionalization of justice, 111–112 sovereignty and, 10–11 Intentionality International criminal tribunals crimes against humanity, in, 164 forerunner of ICC, as, 4–5 general intent, 165 rise of, 152–153

312

INDEX

International Development Research international law, influence on, Centre, 84–85 170–171 International law jihad, 157 Africa as source of innovations in, 76 legal pluralism and, 156–157 Christianity as basis of, 166 martyrdom in, 27–29 culturalist approach to, 239–240 oppression, response to, 161–162 domestication of, 51–52, 117–118 overview, 153–154 duty to prosecute international crimes, political dissent and, 161 138 qesas, 27 evolution of rights under, 151–152 secularism, as response to, 38–39, inequalities between nations and, 159–160 75–76 Sharia (See Sharia) intentionality in, 164–165 taking of life and, 27–29 Islam, influence of, 170–171 violence and liberalism, influence of, 170–171 appropriateness of violence in, limitations of, 147–148 157–158, 166–167 operationalization of, 6–7, 98–99, motivation for violence, importance 113–114 of, 162–163 primacy of, 34–35, 132–133 political nature of violence in, 159 sharia contrasted, 166 Ivory Coast, ICC investigations in, 95 sovereignty, relationship to, 176–177 trend toward, 75–76 Jihad, 157 victims in, 143 John (England), 174–175 World War II, effect of, 177 Jurisdiction of ICC, 94–95 International Law Commission, 55–57, Jurisprudence, development of, 3 164 Justice making International Monetary Fund (IMF) Christianity and, 144–145 Nigeria and, 184 humanitarianism and, 111 rule of law and, 25–26 legal pluralism and, 118–119 Structural Adjustment Programs, 78 political nature of, 24–25 Investigations by ICC, 18–19, 71–72, problems in, 238–239 95 sharia and, 203–204 Iran victims, role of, 109, 121–122 ICC accusations against, 26–27 “Justice talk,” 76–77, 177–178 qesas in, 27 revolution in, 159–160 Kabila, Joseph, 97, 100 Rome Statute and, 26–27 Kabila, Laurent-Desir´ e,´ 96–97 Sharia in, 26–27 Kallon, Morris, 15–16 Iraqi Special Tribunal, 4–5, 38 Kamara, Ibrahim Bazzy, 15–16 Islam Kanu, Santigie Borbor, 15–16 Africa, in, 73 Keck, Margaret, 30–31 al-Khuruj, 162–163, 169 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 159–160 fatwa, 157 Kisembo, Floribert, 102 fiqh school of jurisprudence, 196–197, Knowledge regimes, 49, 68 201 Koh, Harold, 30–32, 117–118 Five Pillars, 154 Kondewa, Allieu, 15–16 intentionality and, 162–163 Kony, Joseph, 35–36, 123–125, 137

313

INDEX

Koran. See Qur’an limitations of, 237, 240 Korea, on terrorism as international micropractices and, 5 crime, 58–59 NGOs and, 66–67 Koroma, Johnny Paul, 15–16 Sharia, influence on, 215 Kosovo, ethnic cleansing in, 9–10 United Nations, influence on, 177 Libya, on terrorism as international Land use issues, 74 crime, 58–59 Lasswell, Harold, 117 Loans Lawal, Amina Africa generally, 78–79 death sentence against, 213 Ghana, to, 79 defense of, 224–225 Sudan, to, 79 feminism and, 222–224 Locke, John, 173–175 global reaction to trial of, 218 Lomo, Zachary, 139–140 overview, 33 Lord’s Resistance Army. See Uganda Sharia and, 214–215 Lubanga Dyilo, Thomas trial of, 207–209, 211–213 arrest and extradition of, 100–101 “Law and globalization,” 117–118 child soldiers and, 89–92, 102–105 Lawyers Committee for Human Rights. command responsibility and, 98–100, See Human Rights First 102–105, 107 Lawyers without Borders, 225 defense of, 1–3 League of Nations, 177 demonization of, 104–105 Lebanon, on terrorism as international rule of law in trial of, 104–105 crime, 58–59 “spectacularization of justice” and, Legal anthropology, 24, 112–114, 156 236–237 Legal elites, rise of, 65 trial of, 18–19, 33 Legal pluralism war crimes and, 89–90 anthropology and, 113–114, 233–234 Lugard, Frederick, 189–191 balancing of competing systems, 171 Lukwiya, Raska, 35–36, 137 critical approach to, need for, Lusaka Accord, 97 235–236, 238–239 critical transnational legal pluralism, MacArthur Foundation, 77, 235–240 82–85 Islam and, 156–157 Maedar-Gould, Sindi, 223–224 justice making and, 118–119 Magna Carta, 174–175 legal anthropology and, 24, 156 Mahmood, Saba, 185–186 religion, influence of, 175 Mai Idris Alooma, 188 Sharia and, 187–188 Malaysia, on terrorism as international Legitimacy of ICC, 54 crime, 58–59 Leopold II (Belgium), 96 Mamdani, Mahmood, 191 Liberalism Managerial model, 140–141 Africa, limitations in, 116 Mao, Norbert, 121–122 CICC and, 66–67 Martyrdom, 27–29 Cold War, effect of end of, 46 Marxism, 172–173 failures of, 5–6 Mass violence individual agency and, 49–50 biopolitics and, 59–61 international law, influence on, focus on, 54–55 170–171 offenses of, 59

314

INDEX

Mato oput, 21–22, 35–36, 126–130 Morocco Mbembe, Achille, 59–61 immunity in, 69–70 McDougal, Myers, 117–118 Rome Statute and, 69–70 McGowan, Randall, 217–218 Muhammad, 153–154, 166, 214–215 Mens rea, 168 Mulenda, Franck, 101 Mercenaries, 56–57 Museveni, Yoweri, 35–36, 122–125, 135 Merry, Sally, 31–32, 51, 236–237 “Mystical foundations” of international Michael, Sarah, 80 justice, 8–9, 111 Micropractices biopolitics and, 59–62 (See also Nader, Laura, 113 Biopolitics) Nationalism, 75 donor capitalism, 81–87 (See also National Lotteries Charity Board, Donor capitalism) 84–85 human rights paradigm and, National Organization for Women, 237–238 218–219 importance of, 148 Natural law, 190 legitimization of, 238 Natural rights, 173 liberalism and, 5 Necropolitics, 59–61 necropolitics and, 59–61 Nelson Mandela Metropolitan overview, 13 University, 77 partnering for public services, 76–78 Netherlands, on terrorism as reconﬁguration of state practices, international crime, 58–59 75–76 New Haven School of International Militarization of Africa, 48 Law, 117–119 Military tribunals, 38 New Partnership for Africa’s Miloˇsevic,´ Slobodan Development, 77 command responsibility and, 11–12 “New sovereignty,” 140–141 extraterritorial law and, 11 NGOs. See Nongovernmental indictment of, 4–5, 9 organizations (NGOs) legitimacy of ICTY and defense of, Nigeria 10–11 BAOBAR for Women’s Human sovereignty and defense of, 10–11 Rights, 206–207, 223–224 Mining in Africa, 73–74 British colonialism in, 189–191 Misereor–EZE, 83–84 burden of proof in, 228 Miss World pageant, 157 Centre for Democracy and Mohammad, Yahaya, 207, 211–212 Development, 84–85 MONUC, 97 Civil Liberties Organization, 83–84 Moral economies Constitution, 215–216, 226, 228–229 anthropology and, 53–54 Constitutional Conference of 1950, generally, 52–53 191–192 humanitarianism and, 112, 145–146 Constitutional Conference of 1957, individual responsibility, of, 49 192–193 praxeology and, 49–51 Criminal Code, 191–193 rule of law and, 48–49 Criminal Procedure Code, 193–194 victims and, 105–109 Customary Courts, 189–190, 226–227 Moreno-Ocampo, Luis, 36, 100, 124 “decentralized despotism” in, 191 Moroccan Coalition, 66, 69 defenses in, 224–229

315

INDEX

Nigeria (cont.) zina, 195–198, 206–207, 211, 228 demographics of, 158–159 state religion, prohibition against, due process in, 229–230 215–216, 226 economy of, 184 stoning in, 213 gender rights in, 208–211, 213–214 Sunni revivalism in, 194–195 IMF and, 184 Women’s Aid Collective, 206–207 independence of, 191–192 Women’s Rights Advancement and legal system in, 184–185, 226–228 Protection Alternative, 207 location, 183–184 WorldBankand,184 Magistrate Courts, 226–227 Nigerian Coalition, 66, 72, 221 Native Courts, 189–192 9/11, 36–37 oil in, 183–184 Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) overview, 180–181, 204–205 ascendancy of, 79–80 Penal Code, 193–194 attorneys, partnership with, 225 population, 183–184 biopolitics and, 61–62 religion versus faith in, 189, 198–199 coalitions and, 86–87 revamping of courts in, 191–192 conditional funding from, 81 sectarian violence in, 157–158, cosmopolitan elite, rise of, 63–64 167–168 costs of justice and, 63 Sharia in decentralization, role in rise of, 64–65 adultery under, 195–198, 206, 211, dictatorships, effect on funding, 77–78 228 donor capitalism (See Donor complexity of, 185–186 capitalism) Constitution, conﬂict with, 226, donor dancing and, 81 229 funding pools, 68–69 Courts of Appeal, 193–194, governance, role in, 86 226–227 hegemony of, 145 economic gain as motivation for sin, human rights agenda and, 85–86 199–200 legal elites, rise of, 65 fornication under, 195–198, 228 liberalism and, 66–67 global reaction to, 208, 218 overview, 88 historical background, 188–189 process and techniques, 67–68 human rights advocates and, 198 prosecutorial reliance on, 2 introduction of, 193–194 “reverse agenda” and, 81 Lawal and Hussaini cases and, rule of law and, 49 214–215 Sharia, attitude toward, 232 legal pluralism and, 187–188 South-based NGOs, 83 overview, 27, 186–187 Uganda, in, 133–135 penal codes, 158–159 United Nations promotion of, 80 political Sharia, 160, 166, 183, weakness of postcolonial governments, 185–186, 198–199 effect of, 80–81 reform, efforts at, 229–232 WorldBankand,80 submission, importance of, Noninternational crimes, 89–90 201–203 Norman, Samuel Hinga, 15–16 temptation as motivation for sin, Norm-generating communities, 117 199–201 Norm internalization model, 30–31 theft, amputation for, 182–183 Norway, donations to NGOs, 83

316

INDEX

Ntaganda, Bosco, 102 Praxeology, 49–52, 186–187 Nuremberg Principles, 152–153 Preparatory Commissions, 18, 56 Nuremberg Tribunal, 55–56, 100 Prison Watch International, 83–84 Productive relation, 48–49, 180–181 Obasanjo, Olusegun, 184 “Project of markets,” 63 Obote, Milton, 122–123 Punishment Odama, John Baptist, 130–131 human rights advocates and, 221–222 Odhiambo, Okot, 35–36, 137 modern state and, 221 Office of the Prosecutor (OTP), 66, 95, religion and, 175–176, 221–222 100, 136–138 secular genealogies of, 217–218 Official development assistance, 80–81 secularism and, 221–222 Oil stoning as, 213 Chad, in, 74–75 Nigeria, in, 183–184 Qatar, on terrorism as international Okello, Tito, 122–123 crime, 58–59 Ongwen, Dominic, 35–36, 137 Qur’an, 153–154, 201–202, 211–212, Open Society Institute, 82 214–215, 221 Operationalization of international law, 6–7, 98–99, 113–114 Ratification of Rome Statute Organization of African Unity, 77 Africa, in, 70–73 Organization of American States, donor funding and, 73 178–179 generally, 70–71 OTP. See Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) implementing legislation, 71 Otti, Vincent, 35–36, 137 self-executing treaties, 71 Otto, James, 139–140 Rawlings, Jerry, 79 Overview, 39–41 Reconciliation in Uganda, 130–131 Reconfiguration of state practices, Pakistan, on terrorism as international 75–76 crime, 58–59 Refugee Law Project, 139–140 Pandolfi, Mariella, 235–236 Rehabilitative justice, 144–145, Partnering for public services, 76–78 216–217 Partnership to Strengthen African Reisman, Michael, 117 Universities, 77 Religion Perpetrators anthropology and, 187 child soldiers as, 92 capitalism and, 174–176 reintegration of, 122 Christianity (See Christianity) sovereignty and, 143–144 faith versus, 189, 198–199 Perry, Michael, 172 intersection with politics, 151 Persecution, 194–195 Islam (See Islam) Pluralism. See Legal pluralism legal pluralism, influence on, 175 Political economies martyrdom, 27–29 human rights, of, 8–9, 46 modern state, in, 187 rule of law, of, 48–49, 63 new social forms and, 30 Political Sharia, 160, 166, 183, 185–186, Nigeria, religion versus faith in, 189, 198–199 198–199 Povenelli, Elizabeth, 51–52 political power and, 27–29 Poverty, 92–93 punishment and, 175–176, 221–222

317

INDEX

Religion (cont.) individual responsibility and, 54–55, secularism and, 27, 172, 175–176 108–109 taking of life and, 27–29 intervention to prevent, 54 truth regime, as, 26–27 limited ability of ICC to address, uneven sociopolitical development 110–111 and, 29–30 poverty as, 92–93 Reparations, 62–63, 106 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 172–173 Resource extraction in Africa, 73–75 Royal Niger Company, 189 Restorative justice, 144–145, 216–217 Rule of law Retributive justice, 144–145, 216–217 capitalism and, 25–26 “Reverse agenda,” 81 conceptual sphere, as, 24 Riles, Annelise, 31 conflicting notions of justice, 6–7 Roberts, Simon, 113 critical approach to, need for, 235–236 Rockefeller Foundation, 77, 82–83 encounter model, 31 Rome Statute fiction of, 34–36 Article 7, 194–195 hegemony of, 145 Article 28, 165–166 ICC commitment to, 17–18 Article 53, 120–121, 136–137 importance of, 8–9 child soldiers under, 90, 94 limitations to models of, 33–34 command responsibility under, 98–99, Lubanga trial, in, 104–105 106–107 models of, 30–32 compliance, ensuring, 72–73, 133–134 moral economies and, 48–49 culpability under, 165–166, 168 need for new formulation, 6 DRC and, 97–98, 100 new agenda, development of, 51 duty to prosecute international crimes NGOs and, 49 under, 138 nonadherence to, 240 intentionality under, 164–165 norm internalization model, 30–31 Iran and, 26–27 overview, 23–24 jurisdiction under, 94–95 political economy of, 63 Morocco and, 69–70 secularism and, 25 Preamble, 138 social process, as, 24 ratification (See Ratification of Rome truth regime, as, 87 Statute) vernacularization model, 31, 51, 118, reparations under, 106 236–237 secularism in, 7, 171–172 WorldBankand,25–26 Senegal and, 71–72 Rules of Procedure and Evidence, 56, 106 Sharia, conflict with, 194–195 Russia, on terrorism as international South Africa and, 72 crime, 58–59 sovereignty and, 94–95, 153 Rwanda Sudan and, 36 genocide in, 13–14 Uganda and, 124–125, 133–134 ICTR (See International Criminal United States and, 37 Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)) victims’ rights under, 105–106, Rwandan Patriotic Army, 96–97 136–137 Root causes of violence Safiya. See Hussaini, Safiya command responsibility and, 2–3, Sani, Ahmed, 194 19–25, 108–109 Sankoh, Foday, 15–16

318

INDEX

Savo, Manase, 102 incommensurability and, 151, 153, “Scientific” investigations, 66 183, 208–209, 228 Schmitt, Carl, 143 international law contrasted, 166 Scott, James, 53–54 Iran, in, 26–27 “Scramble for Africa,” 47–48 justice making and, 203–204 SCSL. See Special Court for Sierra Leone Lawal and Hussaini cases and, (SCSL) 214–215 Secularism legal pluralism and, 187–188 defined, 172–173 liberal influences on, 215 hegemony of, 166–167 motivation for violence, importance historical background, 172–180 of, 163–164 Islam as response to, 38–39, 159–160 NGOs and, 232 political order and, 173–174 Nigeria, in (See Nigeria) presumptions of, 25 persecution and, 194–195 punishment and, 221–222 political sharia, 160, 166, 183, religion and, 27, 172, 175–176 185–186, 198–199 Rome Statute, in, 7, 171–172 qadis, 188, 191 rule of law and, 25 reactionary movement, viewed as, sovereignty, relationship to, 171 160–161 violence, secular versus nonsecular, reform, efforts at, 229–232 168–172 Rome Statute, conflict with, 194–195 Security Council submission, importance of, 201–203 Resolution 780, 10 temptation as motivation for sin, Resolution 808, 10 199–201 Resolution 827, 10 violence and, 169–170 Resolution 1593, 36 zina, 195–198, 206–207, 211, 228 tribunals of, 4–5 “Shariaization,” 182–188 use of force, authorizing, 179–180 Sierra Leone Selection of crimes for ICC jurisdiction, Armed Forces Revolutionary Council, 55–59 15, 90–91 Self-executing treaties, 71 child soldiers in, 90–91 Senegal, Rome Statute and, 71–72 Revolutionary United Front, 15, Sentencing. See Punishment 90–91 Sesay, Issa Hassan, 15–16 SCSL (See Special Court for Sierra Sharia Leone (SCSL)) adultery under, 195–198, 206, 211, violence in, 15 228 Sikkink, Kathryn, 30–31 CICC, attitude of, 232 “Simulacrum of governance,” 112 crimes against humanity and, 194–195 Social contract, 50–51, 174–175 cultural logic of, 214–215 Soros, George, 82 economic gain as motivation for sin, Soros Foundation, 82 199–200 South Africa, Rome Statute and, 72 feminist attitude toward, 208–211, Southern African Development 213–214, 232 Community, 73–74 fornication under, 195–198, 228 Sovereignty gender rights under, 215–216 challenges to, 140–148 historical background, 188–189 ICTY and, 10–11

319

INDEX

Sovereignty (cont.) terrorism as international crime, on, international law, relationship to, 58–59 176–177 Swedish International Development limitations of, 140–148 Agency, 84–85 Miloˇsevic,´ and defense of, 10–11 need for new conception of, 146 Taylor, Charles, 15–16, 90–91 “new sovereignty,” 140–141 “Technocratic instrumentalities,” 18, perpetrators and, 143–144 48–49 postcolonial Africa, in, 142–143 Ten Commandments, 123–124, 130 Rome Statute and, 94–95, 153 Terrorism, 56–59, 169 secularism, relationship to, 171 Thrice Round Pagan Community, transformation of, 10–11, 92–93 218–219 Uganda and, 132–133 Tokyo Tribunal, 100 victims and, 137, 143–144, 146–147 Torture Convention, 138 Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) Transformation of sovereignty, 10–11, creation of, 15 92–93 individual responsibility, establishing, “Tribunalization of violence” in Africa, 16–17 36–37, 45, 94–96, 116 other indictments by, 15–16 Trubek, David, 63 overview, 4–5 Truth and reconciliation commissions, Taylor, indictment of, 15–16 99–100 Speciﬁc intent, 165 Truth regimes “Spectacularization of justice,” 6, 12–13, competition among, 34, 180 39, 236–237 human rights as, 170 “Specters of justice” individual rights as, 174–175 Africa, in, 115–116 overview, 13 child soldiers and, 90–94, 105, religion as, 26–27 107–108 rule of law as, 87 command responsibility and, “technocratic instrumentalities” and, 98–100 48–49 ﬁction of, 20–22 vernacularization and, 148 victims and, 22–23, 110 Tsing, Anna, 31–32, 70, 131 “State of exception,” 141–142 Tutsis, genocide against, 13–14 Stoler, Ann, 13 Stoning, 213 UDHR. See Universal Declaration of Strategic translation, 236–237 Human Rights (UDHR) Strategic vernacularization, 232–233 Uganda Structural Adjustment Programs, 36–37, Acholi people, 122–123, 125–126 78–79, 179–180 Amnesty Act of 2000, 124–126, Suarez-Orozco,´ Marcelo, 142 132–135 Sudan Amnesty Commission, 125–126 Darfur (See Darfur) amnesty in loans to, 79 Christianity, role of, 129–130 Rome Statute and, 36 CICC and, 132–133 Sun City Agreement, 97 criticisms of traditional justice, Sweden 131–132 NGOs, donations to, 83 early legislation, 125

320

INDEX

ICC approach, conflict with, 35–36, United Nations 119–121, 131 attorneys, partnership with, 225 overview, 125 Charter, 179–180 choices facing, 135 Commission on Human Rights, Committee on Legal and 138 Parliamentary Affairs, 134 liberalism, influence of, 177 compliance with Rome Statute, NGOs, promotion of, 80 ensuring, 133–134 Security Council (See Security conflicting views on justice in, Council) 134–135 use of force, authorizing, 179–180 Holy Spirit Movement, 123–124 United States Human Rights Focus, 139–140 AFRICOM, 47–48 ICC investigations in, 18–19, 71–72, American Service-members’ 95 Protection Act, 37–38 judicial intervention, problems with, bilateral immunity agreements, 37 119–121 Bill of Rights, 176 Lord’s Resistance Army military tribunals, 38 arrest warrants for, 18–19 Nethercutt Amendment, 37–38 mato oput and, 127–130 NGOs, donations to, 83 peace talks with, 35–36, 132, Rome Statute and, 37 139–140 terrorism as international crime, on, retribution against, 128 58–59 violence committed by, 123–125 U.S. AID, 83–84 mato oput, 21–22, 35–36, 126–130 “War on Terror,” 36–37 National Liberation Army, 122–123 Universal Declaration of Human Rights National Resistance Movement, (UDHR), 50–51, 177–180, 122–123, 125 230 NGOs in, 133–135 Universality principle, 169, 230–234 overview, 119 Universal Ratification Campaign, People’s Democratic 66–67 Movement/Army, 123–125 Usman, Fatima, 197–201, 203 People’s Front/Army, 125 Uthman dan Fodio, 188 primacy of international law and, 132–133 Vernacularization model, 31, 51, 118, reconciliation in, 130–131 236–237 restorative justice in, 144–145 Victims Rome Statute and, 124–125, 133–134 agency of, 237 sovereignty and, 132–133 “bare life,” as, 119–121, 142–143 victims in child soldiers as, 92 “bare life,” as, 119–121 “crafting” of, 110 justice making, role in, 121–122 defense of, 13 overview, 20 exclusion of, 145–146 violence in, 123–125 gender and, 208–211, 213–214 Ugandan Coalition, 66, 72 imagery of, 109–110, 115 Umar Masarmba, 188 interests of state and, 136–137 United Kingdom, colonialism in Nigeria, international law, in, 143 189–191 justice making, role in, 109, 121–122

321

INDEX

Victims (cont.) victims of, 20–22 moral economies and, 105–109 Yugoslavia, in, 9–10 participation in proceedings, 106 Volkswagen Foundation, 77 poverty, of, 92–93 Volkswagen of South Africa, 77 Rome Statute, rights under, 105–106, 136–137 Walleyn, Luc, 101 sovereignty and, 137, 143–144, War crimes 146–147 child soldiers, use of, 89–91 “specters of justice” and, 20–22, 110 DRC, in, 89–90 suffering of, 20–22 intentionality in, 164 symbolic power of, 143 Lubanga and, 89–90 Uganda, in selection for ICC jurisdiction, 55–57, “bare life,” as, 119–121 59 justice making, role in, 121–122 “War on Terror,” 36–37 overview, 20 Weber, Max, 174–176 violence, of, 140–148 Westminster Foundation for Democracy, Victims’ Rights Working Group, 84–85 131–132 Withopf, Ekkehard, 101–102 Victims Trust Fund, 62–63, 72, 106 Women’s rights, 208–211, 213–216 Violence Working Capital Fund, 62 biopolitics and, 59–61 World Bank DRC, in, 96–98 attorneys, partnership with, 225 focus on, 54–55 NGOs and, 80 Islam and Nigeria and, 184 appropriateness of violence in, oil and, 74–75 157–158, 166–167 rule of law and, 25–26 motivation for violence, importance Structural Adjustment Programs, of, 162–163 36–37, 78 political nature of violence in, 159 World Economic Forum, 25–26 Lord’s Resistance Army, committed World Trade Organization, 25–26 by, 123–125 World War II, 177 nation-states, power of, 169–170 Nigeria, sectarian violence in, Yawuri, Aliyu Musa, 211–212, 157–158, 167–168 224–225 offenses of mass violence, 59 Yugoslavia root causes of (See Root causes of ethnic cleansing in, 9–10 violence) ICTY (See International Criminal Rwanda, in, 13–14 Tribunal for the Former secular versus nonsecular violence, Yugoslavia (ICTY)) 168–172 sharia and, 169–170 Zaire. See Congo, Democratic Republic Sierra Leone, in, 15 of (DRC) Sudan, in, 19 Zambian Coalition, 72 Uganda, in, 123–125 Zeleza, Paul, 27–29 universality principle and, 169, Zina, 195–198, 206–207, 211, 230–234 228

322