DOCSLIB.ORG

Field Notes on the Breeding Biology of the Dotterel Charadrius Morinellus in Arctic Norway

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Field Notes on the Breeding Biology of the Dotterel Charadrius Morinellus in Arctic Norway ORNIS SVECICA 21: 109–118, 2011 Field notes on the breeding biology of the Dotterel Charadrius morinellus in arctic Norway Fältnoteringar om häckningsbiologin hos fjällpipare Charadrius morinellus i arktiska Norge LUTZ LÜCKER, SIEGFRIED KRAATZ †, BÄRBEL KRAATZ Abstract From 2002 to 2010 twenty-four Dotterel nests were ob- Several nests were found less than 100 m apart. One bird served on Varangerfjell plateaus near Batsfjord. Females laid eggs in the same nest in 2 consecutive years. These definitely took part in incubation in 18 cases. However, findings complement previously published observations shared incubation could not be ruled out for the remain- and hypotheses. ing 6 nests. One female defended the chicks against her own partner before they left the nest. Another lone fe- male was seen leading 3 chicks for 5 days in a very small Lutz Lücker, CH-1213 Petit-Lancy/Geneva, 5, section of the study area, to our knowledge the only case Fort-Ecluse, email: [email protected] of a female with chicks outside the nest ever recorded. Bärbel Kraatz, D-17489 Greifswald, Hoher Weg 9a Received 15 May 2011, Accepted 1 August 2011, Editor: S. Svensson in order to see how faithful Dotterel are to former Introduction nesting territories. Dotterel females have been known to be polyan- Population density does not exceed 17 nests/100 drous for a long time (Berg 1917, Géroudet 1982, hectares (6 nests and 4 broods on 58 ha) on moun- Cramp & Simmons 1983, Owens et al. 1995), de- tain tops with restricted suitable habitat surface serting their males after egg-laying in order to lay (Pulliainen, Saari & Tunkkari 1992, Nethersole- more clutches (normally three eggs) with other Thompson 1973, Piersma & Wiersma 1996, Cramp males. Females may maintain a loose relationship & Simmons 1983). Dispersal of chicks after hatch- with the incubating male, especially to warn the ing is believed to be fast and over large distances male of potential dangers. Otherwise, very little is (Géroudet 1982). Generally, Dotterel are thought known about the role of females; only a few au- to be extremely confiding. Some authors (Cramp thors (Géroudet 1982, Cramp & Simmons 1983, & Simmons 1983, Géroudet 1982, Hable 1975) Nethersole-Thompson 1973) mention that some give the impression that sexing of adult birds is ex- females may occasionally take part in incubation, tremely difficult, even from a short distance. the only precise proportions recorded so far being The Dotterel seems to be common all over the 9 out of 27 nests on Hardangervidda in southern Varanger peninsula on uninhabited plateaus and Norway (Kalas & Byrkjedal 1984) and 4 out of slopes which are not too steep, between 320 and 32 nests on Värriötunturi in Finland (Pulliainen 420 m. above sea level. More than 1800 km2 of the & Saari 1997). However, there are no records of area is now a national park with strict protection of females attending chicks after leaving the nest, or this species. It is one of the largest virtually treeless double-clutching (male and female incubating two areas in Fennoscandia, home to endangered species clutches, which occurs with Mountain Plover Cha- like Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus and Arctic Fox radrius montanus (Cramp & Simmons 1983) and Alopex lagopus, as well as an important moulting certain Calidris species (Maynard Smith 1978). site for Bean Geese Anser fabalis (Aarvak & Øien Site fidelity is believed to be weak (Cramp & 2009). Here the Dotterel reaches the northernmost Simmons 1983, Hable 1975), but each year we fringe of its distribution. Unfortunately, even these systematically tried to findthe location of old nests seemingly virgin habitats might be threatened by 109 indirect effects of climate change. Lemming peaks Our observations led us to four more issues: have become scarce and irregular (Kausrud et al. – Are females also able to take care of chicks dur- 2008), and some of their traditional predators like ing and after hatching? skuas have to forage on wader or grouse chicks and – Could double-clutching be proved? eggs. Red foxes Vulpes vulpes hunt at higher alti- – Do all Dotterel have the same confidingattitude tudes, endangering both arctic foxes and breeding near their nests? birds in these fell habitats. – Was there any evidence of site fidelity between One of our research motivations was the fact that years? the number of Dotterel have decreased dramatical- ly since the 1950–1970s (Saari 1995) and figure as Material and methods “near threatened” on the Finnish Red List (Rassi et al. 2010). In spite of its decline the Dotterel is still Study areas a species of least concern for IUCN (Birdlife In- Our study areas were less than 1800 m from road ternational 2009) since the world-wide population 891 which leads from Gednje T-junction to Bats- is estimated to be somewhere between 49,000 and fjord at 70°32’N / 29°22’E. Nests were found 210,000 birds (Wetlands International 2002). Nev- between 320 and 420 m. a.s.l. in only inch-high ertheless our firstpriority was conservation and we vegetation of Salix glandulosa, Salix herbacea, always tried to disturb the birds as little as possible. Loiseleuria procumbens, Silene acaulis, Arctostap- In the Varanger type of habitat Dotterel nests hylos uva-ursi, Cladonia rangiferina and Vacci- are to be found in the vicinity of nests or territo- nium myrtillus. Frequently eggs are laid next to a ries of Ptarmigan Lagopus mutus, Ringed Plover house brick-sized stone, covered with Rhizocarpon Charadrius hiaticula, Golden Plover Pluvialis geographicum and other lichens. The approximate apricaria, Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima, size of the three areas where nests were found is 35 Temminck’s Stint Calidris temminckii, Turnstone + 75 + 25 (= 135) hectares, to which we may add Arenaria interpres, Shorelark Eremophila alpest- another 60 ha of identical habitat that was system- ris, Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe, La- atically searched but with no success. pland Bunting Calcarius lapponicus and Snow Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis. Potential predators of eggs and chicks, such as Arctic Skua Stercora- Data collecting rius parasiticus and Long-tailed Skua Stercorarius When we firstmet in early July 2002, Siegfried and longicaudus, may breed within 400 m of the near- Bärbel Kraatz had started observing their second est Dotterel nest. Dotterel clutch where male and female were shar- Other occasional or rare threats include Gyr- ing incubation. We found four more such pairs in falcon, very rare, Merlin Falco columbarius and 2004 and Siegfried, in spite of his declining health, Rough-legged Buzzard Buteo lagopus, both rare found two more in 2005. Shortly before his pre- above the tree-line, Golden Eagle Aquila chry- mature death he wrote his second article on incu- saëtos, rare, and Snowy Owl Nyctea scandiaca, bation-sharing female Dotterel (Kraatz & Kraatz only recorded in July 2003. Raven Corvus corax 2004, 2006). From 2007 to July 2010 Bärbel Kraatz and Herring Gull Larus argentatus are no threat to and I returned to our study areas each year to ex- adult Dotterel. We observed Red Fox three times tend our knowledge of this practice. The length of above 320 m. a.s.l., Arctic Fox was recorded only our 10 stays went from 6 to 43 days (mean: 26,5 once, and Stoat Mustela erminea were not seen an- days; see Table 1). nually; they are rare except during Lemming peaks Throughout the study period sampling was dif- (which we only noticed in 2008 before mid-June). ficult and irregular. In six years we only arrived Once we found fox sp. droppings in a nest that had after the 27 June when most clutches had been laid. been used a year earlier. On the other hand, Rein- In seven years we had to leave by 25 July, before deer Rangifer tarandus can be quite numerous in the last clutches had hatched. Thus, we could not July (a trampled Dotterel nest was found in 2008). check if females continued or resumed their par- ticipation until or after hatching. In 2004 and 2005 The main questions we wanted to answer in our Siegfried’s health problems did not allow him to study were: study the birds regularly. Weather conditions made – How common is female participation in incuba- field work often difficult, as snow storms or show- tion in this area? ers occurred even in June or July, as well as thick – How long do females participate in incubation? coastal fog and 25 m/sec gales, which made stand- 110 Table 1. Observation periods, and data on participation by the different sexes in chick attendance. Observationsperioder samt data om deltagande i omvårdnaden av ungarna för de olika könen. Year Observation period Nests with female Nests with no No. of cases No. of cases (no. of days) participation proved female with chicks with chicks (no. of days with participation attended by attended by female on nest) male from female from unknown nest unknown nest Observationsperiod Bon med hona Bon utan Antal fall med Antal fall med (antal dagar) deltagande (antal bevisat ungar vårdade ungar vårdade dagar med honan deltagande av av hane från av hona från på boet) honan okänt bo okänt bo 2001 13 Jun–8 Jul (26) 1 (10) 2002 6 Jun–9 Jul (34) 1 (13) 2003 7–11 and 29 Jul (6) 1 1 2004 27 May–8 Jul (43) 4 (1,6, 8, 8) 1 2005 28 Jun–8 Jul (11) 1 (8) 1 2006 5–13 Jul (9) 2007 28 Jun–22 Jul (25) 1 (1) 2 2008 18 Jun–22Jul (35) 3 (6, 9, 16) 1 2009 26 Jun–25 Jul (30) 3 (3, 3,11) 1 1 1 2010 28 Jun–31 Jul (34) 4 (1, 1, 3, 8) 3 Total 265 days 18 (116 days) 6 6 1 Mean 26.5 days 6.42 days Range 6–43 days 1–16 days 1–2 1–3 ardized sampling just impossible.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Wrybill <I>Anarhynchus Frontalis</I>: a Brief Review of Status, Threats and Work in Progress
    The Wrybill Anarhynchus frontalis: a brief review of status, threats and work in progress ADRIAN C. RIEGEN '1 & JOHN E. DOWDING 2 •231 ForestHill Road, Waiatarua, Auckland 8, NewZealand, e-maih riegen @xtra.co. nz; 2p.o. BOX36-274, Merivale, Christchurch 8030, New Zealand, e-maih [email protected]. nz Riegen,A.C. & Dowding, J.E. 2003. The Wrybill Anarhynchusfrontalis:a brief review of status,threats and work in progress.Wader Study Group Bull. 100: 20-24. The Wrybill is a threatenedplover endemic to New Zealandand unique in havinga bill curvedto the right.It is specializedfor breedingon bareshingle in thebraided riverbeds of Canterburyand Otago in the SouthIsland. After breeding,almost the entirepopulation migrates north and wintersin the harboursaround Auckland. The speciesis classifiedas Vulnerable. Based on countsof winteringflocks, the population currently appears to number4,500-5,000 individuals.However, countingproblems mean that trendsare difficult to determine. The mainthreats to theWrybill arebelieved to be predationon thebreeding grounds, degradation of breeding habitat,and floodingof nests.In a recentstudy in the MackenzieBasin, predation by introducedmammals (mainly stoats,cats and possibly ferrets) had a substantialimpact on Wrybill survivaland productivity. Prey- switchingby predatorsfollowing the introductionof rabbithaemorrhagic disease in 1997 probablyincreased predationrates on breedingwaders. A recentstudy of stoatsin the TasmanRiver showedthat 11% of stoat densexamined contained Wrybill remains.Breeding habitat is beinglost in somerivers and degraded in oth- ers,mainly by waterabstraction and flow manipulation,invasion of weeds,and human recreational use. Flood- ing causessome loss of nestsbut is alsobeneficial, keeping nesting areas weed-free. The breedingrange of the speciesappears to be contractingand fragmenting, with the bulk of the popula- tion now breedingin three large catchments.
    [Show full text]
  • The First Record of Common Ringed Plover (Charadrius Hiaticula) in British Columbia
    The First Record of Common Ringed Plover (Charadrius hiaticula) in British Columbia. By Rick Toochin. Submitted: April 15, 2019. Introduction and Distribution The Common Ringed Plover (Charadrius hiaticula) is a widespread Old World shorebird species that is found breeding in the Arctic and subarctic regions from Greenland, Europe, east to Siberia (O’Brien et al. 2006). In North America, this species breeds on Baffin Island, eastern Ellesmere Island (Godfrey 1986). The Common Ringed Plover winters primarily from Western Europe, the Mediterranean Basin, throughout Africa, including Madagascar, and the Middle East (Hayman et al. 1986, O’Brien et al. 2006, Brazil 2009). There are three recognized subspecies of the Common Ringed Plover (Thies et al. 2018). Distinction between the subspecies is based on moult; with features changing clinally North to South, rather than East to West, making it impossible to draw a dividing line in Northwestern Europe (del Hoyo et al. 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998). The nominate subspecies of Common Ringed Plover is (C. h. hiaticula ) which breeds from southern Scandinavia to Great Britain, and northwestern France (Wiersma et al. 2019). This subspecies winters from Great Britain, south into Africa (del Hoyo et al. 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998). The second subspecies of the Common Ringed Plover is (C. h. tundrae) which is found breeding from northern Scandinavia, and northern Russia east to the Chukotskiy Peninsula, and is a casual breeder also in the northern Bering Sea region of Alaska on St Lawrence Island (Wiersma et al. 2019). This subspecies winters in the Caspian Sea region, and from Southwest Asia, south and east to South Africa (Wiersma et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Migratory Birds Index
    CAFF Assessment Series Report September 2015 Arctic Species Trend Index: Migratory Birds Index ARCTIC COUNCIL Acknowledgements CAFF Designated Agencies: • Norwegian Environment Agency, Trondheim, Norway • Environment Canada, Ottawa, Canada • Faroese Museum of Natural History, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands (Kingdom of Denmark) • Finnish Ministry of the Environment, Helsinki, Finland • Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Reykjavik, Iceland • Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Greenland • Russian Federation Ministry of Natural Resources, Moscow, Russia • Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, Sweden • United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska CAFF Permanent Participant Organizations: • Aleut International Association (AIA) • Arctic Athabaskan Council (AAC) • Gwich’in Council International (GCI) • Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) • Russian Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON) • Saami Council This publication should be cited as: Deinet, S., Zöckler, C., Jacoby, D., Tresize, E., Marconi, V., McRae, L., Svobods, M., & Barry, T. (2015). The Arctic Species Trend Index: Migratory Birds Index. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-44-8 Cover photo: Arctic tern. Photo: Mark Medcalf/Shutterstock.com Back cover: Red knot. Photo: USFWS/Flickr Design and layout: Courtney Price For more information please contact: CAFF International Secretariat Borgir, Nordurslod 600 Akureyri, Iceland Phone: +354 462-3350 Fax: +354 462-3390 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.caff.is This report was commissioned and funded by the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), the Biodiversity Working Group of the Arctic Council. Additional funding was provided by WWF International, the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) and the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS). The views expressed in this report are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Arctic Council or its members.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Assessment for Mountain Plover (Charadrius Montanus)
    SPECIES ASSESSMENT FOR MOUNTAIN PLOVER (CHARADRIUS MONTANUS ) IN WYOMING prepared by 1 2 HAMILTON SMITH AND DOUGLAS A. KEINATH 1 Wyoming Natural Diversity Database, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Dept. 3381, Laramie, Wyoming 82071; 307-766-3023 2 Zoology Program Manager, Wyoming Natural Diversity Database, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Dept. 3381, Laramie, Wyoming 82071; 307-766-3013; [email protected] drawing by Summers Scholl prepared for United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Wyoming State Office Cheyenne, Wyoming November 2004 Smith and Keinath – Charadrius montanus November 2004 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 3 NATURAL HISTORY ........................................................................................................................... 4 Morphological Description ...................................................................................................... 4 Taxonomy and Distribution ..................................................................................................... 5 Habitat Requirements............................................................................................................. 6 General ............................................................................................................................................6 Breeding ..........................................................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Antipredator Behavior and Breeding Success in Greater Golden-Plover and Eurasian Dotterel’
    The Condor89:40-47 0 The Cooper Ornithological Society 1987 ANTIPREDATOR BEHAVIOR AND BREEDING SUCCESS IN GREATER GOLDEN-PLOVER AND EURASIAN DOTTEREL’ INGVAR BYRKTEDAL Museum of Zoology, Universityof Bergen,N-5000 Bergen,Norway Abstract. Breeding successand antipredator behavior of Greater Golden-Plovers (Plu- vialis apricaria) and Eurasian Dotterels (Charadrius morinellus) were studied in Norway over seven summers in an area 1,200 to 1,350 m altitude. Behavior was recorded in a standardizedmanner on nest inspections,on approachingparent birds with chicks, and by observing reactions to overflying predators on scheduled observation bouts. Red foxes (Vulpes v&es), Common Ravens (Corvuscorax), and Mew Gulls (Larus canus) were the most important nest and chick predators in the area. Nest predation was calculated from exposure time. During incubation both species either sneaked away from the nest when approached by a human (golden-plovers at a much larger distance than dotterels) or sat tightly and flushed at a short distancegiving distraction display. “Sneaking” had a positive effect on nest survival, and ground distraction displays had a better effect on nest survival than flight distraction displays. After hatching, golden-plover parents exposed themselves to an approachinghuman at several hundred meters distance by loud alarm calls and by encounteringthe intruder, whereasdotterels kept unobtrusive until approachedto about 40 m, and upon further approach finally gave distraction displays on the ground. Avian pred- ators at a longer distance (~300 m) from nest or chicks at most arousedalertness, while at close quarters (~50 m) they induced golden-plovers to squat flat, while dotterels exposed themselves by “tail-flagging.” Nest loss was greater for golden-plovers (78%) than for dot- terels (47%), while chick loss was greater for dotterels (65%) than for golden-plovers(28%).
    [Show full text]
  • Semipalmated Plover Charadrius Semipalmatus the Semipalmated Plover Prefers Coastal Mudflats, As Might Be Predicted from Its Mud-Colored Upper- Parts
    196 Plovers — Family Charadriidae Semipalmated Plover Charadrius semipalmatus The Semipalmated Plover prefers coastal mudflats, as might be predicted from its mud-colored upper- parts. Small numbers also visit sandy beaches and inland lakeshores. Like other shorebirds that breed in the far north, it spends most of its life in its winter range: the last northbound migrants and the first southbound migrants almost meet each other in June. Small numbers of nonbreeders remain year round. The Semipalmated is especially common in fall migration but common in winter as well—the number wintering in San Diego County is about 750 to 1000. Photo by Anthony Mercieca Winter: Wintering Semipalmated Plovers are well dis- 2001, R. B. Riggan). Our maximum numbers on sandy tributed along San Diego County’s coast, as a result of beaches were 23 at Encinitas (K6) 10 December 2000 (E. the birds’ using beaches as well as mudflats. In spite of Garnica) and 21 at Torrey Pines (O7) 11 February 2000 the lack of extensive mudflats in this heavily developed (D. G. Seay). part of Mission Bay, El Carmel Point (Q7) emerged as a Inland the Semipalmated Plover is uncommon in hot spot for the species, with up to 250 on 12 February migration and generally rare in winter, when it has been 2000 (L. Polinsky) and 400–500 on 24 October 1998 (J. L. found only in the coastal lowland. From 1997 to 2002 our Coatsworth). Elsewhere wintering Semipalmated Plovers sites for the species inland in winter were O’Neill Lake are often common at north county lagoons (up to 77 at (E6; up to five on 14 December 1997, B.
    [Show full text]
  • SHOREBIRDS (Charadriiformes*) CARE MANUAL *Does Not Include Alcidae
    SHOREBIRDS (Charadriiformes*) CARE MANUAL *Does not include Alcidae CREATED BY AZA CHARADRIIFORMES TAXON ADVISORY GROUP IN ASSOCIATION WITH AZA ANIMAL WELFARE COMMITTEE Shorebirds (Charadriiformes) Care Manual Shorebirds (Charadriiformes) Care Manual Published by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in association with the AZA Animal Welfare Committee Formal Citation: AZA Charadriiformes Taxon Advisory Group. (2014). Shorebirds (Charadriiformes) Care Manual. Silver Spring, MD: Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Original Completion Date: October 2013 Authors and Significant Contributors: Aimee Greenebaum: AZA Charadriiformes TAG Vice Chair, Monterey Bay Aquarium, USA Alex Waier: Milwaukee County Zoo, USA Carol Hendrickson: Birmingham Zoo, USA Cindy Pinger: AZA Charadriiformes TAG Chair, Birmingham Zoo, USA CJ McCarty: Oregon Coast Aquarium, USA Heidi Cline: Alaska SeaLife Center, USA Jamie Ries: Central Park Zoo, USA Joe Barkowski: Sedgwick County Zoo, USA Kim Wanders: Monterey Bay Aquarium, USA Mary Carlson: Charadriiformes Program Advisor, Seattle Aquarium, USA Sara Perry: Seattle Aquarium, USA Sara Crook-Martin: Buttonwood Park Zoo, USA Shana R. Lavin, Ph.D.,Wildlife Nutrition Fellow University of Florida, Dept. of Animal Sciences , Walt Disney World Animal Programs Dr. Stephanie McCain: AZA Charadriiformes TAG Veterinarian Advisor, DVM, Birmingham Zoo, USA Phil King: Assiniboine Park Zoo, Canada Reviewers: Dr. Mike Murray (Monterey Bay Aquarium, USA) John C. Anderson (Seattle Aquarium volunteer) Kristina Neuman (Point Blue Conservation Science) Sarah Saunders (Conservation Biology Graduate Program,University of Minnesota) AZA Staff Editors: Maya Seaman, MS, Animal Care Manual Editing Consultant Candice Dorsey, PhD, Director of Animal Programs Debborah Luke, PhD, Vice President, Conservation & Science Cover Photo Credits: Jeff Pribble Disclaimer: This manual presents a compilation of knowledge provided by recognized animal experts based on the current science, practice, and technology of animal management.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Management Practices on Grassland Birds—Mountain Plover (Charadrius Montanus)
    The Effects of Management Practices on Grassland Birds— Mountain Plover (Charadrius montanus) Chapter E of The Effects of Management Practices on Grassland Birds Professional Paper 1842–E U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover. Mountain Plover. Photograph by Ron Knight, used with permission. Background photograph: Northern mixed-grass prairie in North Dakota, by Rick Bohn, used with permission. The Effects of Management Practices on Grassland Birds—Mountain Plover (Charadrius montanus) By Jill A. Shaffer,1 Lawrence D. Igl,1 Douglas H. Johnson,1 Marriah L. Sondreal,1 Christopher M. Goldade,1,2 Melvin P. Nenneman,1,3 Travis L. Wooten,1,4 and Betty R. Euliss1 Chapter E of The Effects of Management Practices on Grassland Birds Edited by Douglas H. Johnson,1 Lawrence D. Igl,1 Jill A. Shaffer,1 and John P. DeLong1,5 1U.S. Geological Survey. 2South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks (current). 3U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (current). 4San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research (current). 5University of Nebraska-Lincoln (current). Professional Paper 1842–E U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DAVID BERNHARDT, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey James F. Reilly II, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2019 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov.
    [Show full text]
  • EUROPEAN BIRDS of CONSERVATION CONCERN Populations, Trends and National Responsibilities
    EUROPEAN BIRDS OF CONSERVATION CONCERN Populations, trends and national responsibilities COMPILED BY ANNA STANEVA AND IAN BURFIELD WITH SPONSORSHIP FROM CONTENTS Introduction 4 86 ITALY References 9 89 KOSOVO ALBANIA 10 92 LATVIA ANDORRA 14 95 LIECHTENSTEIN ARMENIA 16 97 LITHUANIA AUSTRIA 19 100 LUXEMBOURG AZERBAIJAN 22 102 MACEDONIA BELARUS 26 105 MALTA BELGIUM 29 107 MOLDOVA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 32 110 MONTENEGRO BULGARIA 35 113 NETHERLANDS CROATIA 39 116 NORWAY CYPRUS 42 119 POLAND CZECH REPUBLIC 45 122 PORTUGAL DENMARK 48 125 ROMANIA ESTONIA 51 128 RUSSIA BirdLife Europe and Central Asia is a partnership of 48 national conservation organisations and a leader in bird conservation. Our unique local to global FAROE ISLANDS DENMARK 54 132 SERBIA approach enables us to deliver high impact and long term conservation for the beneit of nature and people. BirdLife Europe and Central Asia is one of FINLAND 56 135 SLOVAKIA the six regional secretariats that compose BirdLife International. Based in Brus- sels, it supports the European and Central Asian Partnership and is present FRANCE 60 138 SLOVENIA in 47 countries including all EU Member States. With more than 4,100 staf in Europe, two million members and tens of thousands of skilled volunteers, GEORGIA 64 141 SPAIN BirdLife Europe and Central Asia, together with its national partners, owns or manages more than 6,000 nature sites totaling 320,000 hectares. GERMANY 67 145 SWEDEN GIBRALTAR UNITED KINGDOM 71 148 SWITZERLAND GREECE 72 151 TURKEY GREENLAND DENMARK 76 155 UKRAINE HUNGARY 78 159 UNITED KINGDOM ICELAND 81 162 European population sizes and trends STICHTING BIRDLIFE EUROPE GRATEFULLY ACKNOWLEDGES FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROM THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION.
    [Show full text]
  • Alpha Codes for 2168 Bird Species (And 113 Non-Species Taxa) in Accordance with the 62Nd AOU Supplement (2021), Sorted Taxonomically
    Four-letter (English Name) and Six-letter (Scientific Name) Alpha Codes for 2168 Bird Species (and 113 Non-Species Taxa) in accordance with the 62nd AOU Supplement (2021), sorted taxonomically Prepared by Peter Pyle and David F. DeSante The Institute for Bird Populations www.birdpop.org ENGLISH NAME 4-LETTER CODE SCIENTIFIC NAME 6-LETTER CODE Highland Tinamou HITI Nothocercus bonapartei NOTBON Great Tinamou GRTI Tinamus major TINMAJ Little Tinamou LITI Crypturellus soui CRYSOU Thicket Tinamou THTI Crypturellus cinnamomeus CRYCIN Slaty-breasted Tinamou SBTI Crypturellus boucardi CRYBOU Choco Tinamou CHTI Crypturellus kerriae CRYKER White-faced Whistling-Duck WFWD Dendrocygna viduata DENVID Black-bellied Whistling-Duck BBWD Dendrocygna autumnalis DENAUT West Indian Whistling-Duck WIWD Dendrocygna arborea DENARB Fulvous Whistling-Duck FUWD Dendrocygna bicolor DENBIC Emperor Goose EMGO Anser canagicus ANSCAN Snow Goose SNGO Anser caerulescens ANSCAE + Lesser Snow Goose White-morph LSGW Anser caerulescens caerulescens ANSCCA + Lesser Snow Goose Intermediate-morph LSGI Anser caerulescens caerulescens ANSCCA + Lesser Snow Goose Blue-morph LSGB Anser caerulescens caerulescens ANSCCA + Greater Snow Goose White-morph GSGW Anser caerulescens atlantica ANSCAT + Greater Snow Goose Intermediate-morph GSGI Anser caerulescens atlantica ANSCAT + Greater Snow Goose Blue-morph GSGB Anser caerulescens atlantica ANSCAT + Snow X Ross's Goose Hybrid SRGH Anser caerulescens x rossii ANSCAR + Snow/Ross's Goose SRGO Anser caerulescens/rossii ANSCRO Ross's Goose
    [Show full text]
  • Sighting of a Caspian Plover Charadrius Asiaticus at Lake Finniss, Northern Territory
    VOL.18 (2) JUNE 1999 81 AUSTRAUAN BIRD WATCHER 1999, 18, 81-86 Sighting of a Caspian Plover Charadrius asiaticus at Lake Finniss, Northern Territory by NIVEN McCRIE1 and ROGER JAENSCH2 1P.O. Box 41382, Casuarina, N.T. 0811 2Wetlands International- Oceania, G.P.O. Box 636, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601 Summary There have been several reports of Caspian Plov~rs Charadrius asiaticus from mainland Australia, but doubt has been cast over their validity. This paper reports on a sighting of the species at Lake Finniss, Northern Territory. The record has been accepted by the Birds Australia Rarities Committee (Case 218), and may constitute the first confirmed record for the Australian mainland. Separation from similar species is discussed. Introduction The Caspian Plover Charadrius asiatic us breeds on steppes and in semi-deserts scattered through central Eurasia, and winters in eastern and southern Africa (Marchant & Higgins 1993). It is rather similar in appearance to the Oriental Plover C. veredus which breeds farther east, in Mongolia, Manchuria and adjacent regions, and winters in South-East Asia and Australasia (Marchant & Higgins 1993). Normally, therefore, these species do not occur in the same areas. Several occurrences of Caspian Plovers have been documented from southern Asia, including north-western parts of India, Sri Lanka and the Maldives (Hayman & Marchant 1986), and Australia and its territories (Marchant & Higgins 1993), but, to our knowledge, there has been none from South-East Asia (King et al. 1976, White & Bruce 1986). A single specimen was collected from the Cocos­ Keeling Islands on 17 October 1941 (Gibson-Hill1949); a single specimen was collected at Pine Creek, N.T., on 26 September 1896 (Condon 1961); and there are two published reports from near Darwin in 1974 (McKean et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydroprogne Caspia
    Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation Evaluation of Caspian Tern (Hydroprogne caspia) and Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) Nesting on Modified Islands at the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge, California—2016 Annual Report Open-File Report 2017–1055 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover: Photograph showing Caspian tern (Hydroprogne caspia) chicks and decoy on an enhanced island in Pond SF2 of the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge, California. Photograph by Crystal Shore, U.S. Geological Survey, May 11, 2016. Evaluation of Caspian Tern (Hydroprogne caspia) and Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) Nesting on Modified Islands at the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge, California— 2016 Annual Report By C. Alex Hartman, Joshua T. Ackerman, Mark P. Herzog, Cheryl Strong, David Trachtenbarg, and Crystal A. Shore Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation Open-File Report 2017–1055 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior RYAN K. ZINKE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey William H. Werkheiser, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2017 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov/ or call 1–888–ASK–USGS (1–888–275–8747). For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https:/store.usgs.gov.
    [Show full text]