VOLUME 24 NUMBER 1

Published by

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio Officers Jeff Carskadden, 2686 Carol Drive, Zanesville, Ohio President-Ed R. Hughes, Claude Britt, Jr., Round Rock Trading Post, Chinle, 1419 Oxford Downs Road, Newark, Ohio 1974 Vice President—Dana Baker, Box 157, Arizona Ray Tanner, 4675 McNeil Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio Mt. Victory, Ohio 1974 Wm. L. Jenkins, 3812 Laurel Lane, Anderson, Indiana Executive Secretary—Jan Sorgenfrei, Leonard H. Brown, Rt. #3, Newcomerstown, Ohio 7625 Maxtown Rd., Westerville, Ohio 1974 Kenneth Goodman, 2528 Swansea Rd., Columbus, Recording Secretary—Dave Mielke, Box 389, Botkins, Ohio 1974 Ohio Mark W. Long, Box 467, Wellston, Ohio Treasurer—John J. Winsch, 6614 Summerdale Dr., Dayton, Ohio 1974 Editor—Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Editorial Office and Business Office Plain City, Ohio 1974 Technical Advisor—Dr. Raymond S. Baby, 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064 The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio 1974 Membership and Dues Trustees Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are Ensil Chadwick, R. D. #3, Mt. Vernon, Ohio 1974 payable on the first of January as follows: Regular mem­ Wayne A. Mortine, Scott Drive, Oxford Hgts., bership $5.00; Husband and wife (one copy of publica­ Newcomerstown, Ohio 1974 tion) $6.00; Sustaining $25.00. Funds are used for pub­ Charles H. Stout, 91 Redbank Drive, 1974 lishing the Ohio Archaeologist. The Archaeological So­ Fairborn, Ohio ciety of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization Alva McGraw, R. D. #2, Chillicothe, Ohio 1976 and has no paid officers or employees. William C. Haney, 706 Buckhorn St., The Ohio Archaeologist is published quarterly and Ironton, Ohio 1976 subscription is included in the membership dues. Ernest G. Good, 15 Civic Drive, Grove City, Ohio 1976 Editorial Staff and Publishing Committee Back Issues Editor-Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist may be pur­ chased at the following prices: City, Ohio Associate Editor-Martha Potter Otto, The Ohio Historical Ohio Flint Types—$3.50 per copy Society, Columbus, Ohio 43211 Ohio Stone Tools—$2 50 per copy Regional Collaborators- All other back issues—$1.50 per copy Richard Patterson, 519 Front St., Marietta, Ohio Ohio Slate Types—$5.00 per copy David W. Kuhn, 3222 Scioto Trail, Portsmouth, Ohio Make all checks or money orders payable to the Ar­ Charles H. Stout, Sr., 91 Redbank Drive, Fairborn, chaeological Society of Ohio and send to 199 Converse Ohio Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064.

STANDING COMMITTEES

PROGRAM COMMITTEE EXHIBITS COMMITTEE EDUCATION & PUBLICITY COMMITTEE Dave Mielke, Chairman Dorothy Good, Chairman Frank Otto, Chairman Kenneth Goodman Mike Kish Ken Black Charles Stout Dr. John Blank Myers Campbell Robert Converse Victor Hiles Marilyn Harness Merle Guthrie Dean Majors Wayne Mortine Kenneth Goodman FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS COMMITTEE Vivien Marshall NOMINATING COMMITTEE Jeff Carskadden Ernest Good, Co-Chairman Robert Converse, Chairman Robert Converse, Co-Chairman Larry Wilson MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE John Schatz Ken Goodman Summers A. Redick Jack Hooks Don Morrow Frank Otto Dr. John Blank Mike Kish Don Kegg Douglas Hooks Carroll Welling Dr. Orrin Shane AUDITING COMMITTEE Paul Fritch Dick Johnson Donn Buck, Chairman Jan Sorgenfrei Mike Kish Ernest Sutten LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE Ensil Chadwick Marvin King Robert Converse, Chairman Robert Harter Dwight Shipley Robert Cochran Alva McGraw Tom Stropki Gilbert Dilley John Vargo Kenneth Goodman Dr. Raymond S. Baby Dr. Norman Wright EDITORS PAGE OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST A Note On Flint Chipping A few years ago in a letter from one of our TABLE OF CONTENTS Regional Collaborators (now deceased) the statement was made that one could tell Ar­ An Indiana Turkey Tail Cache 4 chaic points from Adena, Hopewell, and A Pipe From The Eiden Site 5 other later points because they were usually A Radiocarbon Date From The more crude. While there are some crudely made Archaic points, crudeness is an ex­ Reeve Site, Cuyahoga County, Ohio 6 ception rather than the rule. A great deal of A Unique Coshocton County Archaic flint work is unsurpassed in quality Fluted Point 8 of workmanship. Some Archaic types in par­ Fort Ancient Projectile Points From ticular such as the heavy duty points and The Philo Site 10 some of the deep corner notched points have chipping which is almost unbelievably fine Artifacts From The Harter Collection 12 and delicate. Some of these points exhibit Some Fine Flint From The flake scars which appear to run from edge to Douglas Hooks Collection 13 edge of the blade and are no more than 1/8 The Excavation Of Human Skeletal Remains. .14 inch wide. Artifacts From The Seaman Collection 19 Pictured are two Archaic points which in A Reworked Sinuous-Sided Point 20 themselves are not classic specimens but Three Birdstones From The Same which show the technical skill of Archaic flint knappers. These points prove that if he wanted Huron County Farm 21 to, Archaic man could chip flint as well as any Northern Ohio Slate 22 flint worker in the world. The illusion that Artifacts From The Adena-Hopewell flint work is superior often Sandusky River Area 23 comes from the fact that many of the points Prehistoric Sites—Endangered Species? 24 from this period are large and showy and Archaeological Preservation: made of colorful flint. This is not to say that refined pressure flaking techniques were not Now Or Never 26 within the ability of Adena-Hopewell crafts­ Four Large Flint Artifacts 28 men—they just didn't flake flint that way. A Uniface Blade 29 A Union County Dovetail 29 Regional Collaborator News 30 Necrology 31 Sustaining Members 1974 31 A Fine Popeyed Birdstone Back Cover

FRONT COVER

Carter Cave flint from Carter County Kentucky will be featured on the covers of volume 24 of the Ohio Archaeologist. Pictured is a large stemmed lance­ olate point of the Stringtown type made of this colorful stone. This point was found in Franklin County, Ohio, and measures 5-3/8 inches long and nearly 2 inches in width. It is one of several large points of this type made from Carter Cave flint. Collection of Robert N. Converse, Plain City, Ohio.

3 An Indiana Turkey Tail Cache

By James E. Keesling P. O. Box 276, Lynn, Indiana

About three years ago, a local man past 80 years dismay it was still too wet to screen well and I old, told me that, as a boy or young man, he had decided to dig a trench about 20 inches wide and hauled gravel from a gravel hill on his father's to fill the first trench as I dug a second one. While farm in Randolph County, Indiana. He remembered digging the first trench, I found three fragments of that they had found Indian burials, but could not gray flint and just below plow line uncovered a say if there were artifacts of any kind with them crushed skull. I think the tractor wheel running in or if anyone had been interested enough to save a furrow had broken the bone and the plow had them. Some months later I talked to a relative of turned up a few of the upper turkeytails in the this gentleman, who now farms the land, and asked cache. The cache was a few inches east of the skull the location of the bank gravel pit. He gave me and the points were all broken. the information and said it had been leveled off I worked until almost dark removing the broken enough so that he was farming the area, but that turkeytails, having decided to wait until later to the field was in grass and would not be plowed finish uncovering the crushed skull and the rest of again for two or three years. the skeleton. The next evening after work I re­ In the spring of 1972, while surface hunting I turned and proceeded to expose the skull and a decided to see if I could find the exact location of few bones (probably lower arm bones) lying at the the gravel pit and walked across some plowed base of the skull. I had high hopes of finding other fields of the adjoining farm. There were some artifacts with the burial, but with little information small rises in one field and erosion from farming available about this culture, I did not know what I and water washing had in small areas exposed might discover. I soon realized I had already found much sand and gravel. There were scattered pieces it all. The remainder of the body had been buried of firecracked rock, but not enough to indicate a somewhere else. From the coloration of the dirt, long-time habitation site. While looking over these the skull and cache had been laid in a pit 24 to 30 sandy hill tops I picked up the notched base of a inches in diameter and 10 to 12 inches deep be­ turkeytail point of Indiana Hornstone. A few feet low present surface level. I think ground hogs as away I found a couple fragments of a different well as farming operations may have disturbed a shade of gray flint. part of the cache, since I have found fragments of the turkeytails several feet from the burial pit. I keep artifacts from different sites numbered and recorded according to where they were found, After determining that the skull was the only and I am certainly glad I had. This spring I was part of the body buried here, I screened the dirt checking to see if the gravel pit area had been of the immediate area to a depth just below the plowed and walked over the area again where the plow zone. Thus far I have found 46 notched bases broken turkeytail was found in 1972. To my sur­ and about the same number of pointed ends, plus prise there were three more turkeytail bases and many bits and pieces. Since many of the points do more fragments lying on the surface. Knowing not match in width, thickness, shade of color, that these artifacts are often found in caches with quality of flint, and chipping, I think I probably a burial, I suspected the presence of a cache and have parts of as many as 50 to 60 artifacts. Each hoped I might find it. The ground was wet and I time I have revisited the site I have found a few had to wait a few days to do any digging as I wanted more fragments, and probably will for several to screen the dirt. I had decided to dig a series of years. I am trying to fit the pieces together, but I trenches below plow depth across the area and am finding it to be one of the biggest jigsaw puz­ refill the trenches as I screened the dirt. To my zles ever.

f»tT ,-T* <>f|f * • •

Fig. 1 (Keesling) Cache of turkey tail points from Randolph County, Indiana. The largest ones measure 5-1/4 to 5-3/8 inches long.

4 A Pipe From The Eiden Site

By Elmer Grimm 7123 N. Murray Ridge Elyria, Ohio

The fine pipe in Figure 1 was found a few scrapers, a hammerstone, portion of a miles from my home along the Black River crude celt, pottery sherds, pieces of a at the Eiden site. It was excavated by Mr. human vertabrae, human foot bone, Aloysius A. Bungart of Avon, Ohio, who clam shards, jaw of small animal, spines passed away June 25, 1972. Mr. Bungart of fish, and one shanked arrow which I was a very good friend of mine and I dug with lost, a huge animal bone, which might him several times at the Eiden site. Of all have been used as a crude spade. the material excavated by him from 1955 to Ground was incorporated with charcoal, 1964, this pipe undoubtedly was the finest ashes and snail shells. Twelve grooves single piece he found. The following informa­ are around the bowl of the pipe, four tion is taken from Bungart's original field indentations around the bowl below notes: the grooves. 22 feet south of the north side on west The Eiden material is now owned by the side of foundation, 27 inches deep, a Lorain County Metropolitan Park District and skeleton with head to the north extend­ a report on the site has been published ing in a north-south direction, a trumpet (McKenzie et al 1972). shaped pipe of clay, a beauty, lay next to the right elbow. A lump of clay was found just east and slightly above the McKenzie, Douglas H., John E. Blank, James L. skull. The body lay in a kind of grave Murphy, and Orrin C. Shane III eight inches deep, scooped out of 1972 The Eiden site: terminal Late Woodland on the south-central Lake Erie shore. yellow gravel and 30 inches wide. The Board of Park Commissioners, Lo­ Within a radius were awls, spoons, rain County Metropolitan Park District.

Fig 1 (Grimm) Clay pipe from the Eiden site. It is 5-1/8 inches long and 3-1/4 inches high.

5 A Radiocarbon Date From The Reeve Site, Cuyahoga County, Ohio

By James L. Murphy Department of Geology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106

Nearly one hundred years after the Reeve works and the yellow clay soil on the outside. site was first examined by the Western Re­ This contrast was particularly evident during serve Historical Society, this famous collect­ the initial period of recent construction at the ing spot is finally being destroyed by con­ site. Two manuscript maps in the Western struction of an apartment complex. Like most Reserve Historical Society collections show prolific archeological sites in Ohio, Reeve the outline of the earthen walls. Both maps has not been treated kindly by time or man. were apparently drawn by Joseph Worden, Only two controlled excavations of the site whose name appears on one map; the date, were conducted, that of Greenman in 1929 June 1893, occurson the other. Unfortunately, for the Ohio Archaeological and Historical no datum points are given. The course of the Society and that sponsored by the Cleveland nearby highway does not correspond with Natural Science Museum in 1968 (not 1967 that of present-day Lake Shore Boulevard, as reported in Brose 1973). The site is cur­ nor does the course of the Chagrin River rently meeting its end in an orgy of whole­ match that of the present. A copy of one of sale looting by area residents. Worden's maps is reproduced (Fig. 1), for it appears to give the exact dimensions of the Colonel Charles Whittlesey's brief descrip­ enclosed area, presumably from actual tion of the site (1888:36-37) as it appeared surveying. in 1877 remains the most accurate. The site lies 1/2 mile south of Lake Erie on the east During the 1968 Museum excavations, no side (southern bluff) of the Chagrin River, charcoal suitable for radiocarbon dating was north of present Lake Shore Boulevard. found in unquestionable association with di­ agnostic artifact material. Therefore, when it The bluff is a blunt point of land, com­ became evident last spring that the Reeve posed of drift hard pan, about thirty-five site was slated for destruction, the author feet high, at the base of which the undertook limited excavations in a final at­ river is rapidly wearing the materials, tempt to secure an adequate charcoal sample which slide down in narrow benches. from a meaningful archeological context. Kurt At the upper side is a ripple, and in Reich, Cleveland, Ohio, assisted in the exca­ front of it, on the other bank low flooded vation. We were fortunate in uncovering a land, with sluggish bayous extending to considerable amount of charcoal in direct the lake. What are called the walls of association with rim sherds of Reeve Hori­ the fort, are about forty rods long across zontal and Fairport Plain ceramics. The fact the base of the point, but nearly obliter­ that several of the Reeve Horizontal sherds ated. The soil is yellow clay, extending were from the same vessel seemed sufficient nearly level with the work to the east, indication that the immediate area of the and has long been under cultivation. charcoal sample had not suffered from post- An old orchard occupies most of the aboriginal disturbance. The sample was ob­ enclosed space, which is about five tained at a depth of 16 inches, near the north­ acres. eastern perimeter of the site. Within the old lines there is a heavy The charcoal sample was submitted to the accumulation of black soil, filled with Radioisotopes Laboratory, Department of kitchen refuse, one to three feet deep. Geology, Case Western Reserve University, Messrs. Joseph and James Worden re­ for radiocarbon dating. The results (A. J. Su- member when the embankment was modi, personal communication) indicate a double, or in two lines—the two crests date of 580 B.P. ± 130 years, or AD. 1370 about a rod apart, with a ditch between (Sample No. CWRU-71). about two and a half feet deep. All trace of the semicircular earthworks dis­ This date accords very well with my original 1 appeared long ago, but the location was "guess-date ' of 1300-1400 for Reeve Hori­ clearly marked by the abrupt contrast in color zontal ceramics (Murphy 1971a:298). It also of the dark midden soil on the interior of the serves to establish the age of the major oc-

6 cupation at the Reeve site, though there are whether any of the Reeve sherds from South also traces of a minor Whittlesey Phase oc­ Park are actually from any of these three cupation (1500-1600), earlier Late Woodland radiocarbon-dated features. It is noteworthy occupation circa A.D. 1100-1200, and an that Fairport Plain sherds are also illustrated Early Woodland component. from the "intermediate component" at South Brose's (1973) preliminary report on his Park, though, again, it is unclear whether any excavations at South Park indicates recovery of these were found in direct association with of part of a rather strong Reeve-like com­ Reeve Horizontal or Reeve Filleted sherds. ponent, but his report is somewhat confusing. The A.D. 1370 radiocarbon date on Reeve No examples of Reeve Horizontal or Reeve Horizontal and Fairport Plain ceramics con­ Filleted occur in the illustrated material from firms the temporal equivalency of the major Brose's "earliest cultural level" at South Park, components at the Reeve and Fairport Har­ yet he states that 11 % of the vessels from his bor sites with Wright's (1966) Middle Ontario early phase represent "Feurt Incised or Reeve Iroquois Stage and White's (1961) "Early Horizontal." This early phase is dated at A.D. Period," a suggestion originally made several 1000-1300 (Brose 1973:38), but apparently years ago (Murphy 1971b). .without radiocarbon dates. Aside from the in­ explicable confusion of Feurt Incised (which Brose, David S. is characterized by opposed incising motifs) 1973 A preliminary analysis of recent excava­ with Reeve Horizontal (with horizontal incis­ tions at the South Park Site, Cuyahoga ing), it seems unlikely that true Reeve Hori­ County, Ohio. Pennsylvania Archaeolo­ zontal and Reeve Filleted are quite this early. gist, 43(1):25-42. Murphy, James L. Brose also seems to be applying a rather 1971a Whittlesey ceramic types. Ohio Archae­ broad definition of Fairport Plain, as none of ologist, 21(1):299-305. his illustrated sherds from this component 1971b The Fairport Harbor site (33-La-5), Lake really resemble Fairport Plain sherds from County, Ohio. Pennsylvania Archaeolo­ the Fairport Harbor and Reeve sites. gist, 41(3):26-42. Unquestionable sherds of Reeve Horizon­ 1972 A note on the South Park ceramics. Ohio tal and Reeve Filleted do occur at South Archaeologist, 22(2):31-35. Park, but they certainly were not common White, Marian during the 1968 excavations (Murphy 1972). 1961 Iroquois culture history in the Niagara Frontier Area of New York State. An­ Brose (1973:33) illustrates both types from thropological Papers, Museum of An­ his "intermediate component," but makes no thropology, University of Michigan, No. mention of these types in his discussion of 16, Ann Arbor. the "intermediate occupation." Three radio­ Whittlesey, Charles carbon dates ranging from A.D. 1430 to 1470 1888 Ancient earthworks — northern Ohio. are cited for features associated with this Western Reserve and Northern Ohio intermediate occupation, which is in fair Historical Society, Tracts, 2(41). agreement with the Reeve site radiocarbon Wright, James V. date, though it is unclear from Brose's article 1966 The Ontario Iroquois tradition. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 195.

Fig. 1 (Murphy) Early map (circa 1877?) of the Reeve Site, Lake County, probably drawn by Joseph Worden and now preserved in the collections of the Western Reserve Historical Society (Manuscript Survey Map No. 498A). Reproduced through the cour­ tesy of Mrs. Virginia Hawley. Librarian.

7 A Unique Coshocton County Fluted Point

By J. L. Mitchell 4611 Lone Eagle, San Antonio, Texas

Paleo-lndian artifacts are relatively com­ upper portion of the tip. The offset suggests mon in the Walhonding valley and have been that the craftsman had not originally planned studied fairly extensively. Reports include such a feature but when the inclusion surveys (Prufer 1971), surface finds (Cooper emerged during the manufacturing process, 1971), site reports (Humbert and Mitchell he intentionally modified his design to retain 1972), and excavation of a fluted point work­ it and to center the tip around it. The finished shop (Prufer and Wright 1970). In the course point must have been the envy of many of of screening the artifacts from 33Cs22 pre­ his peers. paratory to compiling a more complete report It is very doubtful that the point was ever on the site, an additional fluted point (Fig. 1) actually used as a weapon since there is little was identified which proved to be an excep­ wear and no damage evident in the crystal tional specimen. This point was found by C. inclusion. This characteristic and the very Keith Humbert in 1971 after our preliminary straight-across nature of the break suggest report on eight sites in the Walhonding area that the point may have been intentionally of Coshocton County, Ohio, had been drafted destroyed rather than having been broken (Humbert and Mitchell 1972). In that report, through use. which included our initial recording of 33Cs22, We know that in later times, points and was also a photograph of another fluted point groundstone ornaments were often inten­ from the site, which was of quite a different tionally broken, "killed ", and buried with their style from the specimen under discussion. owners. Is this unusual point evidence of The fluted point shown in Figure 1 deserves such ceremonialism and ritual "killing" of ar­ special attention. The base has been lost but tifacts by the Paleo-lndian inhabitants of Ohio? enough of the lower portion remains to show This thought is a very tempting one but it the fluting on one surface. The lateral edges would be impossible to prove without a burial are ground, 1.5 cm up one side from the break association or other circumstantial evidence. and .75 cm on the other. The point is 3.0 cm Certainly, at a minimum, this point is evidence wide at the break, 7.7 cm long, and measures that Paleo-lndian craftsmen had an eye for .7 cm in thickness at the middle of the flute beauty and the unusual. It is clearly a hand­ along the broken edge. Maximum thickness, some fluted point that does credit to its maker. approximately .9 cm, occurs above the flute. Only through the location and systematic The specimen weight 24 gms. It is a very dark exploration of Paleo-lndian living and burial flint, probably Upper Mercer, which is very areas could we prove ceremonialism as a trait common in this area. for these people. Such sites were thought The point fits the Type 1 of Prufer and Baby impossible just a few years ago. However, (1963:13). It is apparently a "parallel-sided" today it is not too implausible to expect to variety which they equate with the Clovis find that Paleo-lndian dwelling or burial. Pru­ point type. Age for the Clovis has been esti­ fer and Wright (1970) have reported on a mated at 10,000 to 15,000 B.C. on the Plains fluted point workshop just a few miles down­ (Bell 1958:16). Converse has suggested stream from 33Cs22. Recent work in the Hell 11,500 to 8,000 years ago for fluted points Gap valley in eastern Wyoming has revealed in Ohio (Converse 1970:4). Prufer and Wright evidence of dwelling structures and occupa­ (1970:265) have estimated the age of the tional debrisfrom the Midland Complex (8700 Paleo-lndian occupation in the Walhonding to 8400 B.C.) and the Agate Basin Complex River area as 11,800 to 10,000 B.C. on the (8500 to 8000 B.C.), both of which slightly basis of the geology of the vicinity and the post-date the Folsom Complex (8800 to 8600 presence and absence of certain other types B.C.) in that area (Irwin-Williams, et al 1973). of points in the area. These researchers were led to study the Hell Gap localities by the presence of Paleo-ln­ The unique feature of this point is the pre­ dian artifacts in the valley. sence of a crystal inclusion at its tip on the reverse face. This feature is shown somewhat In Ohio, the volume of reported Paleo- enlarged in Figure 2. The tip of the point has lndian artifacts is relatively high in the Wal­ obviously been worked to give maximum honding River area. Hopefully, this area may exposure to this inclusion and the odd offset yet produce a stratified site equivalent to Hell helps to center the crystal inclusion in the Gap to broaden our understanding of Early

8 Man in this state. Such an expansion of our lndian components evident, in addition to the knowledge is needed. It is no longer satis­ McConnell lanceolate assemblage (Piano) factory to group almost all fluted points into which follows 8,500 B.C. As further Paleo- one general classification (Converse 1970:4). lndian sites and materials are discovered, it Nor are the types developed by Prufer and should be possible to fully develop this se­ Baby completely satisfactory. Even at33Cs22, quence of Paleo-and Piano-Indian complexes the two fluted points, both of which would for Ohio. Certainly, we can expect that the have to be grouped under Type 1 (Clovis) in Walhonding River area will play a major role the Prufer and Baby taxonomy, are remark­ in this development. ably different. The one shown in this report is probably a parallel-sided point where the other (Humbert and Mitchell 1972:Fig. 2) is Bell, Robert E. convex-sided, converging toward the base. 1958 Guide to the identification of certain American Indian projectile points. Spe­ While the former may well be a Clovis point cial Bulletin No. 1, Oklahoma Anthro­ the latter is more like an Angostura point pological Society. (Suhm and Jelks 1962:167-168) but differs Converse, Robert N. from the typical Angostura in that it is fluted. 1970 Ohio flint types. Archaeological Society Such a taxonomy would suggest that the of Ohio, Columbus. point shown in this article is much the earlier Cooper, Lee of the two. Other lanceolates from this site 1971 Multiple fluted point. Ohio Archaeolo­ are shaped much like the Angostura and, true gist, 21(3):22. to the type, are unfluted. Some have a very Humbert, C. K. and J. L. Mitchell faint shoulder as the sides converge toward 1972 Preliminary report: the Walhonding sites, the base, which is also very typical of some Coshocton County, Ohio. Ohio Archae­ Angostura points. ologist 22(3):6-10. Irwin-Williams, Cynthia, Henry Irwin, George Ago- Similar unfluted lanceolates have been re­ gino, and C. Vance Haynes ported from the nearby McConnell site. Pru­ 1973 Hell Gap: Paleo-lndian occupation on fer and Wright indicate that the manufacturing the High Plains. Plains Anthropologist, process for fluted points they recovered from 18(59):40-53. the Welling site resembles that determined Prufer, Olaf H. for lanceolates from the McConnell site and 1971 Survey of Palaeo-lndian remains in Wal­ from the nearby Honey Run locality, which honding and Tuscarawas valleys, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist, 21(1 ):309-311. is less than a mile from 33Cs22. Thus, the Prufer, Olaf H. and Raymond S. Baby presence of fluted and unfluted lanceolate 1963 Palaeo-lndians of Ohio. The Ohio His­ points of similar manufacture suggests a Late torical Society, Columbus. Paleo-lndian origin for these points. Prufer Prufer, Olaf H. and Norman L. Wright and Wright (1970:264) suggest a chronologi­ 1970 The Welling site (33Co2): a fluted point cal position of 8,500 to 6,500 B.C. for the Mc­ workshop in Coshocton County, Ohio. Connell assemblage. Interestingly enough, Ohio Archaeologist, 20(4):259-268. a somewhat similar lanceolate called the Suhm, Dee Ann and Edward B. Jelks Agate Basin point was dated at Hell Gap at 1962 Handbook of Texas archeology: type 8,500 to 8,000 B.C. (Irwin-Williams, et al descriptions. Special Publication Num­ 1973:47). ber 1, Texas Archeological Society, and Bulletin Number 4, Texas Memorial At 33Cs22 then, we have at least two Paleo- Museum.

CM

Fig. 1 (Mitchell) Fluted point from 33Cs22. Coshocton Fig. 2 (Mitchell) Crystal inclusion on tip of point, reverse County, Ohio, obverse view. face. Fort Ancient Projectile Points From The Philo Site

By Richard Gartley, Jeff Carskadden, Tim Gregg Zanesville, Ohio

The Philo site is a Fort Ancient component artifact sample, Murphy states: along the Muskingum River at Philo, Harrison It is doubtful that differences in point Township, Muskingum County, Ohio. The site outline are significant, sides and bases consists of a cluster of 12 to 14 refuse pits, ranging from convex through straight several of which were excavated before it to concave. However, the Gabriel site was destroyed. In a recent article (Gartley, is definitely a multicomponent station, Carskadden, and Gregg 1973) dealing with and conceivably such differences could pottery from surface collections and the pits, be significant temporally. it was concluded that the site belonged to the Murphy also mentions in another report (Mur­ Feurt Phase of the Fort Ancient Tradition, phy 1968) that convex-based triangles are a dating about A.D. 1250-1450. This current ". . . distinct minority type on Feurt Phase Fort Ancient components in the Hocking Val­ report discusses the projectile points from ley." In addition, at the Hobson site (Murphy the site. 1968) near Middleport in Meigs County, a Although a nearby Hopewellian component site which Murphy considers to be early Feurt, has yielded numerous corner-notched pro­ there is a predominance of convex-based jectile points and stray Archaic points have points. Thus it appears that straight-based been found throughout the cultivated field, triangles, and particularly convex-based tri­ all of the projectile points and identifiable angles are typical of many Feurt sites in east­ point fragments from the immediate area of ern Ohio. One of the convex-based triangles the refuse pits are triangular (Fig. 1). This included in the sample from the Philo site situation contrasts with the "notched points', was found in refuse pit B associated with such as Chesser Notched or Raccoon Philo Punctate and Feurt Incised pottery Notched, or Straight-Stemmed points which (Gartley, Carskadden, and Gregg 1973:15). have been found along with triangles at Early On the other hand, however, Griffin (1943: Fort Ancient sites (c.f. Prufer and Shane 71) notes that the triangles from the classic 1970:84-87). The typical triangle from the Feurt site on the Scioto River near Ports­ Philo site is a relatively long narrow point with mouth had concave or straight bases. An­ slightly incurvate sides. Of the 46 triangular other feature of the triangular points from points found, 21 (46%) have convex bases, the type site is the "high percentage" of ser­ 19 (41%) have straight bases, and 6 (13%) rated edges. Serrated triangles are rare on have concave bases. the other Feurt sites just mentioned; only It is interesting to note the fairly high per­ two are from Philo. centage of convex-based triangles at the site. Prufer and Shane (1970:80) note their com­ Twenty-two of the triangles from the Philo mon occurrence at Early Fort Ancient Baum site are made of black flint, probably Upper Phase sites along the Scioto, while being Mercer, which may outcrop at some as yet scarce on Baum sites in the Hocking Valley. unrecorded location in the hills above the As for Feurt Phase sites, at Proctorville in site. Black Upper Mercer flint also occurs in Lawrence County along the Ohio River, Grif­ the outwash gravels along the Muskingum fin (1943:83) notes that all of the 27 triangular River, eroded from outcrops farther up stream points had straight to slightly convex bases. (Morton and Carskadden 1972). Twenty-one Five of eight triangular points reported from of the triangular points are fashioned from the Gabriel site, a predominantly Feurt site mottled gray or light flints, probably varieties along the Hocking, were of the convex-based of Upper Mercer or gravel cherts. Only two form (Shane and Murphy 1967:346-348). points are made of Flint Ridge flint, and one However, in a later unpublished report on the is made of Brush Creek flint which outcrops Gabriel site (Murphy n.d.), based on a larger near Crooksville in northeastern Perry and

10 northwestern Morgan counties (Carskadden Gartley, Richard, Jeff Carskadden, and Tim Gregg and Donaldson 1973). There appeared to be 1973 The Philo site, a Fort Ancient compo­ no correlation between the basal form of nent in the central Muskingum valley. the triangles and the source of lithic material Ohio Archaeologist, 23(4): 15-19. Griffin, James B. used in their manufacture, with the excep­ 1943 The Fort Ancient aspect. Anthropologi­ tion of two very broad, concave-based speci­ cal Papers No. 28, Museum of Anthro­ mens which were both of the same light tan pology, University of Michigan, Ann Ar­ chert. These two triangles may in fact be bor (reprinted 1966). related to an earlier or later component at Morton, James, and Jeff Carskadden 1972 Aboriginal flint quarrying activities in the site. the Muskingum County area. Ohio Ar­ chaeologist, 22(2):15-21. Summary Murphy, James L. The projectile point assemblage at the Philo 1968 The Hobson site: a Fort Ancient com­ site is characterized by a relatively high per­ ponent near Middleport, Meigs County, Ohio. Kirtlandia, No. 4, The Cleveland centage of straight-based and particularly Museum of Natural History. convex-based triangles. It appears from the n.d. The Gabriel site, Athens County, Ohio, literature cited and from the artifact sample unpublished manuscript. studied, that convex-based triangles may rep­ Prufer, Olaf H., and Orrin C. Shane III resent a particular time horizon within the 1970 The Blain village and the Fort Ancient Tradition in Ohio. The Kent State Uni­ Fort Ancient in southeastern Ohio: the Middle versity Press. Fort Ancient Feurt Phase. Shane, Orrin C. Ill, and James L. Murphy 1967 A survey of the Hocking Valley, Ohio. Carskadden, Jeff and Gerald Donaldson In Studies in Ohio Archaeology, edited 1974 Brush Creek flint quarrying in Perry and by Olaf H. Prufer and Douglas H. McKen­ Morgan counties, Ohio. Ohio Archaeolo­ zie. The Press of Western Reserve Uni­ gist, 23(1):20-21. versity, Cleveland.

Fig. 1 (Gartley, Carskadden. and Gregg) Representative examples of the triangular projectile points from the Fort Ancient site at Philo.

1 1 Artifacts From The Harter Collection

By R. L. Harter Buttermilk Hill, Delaware, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Harter) Five inch blade from northern Delaware County. The ma­ terial is dull pink and white material possibly from Flint Ridge. The blade is a surface find from an Archaic site.

Fig. 2 (Harter) A fine Early Archaic side-notched point from the Alum Creek area in southern Delaware County. This piece was found by Roy Plymale of Radnor, Ohio, and is now in the author's collection. The material is a white Flint Ridge chalcedony and is 4-1/4 inches long.

Fig. 3 (Harter) A pair of fine pen­ tagonals from northern Delaware County. The two pieces were struck from a dull white chert probably from glacial till. The points were found 1 year and 1 mile apart.

Fig. 4 (Harter) A pair of broken birdstones from central Delaware County. The tail section is of banded slate and is 2 inches long. The head Fig. 8 (Harter) A fine side-notched is quite large for a birdstone and Archaic bevel from northern Dela­ could possibly be a bust type. It is ware County. The material is black a quarter section of the head and is Coshocton flint with gray inclusions. also made of banded slate. The two The piece measures 3-1/2 inches pieces were found only 200 yards long. apart. Fig. 9 (Harter) A single notched, Fig. 5 (Harter) A hematite cone from stemmed blade or point from an northern Delaware County. This Early Archaic site in central Dela­ piece was found on an Adena site. ware County. This piece is unusual, The cone is 1-3/4 inches long and but the right edge shows no secon­ 1-1/4 inches high. The material is dary chipping, indicating the form steel gray in color with red circular is original. The material is black inclusions. Coshocton.

Fig. 6 (Harter) A fine triangular blade from northern Delaware County. This piece was found on a Fort Ancient site along the Scioto River. The material is Delaware chert.

Fig. 7(Harter) A double curved blade from northern Delaware County. This piece is quite unusual due to the double curve in the blade sec­ tion. It was found on an Early Archaic site. The material is mot­ tled orange Flint Ridge chalcedony.

\2 Some Fine Flint From The Douglas Hooks Collection

By Douglas Hooks RFD 5, Mansfield, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Hooks) Three expanded-notch points: Fig 2 (Hooks) Two large blades, the larger 7-1/4 inches Left, tan and brown chert; long: Left, Licking County, gray and white Flint Ridge Right, gray Coshocton flint; flint; Right, south Ohio, white Flint Ridge flint with quartz Center, tan Flint Ridge flint inclusion at base.

Fig. 3 (Hooks) Three expanded notch points: Left, Coshocton County, gray and white Coshocton flint; Center, Morrow County, cream colored Flint Ridge flint; Right, Medina County, white Flint Ridge flint.

13 The Excavation Of Human Skeletal Remains

By Wm. Jack Hranicky Box 4211 Arlington, Virginia 22204

(Editor's Note: This is the second half of a two- skeleton, the spine is seen as the central axis part article; the first half was published in the to which the skull is attached. At the lower Fall 1973 issue of the Ohio Archaeologist.) extremity of the spinal column, the sacrum, The skeleton can be divided into four major the pelvic basin is attached. bone complexes: The innominate (Fig. 10) is a large irregular 1. Skull bone which, with its mate of the opposite 2. Spinal column side, and along with the sacrum, go together 3. Pectoral girdle ^jjgj forelimbs to comprise the pelvis. Each innominate con­ 4. Pelvis and hindlimbs sists of three parts which, though separate in Each of these areas of the skeleton has basic early life, are united into one bone in adult­ functions and contains certain bones which hood. These bones are: serve to protect and facilitate these basic 1. Ilium —upper portion of the hip bone. functions. 2. Ischium — lower portion supports the The term skull is used to describe the bony body while sitting. framework of the head. The skull is divided 3. Pubis—anterior portion of the hip bone. into two major parts—the cranium and the These three bones form the acetabulum or mandible (jaw) (Figs. 2 and 3). Counting the the socket for the head of the femur. This mandible, there are 29 bones in the skull. joint transfers the weight of the trunk to the However, many of them fuse together early hindlimbs. The hindlimbs include the femura, in life and are not separate bones. The skull the tibias, the fibulas, and the bones of the represents the most complex part of the feet (Fig. 11). skeleton because of its function to protect The aging and sexing of skeletons from a the brain as well as the organs of sight, hear­ site should be performed by all archeologists ing, smell mastication, and taste. as a basic part of the data that goes into the The pectoral girdle or the shoulder com­ site report. If the archeologist is not skilled in plex includes the scapulas, humeri, clavicles, this field of anthropology, he certainly can ribs, and sternum (Figs. 4 and 5). These bones obtain the analysis from a physical anthro­ serve to protect vital organs such as the lungs pologist. In determining the age and sex of and heart, and also enable the forelimbs their prehistoric skeletal materials, three major fac­ mobility. The forelimbs, the bones of the tors create problems for accurate analysis: hands as well as the ulnas and radii (Figs. 6 1) the genetic composition of the population and 7), also are part of this area of the as well as of individuals, which includes here­ skeleton. dity; 2) the physiological age of the individual, The spinal column is a vertical arrange­ which involves nutrition, disease, and physi­ ment of 24 connected bony segments called cal health; and 3) the chronological age or vertebrae extending in a series of four curves the actual time span of the individuals' life. from the top vertebra (atlas) to the sacrum These problems are found with any age and and coccyx (kok'siks) (Figs. 8 and 9). The sex estimations when studying prehistoric coccyx comprises the bones that are the populations, and experienced physical an­ vestige of a tail. This trait of a tail we once thropologists can, to some degree, overcome shared with all primates, but through the these handicaps. One of the major ways of millions of years we lost it. Being segmented, solving this problem is being familiar with the the spinal column is flexible rather than rigid. population and recognizing the variation The lower vertebrae (lumbar) are larger than within the general characteristics of the whole the upper ones in order to serve the function group. of supporting the total weight of the upper The biological age and sex of a skeleton part of the body. In the posterior view of the can be determined with varying degrees of

14 success, depending on the period of life that individual at birth? At adulthood (usually was reached. Age can often be judged quite 15yearsof age)? Forfemales? For males? precisely at the stage when the teeth are 2. What was the infant mortality rate? erupting and the epiphyses are uniting (a 3. What percentage of the population was young skeleton has some 500 centers of bone affected by disease? How many people growth which are finlly reduced to approxi­ suffered from broken bones? mately 206 bones in an adult skeleton). After 4. Did this population have a 1 to 1 ratio growth has stopped and the permanent den­ of females to males? tition has erupted, i.e., age 25 to 30 years, 5. What was the size of the population? the estimation of age depends almost entirely Was it increasing or decreasing? on degenerative factors of bones from adult 6. What was the ratio of infants to children skeletons. Particular age categories should to adults of the population? be used in referring to skeletons from an Answers to these questions give an insight archeological site. They are: into the composition of the prehistoric popu­ 0 to two weeks—new born lations. Their daily activities, number of arti­ 0 to 1 year—infant facts, type of economy, mortuary customs, 2 to 10 years—child and religious beliefs are all reflected in their 11 to 15 years—adolescent skeletal remains. 16 to 20 years—sub-adult Throughout this paper, I have illustrated 20 to 35 years—young adult the major bones of the human skeleton. To 35 to 55 years—middle aged adult present a detailed discussion of the differ­ 55 plus—old adult ences between the sexes as well as the dif­ "What is the sex?" is one of the most fre­ ferences in the bones for the various ages quently-asked questions during excavation would fill several volumes and, naturally, of a human skeleton. Most excavators can could not be attempted here. I have, how­ judge for themselves the age that the indivi­ ever, tried to emphasize the importance of dual reached before death, but the determi­ careful excavation and just what kinds of nation of sex becomes a difficult question to data can be obtained from a collection of answer. In general, the sex differences in the human skeletons. adult long bones are a matter of size, the average male bone being longer, larger, and Acknowledgment: The drawings of the hu­ more massive than the average female bones. man skeleton and pelves were printed through Most physical anthropologists state definitely the courtesy of Carolina Biological Supply, that the determination of the sex of a skeleton Burlington, North Carolina. cannot be ascertained until the skeleton has reached the age of puberty at the time of Angel, J. Lawrence his or her death. If the individual had reached 1969 The bases of paleodemography. Ameri­ the age of 15 years, the sex estimate can be can Journal of Physical Anthropology made within a good degree of validity. Any­ 30:427-438. thing less than 12 years is probably a guess Bass, William M. 1971 Human osteology: A laboratory and field on the part of the anthropologist. The pelvic manual of the human skeleton. Missouri bone complex is an area where sex estimates Archaeological Society, University of can be made with reliability (Fig. 12). The Missouri, Columbia. female pelvis is usually wider than the male Brothwell, D. R. pelvis. The pubic arch (see area B in illustra­ 1964 Digging up bones. British Museum, London. tion) is also wider in the female than in the McKern, T. W. and T D. male pelvis. 1957 Skeletal age changes in young Ameri­ By using the collective data from the skele­ can males. Technical Report EP-45 tons, the archeologist can present statisti­ Quartermaster Research and Develop­ ment Center, Environmental Protection cally a generalized view of the former popu­ Division, Natick. lation. These types of questions can be Spooner, Brian answered if the skeletal population contains 1972 Population growth: anthropological im­ a large number of burials: plications. The MIT. Press, Cambridge. 1. What was the expected life span of an

15 Fig. 2 (Hranicky) Human skull, frontal

Fig. 4 (Hranicky) Bones of the pectoral girdle Fig. 5 (Hranicky) Ribs and sternum

16 Fig. 6 (Hranicky) Bones of the forearm Fig. 7 (Hranicky) Bones of the right hand, dorsal view

Fig. 8 (Hranicky) Human vertebral column in anatomical Fig. 9 (Hranicky) Representative vertebrae, sacrum and order coccyx

17 Fig. 10 (Hranicky) The innominates Fig. 11 (Hranicky) Bones of the right foot, dorsal view

HUMAN PELVES

Fig 12 (Hranicky) Sex differences as illustrated by the A. Leaaer pelvia pelvis. Mate—funnel ibaped Female—lube thaped B. Pubic arch Mule—acule an(le, ii night Female—right angle, rounded I. Male, fioiil view 7 Itchium C Wm« of ilium 2. Male, luperior view Male—curved 9, Acetabulum Female—ilraifhl 4. Female, luperiot view 10. Obturator foramen D. Pelvic diameter* 11. Sacrum Male—conjugate equal) traarvene 6. Ilium, body 12. Coccyx Female—-conjugate leu than trioivene

18 Artifacts From The Seaman Collection

By Stephen Kelley P. O. Box 1, Seaman, Ohio

The artifacts in figures 1 through 4 are part West Union, Ohio. All of them were found in of the collection of Eugene Seaman, Route 1, Adams County, Ohio.

Fig. 1 (Kelley) Paleo-lndian Points. The large, crude blade on the left has all the characteristics, of a Paleo-lndian J J. I I IJl-l »| I I M p'INjI I I I I I I 1.11,11,, I MJ, | |;,u HJ.,,1,. |„ , „ , | mmiM!, | H| I I IM II | I I point including fluting and grinding on the edges. The a.Tiiiffi mifflliiiiifflii i fflniitiiifflfin'iiin Xui,l*hiiiirff,ii,: lanceolate point next to it (top) shows notches which were Fig.m 2 (Kelley) Archaic dovetail and side-notched points. chipped there by Mr. Seaman while he was a boy. The point below it is a very small lanceolate. The large fluted point is almost a full 5 inches in length, nearly perfect in workmanship, and is made of Indiana Hornstone. The point beside it (top) is another lanceolate and is made of white Flint Ridge flint. The blade at the lower right appears to have been used as a knife. Mr. Seaman believes it is also a Paleo-lndian tool.

••tftffff

Fig. 3 (Kelley) Archaic Lake Erie, Kanawha, and St. Albans Fig. 4 (Kelley) Top Row: Archaic grooved ax, celt with bifurcated points, and large "bifurcates". flared bit (culture unknown), tapered celt (Hopewell). Bot­ tom Row: two Adena adzes and an Archaic plummet made of sedimentary material rather than hematite.

19 A Reworked Sinuous-Sided Point

By Jonathan Bowen 3557 W.S.R. 20 Lindsey, Ohio 43442

I found the sinuous sided-point illustrated The scraper's metric data follow: in Figure 1 near the top of a small ridge over­ 1. Maximum length—37 mm looking Westerhouse Ditch in Section 6, Reed 2. Width Township, Seneca County, Ohio, on July 24, a. maximum—24mm 1973. It has been reworked into a scraper; b. how far from base (ears')—26mm the rechipped surface can be seen on the 3. Width at base (ears')—not determinable obverse face. 4. Thickness Projectile points of this type were made a. maximum—6mm by the Fluted Point Complex of the Palaeo- b. how far from base (ears')—31mm Indian tradition. This point was fluted by the 5. Depth of basal concavity—2mm straight base method (Prufer and Baby 1963: 6. Length of fluting from base (ears') Fig. 1). The material is a high quality black a. obverse—27mm flint with a brownish cast. The maximum age b. reverse—26mm for the deposition of this artiface is 12,300 7. Number of flutes B.C., when the Wisconsin glacier had re­ a. obverse—1 treated to the Wabash Moraine (Prufer and b. reverse—3 Baby 1963:55). The spot where the piece 8. Basal grinding—present was found is 6 miles south of the southern 9. Lateral grinding measured from ears' beach of Lake Maumee I. a. right—not determinable During 1972 and 1973, I have found three b. Ieft-26mm limb bone fragments of a large Pleistocene 10. Minimum width if specimen is con­ mammal, probably a mastodon. I have re­ stricted above base—not determinable stored the three fragments into a single piece. 11. Basal nipple—absent The location where I collected the bone frag­ Prufer, Olaf H. and Raymond S. Baby ments is .8 mile south of the place that yielded 1963 Palaeo-lndians of Ohio. Ohio Hisotrical the scraper, and is also near Westerhouse Society, Columbus. Ditch.

XE.B, H 1 1 I I ' CM CM

Fig. 1 (Bowen) Obverse and reverse views of reworked fluted point.

20 Three Birdstones From The Same Huron County Farm

By Claude Britt, Jr. Park Ranger Archaeologist Chinle, Arizona 86503

Hooks (1972:29, Figs. 1-3) reports two bird- The reverse side (Fig. 2) has been broken stones from the same field in Huron County, in recent times, probably by farm machinery. Ohio. Both of these birdstones which Hooks Likewise, the tail has been damaged recently. reports were found by Jake Bikar in 1970. It is likely that this birdstone was originally This farm is located near Monroeville, Ohio. of the "fan tail" type, similar to one from Put­ The owner of the farm also found a birdstone nam -County, Ohio, illustrated by Townsend in the same field a number of years ago (Figs. (1959:630, Plate 263, Fig. G). This is the first 1-2). In the winter of 1972, Jake Bikar bought instance of which the author has knowledge this third birdstone from the land owner. In of three birdstones from one farm. The author the spring of 1973, Loren Britt purchased the would appreciate hearing from anyone hav­ third birdstone from Jake Bikar and pre­ ing knowledge of a similar find. sented it to the author This birdstone from the same farm mea­ Hooks, Jack sures approximately 11.25 cm. in length by 1972 Two Huron County Birdstones. Ohio 1.9 cm. in maximum width. The material from Archaeologist. 22(3). Columbus. which it is fashioned is banded slate. It is Towsend, Jr., Earl C. 1959 Birdstones of the North American In­ well patinated on the obverse side (Fig. 1). dian. Indianapolis.

Figure 1 (Britt). Obverse view of a birdstone from Huron County, Ohio.

Figure 2 (Britt). Reverse view of a birdstone from Huron County, Ohio.

21 Northern Ohio Slate

By Steve Fuller 2046 11th St., Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio

Fig. 3 (Fuller) Two rectangular bar type gorgets nearly identical in size and workmanship. The gorget on the left is 5-3/4 inches long, made from red slate with black band­ ing, and was found prior to 1942 near Mishawaka, Indiana. The gorget on the right is 5-13/16 inches long, made from green banded slate, and was found in Preble County, Ohio. Both gorgets are drilled "Adena style, " predominantly from Fig. 2 (Fuller) Anchor type the underside with only a very slight amount of counter­ pendant made of gray banded sinking on the upper face. Huronian slate, exhibiting very excellent workmanship. 'The pendant measures 4-5/8 inches long and was found in Sandusky Co.. Ohio, prior to 1900.

Fig. 4 (Fuller) Glacial Kame style Fig. 5 (Fuller) Gray banded slate gorget found on the Shaw gorget found along the Blackfork of site which is located approximately 1/2 mile north of Tiffin the Mohican River near Mifflin. Ash­ land County, Ohio. It is 5-1/2 inches State Hospital along the Sandusky River in Seneca County, long, fashioned from gray banded slate, Ohio. The gorget has biconical drilling and measures 7-1/4 and has "Adena style" drilling, from inches long. The diagonal seam is a natural fault in the one face only. slate.

22 Artifacts From The Sandusky River Area

By Earl Walston Rt. 4, Fostoria, Ohio

Jim Snyder, Earl Walston, and Keith Ballot, members of the Archaeological Society of Ohio, found the artifacts in the accompany­ ing photographs while surface hunting both sides of the Sandusky River between Tiffin and Upper Sandusky, Ohio.

Fig. 1 (Walston) Celt and expanded center gorget found by Earl Walston.

Fig. 2 (Walston) Doublewwmww crescent bannerstone found by Jim Snyder.

FlWWWrffl Fig. 3 (Walston) Fine birdstone found by Keith Ballot

23 Prehistoric Sites—Endangered Species?*

By Martha Potter Otto Division of Archaeology Ohio Historical Society Columbus, Ohio

What do prehistoric sites have in common mine which ones contain burials until the with the bald eagle, the peregrine falcon, and damage is done. the black bear? They all may become extinct Site destruction is not necessarily a phe­ in Ohio within our generation if we do not nomenon of the 20th century, although our make a concerted effort to save them. With current way of life has increased the pace of careful management, the animals now endan­ this destruction. A portion of the Ohio Canal gered can increase their numbers; however, was constructed across the square enclosure ancient village sites, camps, and mounds can­ of the Newark Earthworks and an adjacent not multiply. Once they are destroyed, they area containing numerous mounds. In 1828, are gone forever. But if prehistoric sites are while building a lock on the canal, workmen of no real practical value precisely why should dug through one of the mounds and, accord­ we preserve them? Because, like the animals, ing to an eyewitness, disturbed 14 burials, forests, and rivers, they are part of the en­ using 15 to 20 bushels of mica from the vironment. Specifically they are testimonies graves as part of the fill for the lock walls. of the ways in which people lived in relation Fortunately, two of the three major earth­ to the environment in the past, a relationship works of the Newark complex have been that probably was much closer and more saved. The embankments at Circleville and harmonious than ours today. Therefore, while Chillicothe and several large sites in the archaeological sites can be considered in the Cincinnati area have not fared as well; they same light as natural resources, they are also have been completely obliterated. In con­ as much a part of our cultural heritage as trast to these situations is the concern of the Campus Martius, Fort Meigs, or the Ohio directors of the Ohio Land Company who statehouse. They, like the historic sites, are resolved to preserve the three major mounds chronicles of the past, the only difference of the Marietta works and the "Sacred Way" being that they were inhabited before the soon after they had founded their community advent of written records. in 1788. There are, nevertheless, some differences Sites obliterated by expanding towns and between prehistoric and historic structures cities may be understandable, although re- that affect their preservation. Most ancient gretable. What cannot be condoned in any villages and mounds have existed for several way is the destruction of sites by pothunters thousand years during which time they have looking for artifacts to sell or to enhance the been subjected to erosion and disturbance by value of their collections (Fig. 1). These peo­ humans and animals. More recently site de­ ple are not to be confused with serious ama­ struction has increased in pace due to large- teur archaeologists who are genuinely inter­ scale construction projects, agricultural tech­ ested in the prehistoric cultures of Ohio and niques, and other practices that disturb the are as dismayed as the professional archae­ soil. While mounds are fairly obvious, other ologists over the wanton destruction of sites. sites are unwittingly destroyed because .their But prehistoric artifacts, like antiques, have locations are unknown. Nearly all we know of acquired a monetary value that persuades the Glacial Kame culture is based on the some people to butcher mounds and villages literally fragmentary evidence gathered after in the hope that they might find salable items. their burial grounds have been torn apart. In the process, they destroy forever the major These people preferred gravel deposits for portion of the data that could be derived from their cemeteries, but it is impossible to deter­ the site if it were excavated properly.

*A slightly different version of this article appeared in the December 1973 issue of the Ohio Historical Society's publication, Echoes.

24 The real significance of a prehistoric site tions for information to be assembled into an is in the objects it contains and the relation­ Environmental Impact statement. If its cumu­ ships between those objects and other fea­ lative impact on the environment is adverse, tures such as burials, refuse pits, and house the project must be altered accordingly or patterns. But once a site is disturbed, those even abandoned completely. Similar proce­ relationships are lost unless they have been dures are not yet in force for projects re­ observed and recorded by a well-trained ar­ quiring only state approval, but various local chaeologist. Therefore, a prehistoric site can­ groups have already suggested that the Ohio not be dismantled and reconstructed else­ Environmental Protection Agency undertake where as can an historical structure. We must this responsibility. Most Federal and state work either to preserve sites intact or, if their agencies automatically consult the National destruction is otherwise unaviodable, to see Register of Historic Places when planning or that they are excavated properly by compe­ approving projects so that the sites entered tent archaeologists. We must also be sure that in the Register are protected. the information and objects from these exca­ Thus some mechanisms for preserving ar­ vations, our only link with the past, are also chaeological sites are in existence and others preserved and made available to the inter­ will undoubtedly follow in the near future. It ested public. is up to us as private citizens and as members The preceeding statements may be all well of organizations on the local, regional, and and good, but they are hollow if we do not state level to do our part. We must become make a conscious effort to put them into familiar with the prehistoric resources of our practice. According to the National Environ­ areas and then make the effort to see that mental Policy Act of 1969, archaeological they, as well as our natural resources, are and historical sites must be considered right preserved for future generations. Animal along with natural resources in the environ­ populations currently endangered can be re­ mental assessment that is mandatory for any established, but the archaeological sites that project funded, approved, or licensed by the have been destroyed can never be brought Federal government. The companies planning back. They and the peoples they represent such projects must consult relevant state and must not go the way of the passenger pigeon. local agencies and various private organiza­

Fig. 1 (Otto) The major portion of this mound was destroyed by pits and tunnels dug by a pothunter. Since the site is on state property, the pothunter was prosecuted for violating the state antiquities act.

25 Archaeological Preservation: Now or Never*

By Martha Potter Otto Division of Archaeology Ohio Historical Society Columbus, Ohio 43211

Probably every member of the Archaeolo­ that the area yield or ". . . be likely to yield gical Society of Ohio knows of at least one information important in prehistory." Taken prehistoric site that has been destroyed in broadly, then, every camp, village, mound, the last few years by a reservoir, highway, and earthworks is a potential entry because housing development, stream channelizing, each one will provide important insights into drastic agricultural practices, as well as by the prehistoric life. Though the resulting situation perennial menace—the pothunter. In such would be ethically sound, it would also be circumstances, each of us has probably felt highly impractical. For one thing, the National helpless and frustrated at our inability to save Register of Historic Places is not a catalogue threatened sites; often all we can do is literally of every single site, but a listing only of those pick up the pieces as the heavy machinery that are considered by professional historians rolls over mounds and village sites. However, and archaeologists to be significant on a na­ there is hope that some sites can be saved tional, state, or local basis. Any Federal or through the mechanisms provided by the state agency planning construction or altera­ National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. tion projects, or any private contractor apply­ ing for Federal funds, approval, or license That act, now Public Law 89-665, recog­ must prove that the project in no way will nizes "that the historical and cultural founda­ harm a site listed in the National Register. If tions of the Nation should be preserved as a all the sites in Ohio or any other state were living part of our community life ... in order indiscriminately nominated, construction to give a sense of orientation to the American schedules for dams, highways, and housing people." It also recognizes the responsibility developments would be held up. But before of the Federal government "to accelerate its we say, "All well and good," we must realize historic preservation programs ... to give that such a position would label archaeolo­ maximum encouragement to agencies and gists as obstructionists and possibly could individuals undertaking preservation by pri­ bring about the repeal of the Preservation vate means . . . ." To implement all these Act. fine-sounding phrases, the act authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to maintain and Therefore, we have developed certain cri­ expand the National Register of Historic teria to determine which sites are eligible for Places and to grant funds to each state for the nomination. Uniquesness is important and development of a comprehensive state wide will, in many cases, separate sites of national survey of historic and prehistoric sites. Of significance, such as Serpent Mound in these two functions, the establishment of the Adams County, from those of state or local National Register is perhaps more important importance. Degree of preservation is con­ to us now because sites accepted by the sidered because the Register is recognizing Register or eligible for acceptance are pro­ primarily the physical location of a site as tected from damage by any project funded, opposed to the data and artifacts removed approved, or licensed by the Federal from it. Obviously a village or mound that government. has been excessively damaged by pothunters While a number of criteria determine which will not qualify; however, if there is a possi­ historic sites or districts may be nominated to bility that a significant amount of additional the National Register, the one qualification data could be derived through careful exca­ specifically for archaeological sites demands vation of an already-disturbed site, then it *A somewhat different version of this article appeared in the January 1974 issue of the Ohio Historical Society's publication. Echoes.

26 still could be nominated. A site's location is earthworks, although several late prehistoric also a factor. If it is situated in an unusual "fortifications" in northern Ohio and Fort area, such as a Hopewell mound in northern Ancient village sites have also been desig­ Ohio, or in an important environmental set­ nated. While the exact location is always part ting, or even in an urban locality where it of the nomination, that information is not might be damaged by future development, published in the National Register in order to it should be considered. A site's importance protect the site from looters. Neither will that in terms of the light it can shed on prehistoric information be given to an individual or culture is a more subjective criterion. Excava­ agency unless the person or group has a tion, even testing, is not involved in the nom­ legitimate need for it. ination process, so statements of potential A listing on the Register not only safe­ importance must be made by archaeologists guards a site, but also qualifies it for develop­ who have the background to judge the rela­ ment funded by the National Park Service's tive merits of numerous sites. While most Office of Archaeology and Historic Preserva­ National Register entries submitted to date tion. Monies are available on a matching have been individual mounds or villages, basis for the enhancement of registered sites larger tracts or districts where there is a con­ that are accessible to the public. The Division centration of sites can also be nominated. has obtained some of these funds for the Since 1971, the Ohio Hisotrical Society's archaeological field school at Seip Mound Division of Archaeology has nominated 115 State Memorial for an excavation and inter­ prehistoric sites in 20 Ohio counties to the pretation program that will continue for sev­ National Register (Fig. 1). Of that group, 46 eral years. have been accepted to date, the low number The expansion of the National Register to resulting from a tremendous backlog in the cover archaeological sites as well as his­ Washington, D.C. offices of the Advisory torical ones reflects the public's growing in­ Council on Historic Preservation which must terest in preserving the dwindling remnants approve all entries in the National Register. of prehistoric societies. Readers who wish to Currently, Mr. Bert C. Drennen III of the Di­ do their part are encouraged to notify Mr. vision's staff selects sites to be nominated, Drennen, Division of Archaeology, Ohio His­ visits them to take measurements and photo­ torical Society, about sites that qualify for graphs, and then prepares the necessary nomination. Help us protect our irreplaceable forms. Nearly all the sites nominated so far cultural resources. Help us now. have been Adena and Hopewell mounds and

Fig. 1 (Otto) The Hartman mound, an Adena site, is already on the National Register. The entire mound complex at the Plains, Athens County, of which the Hartman site is a part, has also been nominated.

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28 A Uniface Blade A Union County Dovetail

By Donald A. Casto, By John Baldwin, Angola, Indiana 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Casto) This fine uniface blade was a surface find Fig. 1 (Baldwin) This Ohio dovetail was found near Ray­ in Fairfield County, Ohio, May 11, 1973. It is 5-1/4 inches mond. Union County, Ohio. It is made from Coshocton long and shows fine secondary chipping along the lower flint and is 5-1/2 inches long. edges of the blade. The stone is Nellie chert the faint gray stripes of which may be seen in the light colored inclusion.

29 REGIONAL COLLABORATOR NEWS By.David Kuhn, 2642 Shawnee Rd., Portsmouth, Ohio

Fig. 3 (Kuhn) This unusual shaped blade or spear is 3 inches long, and the material is dark gray flint with se­ condary pressure flaking on all edges. There is slight basal grinding. The author found this relic while surface hunting with Jim Miller in a field north of Lucasville, Ohio, along the Scioto River.

Fig. 1 (Kuhn) This Archaic Bevel is 2-5/8 inches long. The point is made of white, semi-glossy Flint Ridge ma­ terial and has extensive grinding on the base. It was found by the author in Scioto County along the Ohio River at Wheelersburg. Ohio, on a site which has since been des­ troyed by construction o) bulk oil tanks and a new highway.

Fig. 4 (Kuhn) Celts found by James R. Miller, Society member from Lucasville, Ohio. Middle celt is from the Feurt Village Site in Scioto County, and was found by Miller in the summer of 1969 The remaining two celts were found on the Vanmeter farm in Pike County, Ohio.

Fig. 5 (Kuhn) This semi-polished white quartz pipe was excavated from the Hardin Village Site in Greenup County, Kentucky. It is a well made piece with large tapered drilling for the bowl and stem. The length from top of bowl to Fig. 2 (Kuhn) Points found on the Lochbaum farm in Scioto bottom of pipe is 2 inches. County by James R. Miller.

30 Oldest ASO Member Has Birthday Necrology . . . Mr. Albin Elchert of New Riegel, Ohio cele­ It was with a great deal of regret that we brated his 100th birthday November 11th, learned of the passing of Hubert C. Wachtel, 1973. Mr. Elchert, who found his first artifact 39 Laura Ave., Dayton, Ohio, Tuesday, Feb­ at the age of four—in the year 1877—has ruary 5th, 1974. Mr. Wachtel was one of the been a lifelong collector and dealer in Indian old timers in our Society and contributed a artifacts. Among his descendants are nine great deal to its growth. He was the originator children, 14 grandchildren, 55 great-grand­ of the WHO'S WHO series of publications children and two great-great-grandchildren. on relic collectors and was former Editor of Our congratulations go to Mr. Elchert and we the Ohio Archaeologist. Our sympathies go hope he has another prosperous 100 years. to Mrs. Wachtel and his family.

SUSTAINING MEMBERS 1974

Mr. Earl N.Witzler 13370 Eckel Junction Rd. Perrysburg, Ohio $40.00

Alfred C. Mahan MD 38109 Euclid Ave. Willoughby, Ohio 44094 $25.00

Robert J. Peters 10547 Indiana Hollow Rd. Elyria, Ohio 44035 $25.00

John C. Allman 1336 Cory Dr. Dayton, Ohio 45406 $25.00

Alva McGraw Box 23 Chillicothe, Ohio 45601 $35.00

Mr. and Mrs. Larry R. Erwin 115 Supman Ct. Lancaster, Ohio 43130 $25.00

George R. Alspach 635 Mt. Zion Rd. Rt. 3 Lancaster, Ohio 43130

31 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY

The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio; to seek and pro­ mote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, mu­ seums, and institutions of learning; and to dissemi­ nate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in this society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.

A Fine Ohio Popeyed Birdstone

By Ron Helman, Sidney, Ohio

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Fig. 1 (Helman) Green and yellow porphyry popeyed bird­ stone from Shelby County, Ohio.

This popeyed birdstone was found about long and is 2 inches high. The right eye has 1935 by Mr. H. Kies in Franklin Twp., Shelby apparently been broken off in prehistoric Co., Ohio. I bought it from Mr. Kies in 1968 times since it shows patina on the break. The and it is in my collection today. The material site from which it came has produced about is a light green matrix with yellow porphyry 75 other pieces including some stone tools. inclusions. From nose to tail it is 4 inches