Delta Tau Delta History
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Delta Tau Delta: From Upsilon to Beta Upsilon, to John Street and Back, 1872-2000 Jon Coit, GHHP GA, March 6, 2001 Information courtesy of University of Illinois Archives and the Society for the Preservation of Greek Housing This history was produced as part of the Society for the Preservation of Greek Housing’s Greek Chapter History Project. The Society was founded in 1988, with the goal of preserving the historic buildings that embody the history of the nation’s largest Greek system, and educating the public about the historical significance of fraternities and sororities on the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign campus. Dues paid by member fraternity and sorority chapters and donations from chapter alumni fund the Society’s work. In keeping with their mission, the Society began the Greek Chapter History Project in May 2000 in conjunction with the University of Illinois Archives. The GCHP aims for nothing less than producing a complete historical record of fraternities and sororities on the University of Illinois campus by employing a graduate assistant to research and write histories of campus chapters. Making the work possible are the extensive collections of the University of Illinois Archives, especially its Student Life and Culture Archival Program. Supported by an endowment from the Stewart S. Howe Foundation, the heart of the SLC Archives is the Stewart S. Howe collection, the world’s largest collection of material related to fraternities and sororities. 2001 The Society for the Preservation of Greek Housing and the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. All rights reserved. From Upsilon to sub rosa to defunct: 1871-1879 Delta Tau Delta at the University of Illinois got its start during a period in which student life was restricted to a degree hardly fathomable today. Students’ classes largely consisted of dry recitation with little opportunity for the development of one’s own creative energies. On many campuses, student-run literary societies were founded to allow students to both express themselves without the restrictions of faculty supervision, and engage issues of the day. Indeed, Delta Tau Delta itself was founded at Bethany College, Bethany, West Virginia in 1858 after a group of members of that school’s Neotrophian literary society watched a clique within the society conspire to award a prize to one of its own members. 1 Although the specific reasons James N. Matthews, Ira O. Baker, and James R. Mann banded together to found what became the Upsilon chapter of Delta Tau Delta are unclear, Winton Solberg’s history of the University of Illinois suggests that dissatisfaction with the level of faculty control over student life might have been at the heart of the matter. All three men were members of the University’s (then called Illinois Industrial University) Philomathean literary society. It is also clear that they came into contact with Delta Tau Delta through Indiana’s Nu Chapter. R. L. Organ of Nu Chapter wrote to DTD’s Alpha chapter in November 1871, stating that “We have been corresponding with them [Illinois fledgling Delts] for several weeks. They have 15 men at present.…” Two weeks after the chapter obtained its charter, January 19, 1872, an unauthorized choir practice precipitated a crisis in campus government. At the time, control of the students’ dormitory was vested in a student-only General Assembly, with a five-man Council empowered to levy fines for infractions of the Assembly’s rules. But 2 final authority, of course, remained in the hands of the school’s faculty. The Council had fined 15 members of a choir for practicing during study hours. The choir members, though, had permission from a faculty member, and appealed to University President James Gregory to overturn their fines. The students were split over the issue. The General Assembly, which according to Solberg was dominated by the still-secret Upsilon Chapter of Delta Tau Delta, passed a resolution by a near-unanimous vote demanding the faculty sustain the Council’s verdict. Another student, Charles W. Rolfe, got a majority of students to sign a petition protesting the ultimatum the General Assembly had issued. Quite clearly the issue was whose authority reigned in the dormitory—the student government or the faculty. The conflict ended ambiguously. Gregory and a Trustee of the University upheld the Council’s fines, but the fines were paid by the faculty and not the students in question. 2 The conflict did, however, suggest that fraternities had invaded the University. Delta Tau Delta, as the first fraternity on the Illinois campus, clearly bore the brunt of the general suspicion of fraternities. Solberg notes that the Upsilon chapter of Delta Tau Delta was not “officially” discovered until 1876. But the choir conflict and opposition to fraternities in the broader society clearly indicated to some students that the “serpent” as President Gregory called it, was among them. Gregory, like many fraternity opponents, argued first and foremost that it was fraternities’ secrecy which posed the greatest threat to the authority of University faculty. Solberg repeats the charge of Rolfe and Gregory that the choir crisis had been induced by DTD to take control of the General Assembly. 1 History of Delta Tau Delta, www.delts.org/history.shtml, accessed March 6, 2001. 2 Winton Solberg, The University of Illinois 1867-1894: an Intellectual and Cultural History , Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1968, p. 186-87, 200-1; F. Darrell Moore, “Defection and Expansion - - - The Fraternity Emerges,” The Rainbow 85:4 (Summer 1962), p. 187. 3 In 1875 students unsuccessfully attempted to ban fraternity members from offices in student government, while that year the Board of Trustees “condemned secret societies”—that is, Delta Tau Delta—“as detrimental to” the campus’ form of government. After the existence of the chapter was officially recognized in 1876, one hundred students petitioned the faculty to abolish it. Gregory elaborated on the charge that the existence of the Upsilon chapter hampered the student-run government. Solberg writes that Gregory “attributed troubles experienced by the College Government to covert fraternity factions, and believed that these clandestine activities frustrated all hopes of a successful experiment in self-government.” This opinion was reflected in an 1876 Board of Trustees’ resolution which, while condemning “secret societies” and asking students to disband and refuse to tolerate them, did not ban them wholesale. 3 The hostility of many students, as well as the college faculty, made it difficult for the Upsilon chapter to survive. An early member, L. F. Warner, Jr., requested for this reason that the Alpha chapter correspond with the Illinois fraternity in plain envelopes: “Secret societies are strongly forbidden by the faculty, and discountenanced by many of the the students.” Noting the previous communications bearing the DTD insignia and directed to the chapter, Warner wrote: “Our mail is delivered to the University postoffice [sic], and it has been by mere accident that they were not discovered. Each time one of the boys happened to be helping with the mail and got them.” For reasons of secrecy the chapter even avoided sending representatives to the Karnea, the Delts’ biannual convention. 4 3 Solberg, op. cit. , p. 190, 200. 4 Quoted in Moore, “Defection,” p. 187 4 In a series of articles on defunct Delt chapters published in the national fraternity’s publication The Rainbow in 1890-91, Lowrie McClurg argued that what seemed to Gregory and others like a secret cabal intent on usurping college government, was in fact an organization “composed of the pick of the upper classes [juniors and seniors].” It was a result of the generally high caliber of these early Delt men, McClurg suggested, that many of them did occupy College Government offices. Once the group was discovered, graduating Upsilon chapter seniors began wearing their badges on commencement day. Once it was noticed that “most of the students occupying prominent positions were fraternity men,” this fueled the fire of those students and faculty who believed “that they were organized for the purpose of electing their members to office.” 5 It is difficult to know what the original motives of the Founders were, and why exactly Delta Tau Delta at Illinois was organized. Is does seem clear, though, that opposition to fraternities in general dramatically shaped student and faculty opinion of the chapter’s early actions. An activity which later became the standard measure of a fraternity’s success—involvement in campus government—was in this case construed as an attempt of a select few to run student government for their own benefit. In any event, the opposition to Delta Tau Delta at Illinois had the desired effect. The chapter elected to operate sub rosa in 1876, and returned its own charter to the Alpha three years later. During that time the chapter accumulated a large debt to the Alpha chapter, and, when the Alpha refused to remit the debt, the chapter returned their charter. Solberg notes that two 1881 University graduates, Francis M. McKay and John H. Morse, claimed membership 5 Quoted in ibid ., p. 187. 5 in Delta Tau Delta. 6 But aside from those two, between 1879 and 1894 Delta Tau Delta was absent from the University campus. Beta Upsilon: 1894 Just as the chapter struggled and ultimately succumbed in a climate hostile to fraternities at Illinois, it experienced a resurgence when the social and regulatory climate improved. Beginning with the appointment of Thomas J. Burrill as the acting regent of the University in 1891, the prospects for fraternities at Illinois brightened considerably. The Trustees lifted previous regulations against student membership in fraternities in September of that year. Sigma Chi and Kappa Sigma were the first organizations to take advantage, and were both officially approved by the University in 1891 (Sigma Chi had been at Illinois since 1881).