Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 Subtle Mistakes in Maxwell Equations that Altered Reality: No Aether Deity Required (Light Does Not Propagate in a Medium or on a Moving Frame)

Bandula W. Dahanayake Farmfield Crescent, Kanata, ON, Canada [email protected]

Abstract—The ingrained need for a medium in What determines the propagation of light is Maxwell equations is a result of hidden mistakes in and constants, which do not require Maxwell equations. Light does not propagate in any a medium. Coulomb and Ampere constants exist in a medium. Light propagates in empty space. A medium . and permeability of a medium are is not a carrier of light. The empty space is the carrier defined using the Coulomb and Ampere constants, of light. A medium is an obstacle to the propagation of and hence permittivity and permeability are not light. The claim in Maxwell equations that the primary constants. Permittivity and permeability have propagation of light is determined by the permittivity no existence without a medium. is and permeability of a medium is false, illogical, and determined by the Coulomb and Ampere constants. incorrect. Propagation of light is only affected by a Coulomb and Ampere constants are fundamental to medium, not determined by a medium. the propagation of electromagnetic waves. Coulomb The problem with Maxwell equations is that the and Ampere constants of the space, the vacuum, are Light propagates in a vacuum, but Maxwell equations universal and hence the speed of light is universal. do not. Maxwell equations are incompatible with Propagation of light takes place in space even propagation of light due to the invalid representation when a medium is present, not in the medium itself. of as the permittivity, and Ampere Propagation of light is absolute. Empty space is the constant as the permeability of a medium. Coulomb absolute frame, which is stationary. Space can neither constant is not permittivity. Ampere constant is not expands nor contracts. It is a medium that expands or permeability. Coulomb and Ampere constants exist in contracts, not the space itself. The presence of a vacuum, and they do not require a medium while medium only alters the propagation parameters of the permittivity and permeability have no existence space. A medium is a hindrance to the propagation of without a medium. Aether is not a solution to this light. Electric density is directly related to electric incompatibility. Even an Aether deity cannot provide field by Coulomb constant, not by the permittivity. permittivity and permeability to a vacuum while density is directly related to the maintaining a vacuum a vacuum. Vacuum is not a by Ampere constant, not by the vacuum if it has permittivity and permeability. permeability. Coulomb and Ampere constants do not Obvious incompatibility of Maxwell equations with require a medium, whereas the permittivity and propagation of light is a result of mistakes in the permeability have no existence without a medium. Maxwell equations. Formulation of Maxwell equations What must be fundamental to Maxwell equations based on constants is both unwarranted and should be Coulomb and Ampere constants, not incorrect. Properties of a medium do not belong in the permittivity and permeability of a medium. Maxwell equations since propagation of light is not Speed of light measured by any observer on any determined by a physical medium. Propagation of light moving frame is independent of the speed of the is only affected by a medium. Maxwell equations must frame. Light cannot be carried away by a moving be determined exclusively by the parameters of a frame or by a flowing medium since light propagates vacuum since propagation of light takes place in the in space, not on a frame or in a medium. A flowing space even when a medium is present. When light is medium cannot drag light. An inertial frame cannot propagating in the presence of a medium, if the move light. Speed of a flowing medium has no direct medium is pulled out, light does not move with the effect on the speed of light. Any effect of a flowing medium, light remains bound to the space indicating medium on light is due to the change of Coulomb and that the light does not propagate in a medium. Ampere constants with the change in medium density Ampere-Maxwell equation is incorrect since current along the flow. Light does not hitchhike. Motion of has no existence without a nonzero time gradient of masses is relative; propagation of waves is not. You the . Asymmetry in Maxwell equations is a cannot increase or decrease the speed of light by result of this mistake. Correct Maxwell equations are running with or against the light. Light cannot be given anti-symmetric and not determined by the parameters a ride on a moving frame, train, or on a caravan. of a medium. Propagation of light and speed of light Hypothetical magnetic vector potential does not can only be determined by parameters that can exist exist. Abstract canonical momentum obtained using in a vacuum. the LaGrange based on magnetic vector potential is

www.jmess.org JMESSP13420772 3969 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 not real. Any entity with momentum cannot propagate. required for the propagation of light is space, the No entity can be subjected to both motion and empty space, nothing else. Although the Maxwell propagation. Only the stationary fields contain equations are medium-based by mistakes, the correct . Propagating fields do not have Maxwell equations must be space-based naturally. potential energy. Electromagnetic waves have neither The fact that Maxwell equations cannot exist in space kinetic energy nor potential energy and hence without a man-made hypothetical medium Aether is a LaGrange does not apply for electromagnetic waves. good indication that there are fundamental mistakes Light has no momentum. Electromagnetic waves have with Maxwell equations that must be corrected. no momentum. The need for Aether stems from mistakes in Axiom: Maxwell equations. Correct Maxwell equations are Electromagnetic waves propagate in the space, in anti-symmetric and exclusively determined by the vacuum, and hence equations for propagation of Coulomb and Ampere constants, which do not require light should contain only the parameters and fields a medium but are affected by a medium and by the that can exist in a vacuum. density variation of the medium. No man-made hypothetical Aether deity is required for propagation of Property: light or for measurement of the speed of light. The propagation of electromagnetic waves is Measured speed of light on a moving frame is space-based, not medium-based, and hence the independent of the speed of the frame since a moving genesis of Maxwell equations should also be space- body undergoes volume contraction. When a moving based, not medium-based. body approaches the speed of light, it turns into a black hole since mass density becomes infinite while Definition: Almighty Aether, Aether Deity mass remains the same. Black holes are real; they Aether is non-material non-physical imaginary are not spacetime singularities. There is no whatever that provides a vacuum the required spacetime. permittivity and permeability for the existence and What the gravitation constant to gravitation propagation of the Maxwell equations in a vacuum is what are Coulomb and Ampere constants to without altering the vacuum itself, an almighty task electromagnetism. Just as the Newton gravitation that can only be achieved by an Aether deity. Maxwell constant requires no medium for its existence, equations have no existence in a vacuum without the Coulomb and Ampere constants require no medium assistant of a hypothetical man-made Aether deity. for their existence. Coulomb and Ampere constants are unit-conversion parameters that require no Lemma: Non-Relative Light medium. Reformulated Maxwell equations based Light does not propagate relative to a medium, exclusively on Coulomb and Ampere constants are object, moving train, or observers. Light propagates in always compatible with propagation of light and space. The presence of a medium is an unnecessary require no medium. obstacle to the propagation of light. Speed of light and Maxell equations should not be medium based. electromagnetic fields are unaffected by the motion of Correct Maxwell equations must be space based. frame. Propagation of light is absolute, not relative. Maxwell equations and propagation of light are not relative. Correct Maxwell equations and light Property: No Hitchhiking propagate in empty space, which is the absolute Light does not take a ride on a moving frame. Light frame of reference for light. Lorentz Transform and cannot be dragged by a flowing medium. Light does Special Relativity are both invalid. not take free rides. Piggybacking light is strictly prohibited by nature. Keywords—Permittivity; Permeability; Coulomb; Ampere; Aether; Maxwell; Force; Lorentz; Relativity; Lemma: Medium is Never a Friend, always a Foe Einstein; Light; Spacetime; Black Holes; Vacuum; Light cannot be carried away by a flowing medium. I. INTRODUCTION Light always propagates in space against the Speed of light is affected by a medium, not resistance of any medium present. For propagation of determined by a medium. Electromagnetic fields are light, even a flowing medium is never a friend, always space-bound, not medium-bound. Electromagnetic a foe. For the propagation of light, flowing medium is a fields exist in space even when a medium is present. position dependent resistance. Effect of a medium on the propagation of light is always through the effect of the medium on the Property: Problem with Maxwell Equations parameters of propagation of light in space, vacuum. Maxwell equations cannot propagate in a vacuum. Light propagates in space, which is the absolute Maxwell equations do not represent the propagation frame of reference. Hence, correct Maxwell equations of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum. Maxwell must be formulated to have the empty space, the equations have no existence without a medium. vacuum, as the absolute frame of reference. What is Maxwell equations require a foundational correction. Aether is a temporary pain reliever, not a cure. www.jmess.org JMESSP13420772 3970 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 flowing medium. Property: Vacuum Based Light Speed of light must be determined by parameters Lemma: No Standing-Light that exist in a vacuum. Speed of light must be There is no standing-light. If there is so-called determined by universal vacuum parameters, not by standing-light, perpetual light bulb that consumes no secondary parameters such as dielectric properties of power will be a reality. Light has no existence without a medium. Vacuum is universal, a medium is local. propagation. So-called standing-light is a reality blind Although the speed of light is affected by a medium, mathematically illusional fallacy, not a reality. speed of light is not determined by a medium. Corollary: Property: Light always propagates in free space even in the Coulomb constant α and Ampere constant β are presence of a medium. The presence of medium only universal constants that require no medium. alters the parameters Coulomb and Ampere constants of the propagation of light. Theorem: Correct Maxwell Equations for Light Correct Maxwells equations for light are exclusively Corollary: determined by Coulomb constant α and Ampere Light does not exist for the synchronization of constant β. Speed of light c is determined exclusively clocks. Simultaneity has nothing to do with light. Time by the Coulomb constant α and Ampere constant β. has nothing to do with light. Unlike the original Maxwell equations, correct Maxwell equations are anti-symmetric and do not require an So far, we had a quick glance at what is about to Aether deity. come. Now, let us begin with an introduction to how all that started and what brought us here. Lemma: Problems with Lorentz Transform Even though Britten had openly used its technical Lorentz Transform does not apply for non- advancements to rob the resources of other nations propagating electric fields and magnetic fields. and to strip off their dignity by enslaving them (Britten Lorentz Transform for propagating electromagnetic was not alone in this), in hindsight, we cannot waves does not exist since Lorentz Transform is not undermine Britten’s contribution to the advancement unique. There is no . Lorentz Transform of science and technology at a very fundamental level. is not real. There is nothing “Great” about invading and enslaving other nations using technological might, and hence Property: Uselessness of Lorentz Transform naming Britten as “the Great Britten” is completely No electromagnetic device was ever engineered inappropriate and unwarranted. You cannot become using Lorentz Transform. Design of electric motors Great by beating up and enslaving the weaker. and electric generators predates Lorentz Transform by Despite those historical wrongdoings, the most several decades. noteworthy of all to the technical advancement came out of Britten is the contributions of Faraday and Property: Do Not Go with the Flow Maxwell to the electromagnetic theory. Flowing medium cannot carry the light with the flow Around 1865 AD in Edinburgh, Scotland, James since the light is not relative and light propagates in Clerk Maxwell formulated the Maxwell equations for space even when a medium is present. The change of electromagnetic wave propagation based on the speed of light in a flowing medium is solely due to the permittivity and permeability of a medium. However, change of Coulomb constant α and the Ampere the use of permittivity ε and permeability μ of a constant β with the position in a flowing medium. medium in the formulation of Maxwell equations is unwarranted, and incorrect. It is this mistake that led Property: Adaptable Maxwell and others to look to an Aether deity. Coulomb constant α and the Ampere constant β In Maxwell equations, the speed of light is falsely are position dependent in an inhomogeneous and inappropriately determined by the permittivity ε medium. Coulomb and Ampere constants are position and permeability μ. The problem is that there cannot dependent in a flowing medium due to the density be a permittivity ε and permeability μ without a variation along the flow, and hence the speed of light medium. A vacuum has no permittivity or permeability. is position dependent in a flowing medium. As a result, Maxwell equations have no place in a vacuum. Maxwell equations do not propagate in a Lemma: Riding My Own Wave vacuum. Maxwell equations only propagate in a The change of speed of light in a flowing medium medium. is not a result of light being carried by the flowing However, propagation of light does not require a medium. Light cannot be given a ride by any mean medium. Light propagates in a medium as well as in a since light is not relative. Light cannot be vacuum. So, there is an incompatibility between piggybacked. The variation of the speed of light in a Maxwell equations and propagation of light since flowing medium is due to the inhomogeneity of the Maxwell equations have no existence in a vacuum. www.jmess.org JMESSP13420772 3971 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 This incompatibility problem has been there from the hypothetical God that can be anything that we want inception of Maxwell equations to this day. him/her/it to be since God exists only in misguided human psychic as an illusion, not in reality as a Property: Maxwell Cannot Breathe in a Vacuum physical entity; surprisingly, there are many believers. Maxwell equations cannot live without dielectric Nobody has any idea what Aether is. Maxwell did constants. Vacuum has no dielectric constants. not know what Aether was. However, everybody can Despite all the beauty of the Maxwell equations, say volumes about Aether even though nobody has Maxwell equations’ inability breath in dielectric any idea what Aether is, just like preachers of any constants permittivity and permeability in a vacuum religion can say volumes about their God even though remains a major hurdle to overcome for Maxwell they have no clue what/who God is. Therefore, it is equations. important to get the definition of Aether right.

Maxwell equations and the speed of light were Definition: Aether determined by the dielectric properties, permittivity ε Aether is non-material non-physical whatever that and permeability μ. The problem is that a vacuum provides a vacuum the required permittivity and does not have dielectric properties. An empty space permeability for the existence and propagation of the cannot have dielectric constants, permittivity ε and Maxwell equations in a vacuum without altering the permeability μ. vacuum itself, an almighty task. If a vacuum has dielectric constants, then, it is no longer a vacuum. Maxwell equations and speed of Aether must be a hypothetical non-material deity to light have no existence in a vacuum since Maxwell carry out a such a task of providing the required equations, as expressed by Maxwell, are determined permittivity and permeability for the Maxwell equations by the dielectric properties, permittivity ε and in a vacuum from the sideline while maintaining a permeability μ, which have no existence in a vacuum. vacuum a vacuum. It is only a hypothetical man-made If there are physical stuff in space, space is no deity that only exists in human psychic can fulfill such longer a vacuum, it is a medium. Maxwell equations an impossible task in nature. If you are someone who and Speed of light are compatible in a medium since believes religiously without evidence that an unknown medium can provide much needed permittivity and entity, a deity, created the universe and everything in permeability for the existence of Maxell equations in a it, this task of providing dielectric constant to a medium as described by Maxwell. If there is a medium vacuum from the sideline without affecting the vacuum in space providing the dielectric constants needed for is not a that big task for the guy/gal/it, the Aether deity. the Maxwell equations for propagation of light and the No physical entity cannot carry out such a task. No speed of light, then it is no longer the speed of light in vacuum has the permittivity and permeability to a vacuum or the propagation of light in a vacuum and support Maxwell equations. No physical entity can that is the dilemma we must deal with in Maxwell provide a vacuum permittivity and permeability without equations. That is the enigma in Maxwell equations. altering the vacuum. Aether cannot be a physical The contradiction in Maxwell equations formulated entity. by Maxwell based on permittivity and permeability is evident when we consider the Maxwell equations in a Property: Vacuum is a Vacuum vacuum. Maxwell equations as formulated by Maxwell If vacuum has permittivity and permeability, it is no need permittivity and permeability for their existence longer a vacuum. in a vacuum without having a physical medium to provide the dielectric constants. Maxwell tried to Ampere-Maxwell equation in Maxwell equations resolve this contradiction by introducing a hypothetical has a current even when the time gradient of the non-material man-made medium Aether. Aether is a electric flux density is zero. This is not possible. provider of permittivity and permeability to a vacuum Ampere-Maxwell equation is not completely correct without altering the vacuum, a job for a deity. since current has no existence without a nonzero time Aether provides the required dielectric constant for gradient of the electric flux. the existence of Maxwell equations in a vacuum The asymmetry in Maxwell equations is a result of without itself being a physical medium. In other words, this mistake in Ampere-Maxwell equation. Correct Maxwell equations need an Aether deity for their Maxwell equations should not have anything to do existence in a vacuum, because Maxwell equations, with permittivity and permeability. Correctly as formulated by Maxwell, have no existence without reformulated Maxwell equations for propagation of dielectric properties permittivity and permeability. light are anti-symmetric and do not have any So, a hypothetical Aether Deity came to the rescue dependence on permittivity and permeability. providing much needed permittivity and permeability Light is not relative. No medium is required for the to a vacuum while maintaining the vacuum, a vacuum. propagation of light. Maxwell equations should not be Well, God can do anything since no actual physical determined by the permittivity and permeability. A doing is involved. It is only a hypothetical Aether God vacuum is not dielectric and has no permittivity or that can fulfill this task, nothing else can. It is only a permeability, yet light propagate in a vacuum even www.jmess.org JMESSP13420772 3972 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 though Maxwell equations have no existence in a Maxwell equation, vacuum since vacuum has no permittivity and ∮ 퐇●푑퓵=I+∂ΦE(t)/∂t (1.2) permeability. What led to the need for Aether was a where, I=current, dℓ is a small length of the path ℓ mistake in Ampere-Maxwell equation in the Maxwell encircling the surface S. equations, and the inappropriate use of the dielectric Maxwell named the term ∂ΦE(t)/∂t as drift current constants in the Maxwell equations where they do not Id. However, it is noteworthy that the current is current, belong. and there is no separate entity called drift current. It is Dielectric constants do not belong in Maxwell only that when the change of electric flux with time is equations. You cannot reconcile the incompatibility of a constant, ∂ΦE(t)/∂t=constant, we have current I. It is Maxwell equations and propagation of light in a noteworthy that the current I=0 when ∂ΦE(t)/∂t=zero. vacuum by inventing hypothetical Aether. This is where Ampere-Maxwell equation is incorrect. We will consider what is wrong with the Ampere- Property: Dielectric Constants are Not Needed Maxwell equation and how to correct it later. Dielectric properties of a medium have no place in If the magnetic flux through a small area 훿푆 is Maxwell equations. Maxwell equations should not 훿ΦM(t), then, contain parameters that are specific to a medium. ΦM(t)=∬ 훿ΦM(t). (1.3) By defining 푑푺 as a vector with magnitude 훿푆 and the The need for Aether is a result of several mistakes direction orthogonal to 훿S, we have, in Maxwell equations. No Aether is required when the ΦM(t)=∬ [∂횽M(t)/휕푆]●d푺 (1.4) Maxwell equations are correctly formulated. To correct ΦM(t)=∬ B●d푺 (1.5) the mistakes in Maxwell equation, let us revisit the where, B is the magnetic flux density given by, derivation of Maxwell equations and reformulate them B=∂횽M(t)/∂S (1.6) appropriately without the use of dielectric constants Similarly, if the electric flux ΦE(t) through a small area permittivity and permeability. When the Maxwell 훿푆 is 훿횽E(t), then, equations are correctly reformulated without ΦE(t)=∬ 훿횽E(t) (1.7) permittivity and permeability, as they should ΦE(t)=∬ [∂횽E(t)/휕푆]●d푺 (1.8) realistically be, there is no requirement for non- ΦE(t)=∬ D●d푺 (1.9) material hypothetical Aether. As expected, No Aether where, D is the electric flux density given by, deity is required. D=∂횽E(t)/∂S (1.10) Substituting for Φ B(t) in Faraday equation given in Property: Space-Based Start eqn. (1.1) and for ΦE(t) in Ampere equation in eqn. Maxwell equations for propagation of light should (1.2), we have, be space-based from the start, not medium-based. ∮ 퐄. 푑퓵=-d[∬ B●d푺]/dt (1.11) ∮ 퐇. 푑퓵=I+d[∬ D●d푺]/dt (1.12) Around 1831 AD in Surrey, England, Michael ∮ 퐄. 푑퓵=-∬ (dB/dt)●d푺 (1.13) Faraday discovered that the change of magnetic flux ∮ 퐇. 푑퓵=∬ J●dS+∬ (dD/dt)●d푺 (1.14) 횽M through surface area S with time generates an where, J=∂I/∂S, the current density. E encircling the magnetic flux 횽M that From Stokes theorem, we have, opposes the change, ∮ 퐄. 푑퓵=∬ (∇ × 퐄)●d푺 (1.15) ∮ 퐄●푑퓵=-∂ΦM(t)/∂t (1.1) ∮ 퐇. 푑퓵=∬ (∇ × 퐇)●d푺 (1.16) where, ● indicates the dot product, 훿ℓ is a small where, ℓ is the path that encircles the area S. length of the path ℓ� that encircles the surface area S. Equating eqn. (1.13) with eqn. (1.15) and eqn. (1.14) Around 1819 AD in Lyon, France, Andre-Marie with eqn. (1.16), we have, Ampere discovered that the flow of current generates (∇ × 퐄)=-dB/dt (1.17) a magnetic field encircling the path of the current. (∇ × 퐇)=J+dD/dt (1.18) Maxwell showed that it is not just the flow of current Equations (1.17) and (1.18) are the well-known that generates a magnetic field that encircles the path garden verity Maxwell equations that you can find in of the current but also the change of electric flux with any physics or electrical engineering textbook. We respect to time also generates a magnetic field that presented here to demonstrate later that the Maxwell encircles the flux. equations has nothing to do with the permittivity ε and However, Maxwell failed to grasp the fact that there permeability μ of a medium, as well as to show that cannot exist any current without a non-zero change of the Ampere-Maxwell equations are not completely electrical flux with time. Otherwise, he would not have correct. It is the mistakes in Maxwell equations that identified drift current Id as a separate entity from the led to the need for a man-made hypothetical medium current I. He should not have written Ampere-Maxwell of Aether. equations as the sum of the current I and a drift Larger is the magnetic flux density B, larger is the current Id. magnetic field H, and as it currently stands, Maxwell In other words, there cannot be any current if equations define the relationship between the ∂ΦE(t)/∂t=0. When ∂ΦE(t)/∂t=0, current I must also be magnetic flux density B and the magnetic field H so zero, I=0. This failure led to the incorrect Ampere- that, www.jmess.org JMESSP13420772 3973 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 B=μH (1.19) (∇ × 퐇)=J+dD/dt (1.24) The proportionality constant μ is known as the Since J is time invariant, differentiating eqn. (1.24) permeability of the medium. Similarly, Maxwell with respect to time and substituting from eqn. (1.23), equations define the relationship between the electric we have the electromagnetic wave equation, 2 2 2 2 flux density D and the electric field E so that, ∇ E=(1/co )d E/dt (1.25) D=εE (1.20) where, co is the speed of light in a vacuum, 2 The proportionality constant ε is known as the co =1/εoμo (1.26) permittivity of the medium. Similarly, we also have, 2 2 2 2 In the absence of a medium or in a vacuum, ∇ D=(1/co )d D/dt (1.27) 2 2 2 2 B=μoH (1.21) ∇ H=(1/co )d H/dt (1.28) 2 2 2 2 D=εoE (1.22) ∇ B=(1/co )d B/dt (1.29) Proportionality constant εo is known as the permittivity These equations are equivalent and describe the of the free space or a vacuum. Proportionality propagation of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum. constant μo is known as the permeability of the free space or a vacuum. c) Speed of Light c It is here the problem arises. A vacuum is just the The speed of light cm in a medium with permittivity space. There is nothing in a vacuum. A vacuum has ε and permeability μ are given by, 2 no dielectric properties. There is no permittivity or cm =1/εμ (1.30) permeability without a medium. There is no vacuum If we describe permittivity ε and permeability μ of a permittivity. There is no . There is medium relative to the permittivity εo and permeability no vacuum energy. If there is something in space, it is μo of a vacuum so that, not a vacuum. Vacuum is the space containing ε=εoεr (1.31) nothing. Vacuum energy, vacuum permittivity, vacuum μ=μoμr (1.32) permeability are oxymorons. where, εr is referred to as the and μr is referred to as the relative permeability of the a) Why Aether was Needed medium. If there is something in space, it is not a vacuum. A Substituting for ε and μ in eqn. (1.30), we have, 2 2 vacuum cannot have a permittivity εo and permeability cm =co /εrμr (1.33) μo. To have a permittivity and permeability, a material In Maxwell equations, it appears as if the speed of medium is required. Maxwell equations for light in space or vacuum is determined by the propagation of light require a vacuum to be equipped permittivity εo and permeability μo of a vacuum even with permittivity εo and permeability μo. It is here the though vacuum have no dielectric properties. need for an artificial, hypothetical, and totally mysterious medium of Aether arises. d) Trouble with Aether Without a medium, there is no justification for the To justify or to reconcile the use of permittivity εo Maxwell equations to exist in a vacuum since Maxwell and permeability μo of a vacuum that is inherently equations and the speed of light are incorrectly present in Maxwell equations, Maxwell invented a determined by the permittivity and permeability. To hypothetical artificial medium of mysterious Aether. In address the need for a medium for the permittivity εo addition, if we measure speed of an object, we and permeability μo, Maxwell invented the medium of measure it relative to another object. As a result, mysterious hypothetical Aether, an easy way out. A question arises when we state that the speed of light pain reliever, not a cure by any standard. is c. With respect to what the light travels at speed c? b) Wave Equation With respect to what the speed of light is measured? Electric field E represents a direction of a force on This question is also indirectly taken care of with the a charge q. Therefore, the use of electric field E in introduction of the mysterious and hypothetical Aether. place of electric flux density D in Maxwell equations is So, they went on claiming that the light propagates at more appropriate. However, the magnetic field H does the speed c with respect to man-made or more not represent a direction of a force on a moving appropriately man-assumed hypothetical Aether. If charge q. In fact, the force on a moving charge q due they had known that the light is not relative [2], they to a magnetic field H is orthogonal to the plane of the would have not invented an Aether deity. H and v, where v is the velocity of the charge q. As a However, with the introduction of Special Relativity, result, there is no reason to use the magnetic field H the need for mysterious Aether to define the speed of over the magnetic flux density B since it is the change light with respect to was not needed since Special of the magnetic flux density B with respect to time that Relativity falsely assume that the propagation of light generates an electric field E. It is more appropriate is relative. As a result, in Special Relativity, light and physically realistic to use the magnetic flux travels at speed c relative to any observer. In fact, in density B and the electric field E in Maxwell Special Relativity, it is not the light itself that is used, it equations, is a mass travelling at speed of light c that is used. (∇ × 퐄)=-dB/dt (1.23) Special Relativity uses a mass travelling at speed of c www.jmess.org JMESSP13420772 3974 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 and falsely claim that it uses light itself [5]; and this is whole of Modern Physics falls apart under its very what gave a false momentum to light in Special foundation. Special Relativity is false, time cannot be Relativity even though massless cannot have a relative, spacetime is not unique. Hence, relative time momentum and light has no momentum. If light has a and spacetime are superficial mathematical psycho- momentum, speed of light cannot be a constant under paths that have no existence outside a notepad, gravity even in a vacuum. archaic journal, university course, or textbook. When the propagation of light is not relative, it is e) Fallacy of Special Relativity not possible to claim light has a momentum. Massless Special Relativity uses the Lorentz Transform that has no momentum. Light does not have to be relative is based on another false assumption that the time is for the speed of light to be independent of the frame of relative. Neither Lorentz nor Einstein had any idea reference. Propagation of light is always independent that the Lorentz Transform is not unique [2]. In of the frame of reference. It does not matter which addition, neither Lorentz nor Einstein had any idea observer on which frame measures the speed of light, that if the time is relative, then, time would be the measured speed of light will be independent of the directional and not unique. Time cannot be directional. speed of the frame of the observer. In contemporary Time must be unique. Time cannot be relative. Time is science, there is a wider acceptance that the Special a definition. A clock is an engineered device to display Relativity and Lorentz Transform are illogical and false our definition of time. both mathematically and conceptually. In the future, Although Einstein claimed that the Special Special Relativity and Lorentz Transform may only Relativity is founded on the fact that the speed of light exist as an ancient religious text, nothing more. is a constant that must be frame independent, if When fallacies of Special Relativity are out in the Special Relativity holds true, speed of light will not be open and gaining acceptance, we can see the frame independent since Special Relativity generates resurgence of Aether. The fact is that the Maxwell Shear Electromagnetic (SEM) waves that are frame equations for propagation of light is not determined by dependent. Special Relativity is in contradiction with the dielectric parameters of a medium or non-existent its own premise that it is founded on [2]. Einstein dielectric parameters of a vacuum. Speed of light is either did not notice this fact or he purposely ignored it not determined by the dielectric parameters even and pushed it into the closet. His faithful followers though the speed of light is affected by the dielectric were religiously blind to the facts and blindly followed properties of a medium. his teaching religiously that they failed to check what was in the Einstein’s closet. f) Speed of Light c Cannot be Determined by Even though the followers of archaic religions are Dielectric Properties of a Medium strictly prohibited to check the closets of their In the absence of a medium, speed of light has founders, in the case of Special Relativity, the nothing to do with the dielectric constants since a followers had all the opportunity check the founder’s vacuum does not have any associated dielectric closet without restrictions. Archaic religions maintain constants. It is only a medium that has dielectric its authority by inducing fear into their followers. properties. It is only a medium that has dielectric Special Relativity and Modern Physics also maintain constants. As we are going to show, permittivity and its hold by making it a requirement for getting a permeability have nothing to do with the propagation degree in physics and a job in the area. So, just like of light or Maxwell equations. No Aether is required for the lie of any archaic religion, the lie of Special the propagation of light. Relativity and Quantum Mechanics is also remained What led to the hypothetical concept of Aether is institutionalized through fear of different sort. some foundational mistakes in the Maxwell equations. A quick peek into the Einstein’s closet would have Maxwell equations should not contain any parameter prevented a century long bogus mathematical fallacy associated with a medium. Formulation of Maxwell in Modern Physics such as Special Relativity, equations using the parameters that are exclusive to a Spacetime, General Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, medium is the main problem with Maxwell equations. Particle Waves, Wave Particles, Big Bang, Universe Maxwell equations should be space-base, not Expansion, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Gravitational medium-based. Waves (Fantasy Waves), LIGO, Spin 1/2, Standing Light, Electromagnetic Waves Generating Mass, Property: Constraints Needed for Maxwell Equations Relative Time, Gravity Bending Light, Light Altering Only the parameters and fields that can exist in a Gravity, Colliding Charge Particles to Reveal vacuum or empty space should be in correct Maxwell Fundamental Particles of Nature, LHC (Billion Dollar equations for propagation of light, nothing else. Blunder), and many more. Lorentz Transform is not unique. Spacetime is not g) Major Mistakes of Maxwell: unique. Relative time is not unique. Special Relativity Maxwell formulated the Maxwell equations for does not hold true. Special Relativity is not a propagation of electromagnetic waves in a medium mechanism of nature. Propagation of light is not using the dielectric constant of the medium, and then relative. When the Lorentz Transform is not unique, tried to extend it to a vacuum that does not have www.jmess.org JMESSP13420772 3975 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 dielectric constants. He had to invent Aether to Maxwell equations (2.1.1) and (2.1.2) are neither support his formulation for a vacuum. If Maxwell had symmetric nor anti-symmetric due to the presence of started his formulation of equations for the current density J. This asymmetry is due to a propagation of light in a vacuum and then extended conceptual and mathematical mistake of the Ampere- them to a medium, he would have avoided the need Maxwell equation. Let us see what that mistake is. for hypothetical Aether. This is a fundamental mistake In Ampere-Maxwell equation (2.1.2), if the change of Maxwell in the formulation of the Maxwell equations in electric flux density with respect to time is zero, we for propagation of electromagnetic waves. have, When you start formulating the equations for (∇ × 퐇)=J, when dD/dt=0 (2.1.3) propagation of light in a medium, you are making However, if dD/dt=0, then there cannot be any current implicitly the assumption that light requires a medium J. For time-invariant current J to exist, the change of for propagation, which is indeed not true. In this case, electric flux density with respect to time, dD/dt must this implicit false assumption prevents you to extend be a non-zero constant, the formulation to a vacuum. The formulation of dD/dt=constant, for J≠0 (2.1.4) Maxwell equations should not be medium based. As a result, Ampere-Maxwell equation is not Instead, if you start the formulation of equations for completely correct. This mistake led for some to go to propagation of light in a vacuum, you are making the the extent of hypothesizing an artificial magnetic implicit assumption that light always propagates in a current to make the maxwell equations artificially vacuum, which is indeed true since light does not symmetric. There is no such thing as magnetic require a medium for the propagation. In this case, the current. Magnetism is a result of the motion of propagation of light is only affected by the presence of charges, current. Although electromagnetic bursts a medium, not determined. The formulation of cannot come to existence without a motion of Maxwell equations must be space based or vacuum charges, once generated, electromagnetic wave based. bursts or radiation can exist independent of the Equations for propagation of light and the speed of charges that generated them. Electromagnetic light should not be determined by the properties of a radiation is not anchored to a source. medium. Equations for propagation light and the speed of light should be such they could exist in a b) Correct Ampere-Maxwell Equation vacuum, and they could propagate in a vacuum. What Let us consider the Gaussian equation, the first we are going to do here is to correct this fundamental equation of the Maxwell equations where the mistake of Maxwell in Maxwell equations for divergence of electric flux density D is equal to the propagation of light. We are also going to correct charge density ρ, another fundamental mistake of Maxwell in the ∇●D=ρ (2.2.1) Ampere-Maxwell equation in Maxwell equations that For a given volume V. we have, led to the asymmetry in Maxwell equations. ∭ (∇●D)dV=∭ ρdV (2.2.2) ∬ D●dS=q (2.2.3) II. AMPERE-MAXWELL EQUATION IN MAXWEL where, EQUATIONS IS NOT COMPLETELY CORRECT q=∭ ρdV (2.2.4) Maxwell extended the Ampere’s work by ∭ (∇●D)dV=∬ D●dS (2.2.5) introducing drift current as a separate entity. However, Differentiating eqn. (2.2.3) with respect to time t, we current is current. There cannot be a separate entity have, called drift current as an extra to the current. It is here d[∬ D●dS]/dt=dq/dt (2.2.6) the problem lies in Ampere-Maxwell equation. There is ∬ (dD/dt)●dS]=dq/dt (2.2.7) only one current, and it is determined by the rate of Since I=dq/dt, we have, change of the electric flux density with respect to time. ∬ (dD/dt)●dS]=I (2.2.8) It is the nature of change of the electric flux density ∬ (dD/dt)●dS]=∬ J●dS (2.2.9) that determines whether the current is drift current or wherre, not. I=∬ J●dS (2.2.10) From eqn. (2.2.9), we have, a) What is Wrong with Ampere-Maxwell Equation dD/dt=J (2.2.11) Asymmetry in Maxwell equations is a result of a where, J is the current density over surface area S. mistake in the Ampere-Maxwell equation. The need We can also obtain the current density J using the for a mysterious Aether is also partially a result of this Ampere Law. From the Ampere Law, for a circular mistake. Maxwell equations consists of the Faraday path ℓ� encircling the surface area S, we have, equation and the Ampere-Maxwell equations given by, ∮ 퐇. 푑퓵=I (2.2.12) (∇ × 퐄)=-dB/dt (2.1.1) ∬ (∇ × 퐇)●d푺 = ∬ J●dS (2.2.13) (∇ × 퐇)=J+dD/dt (2.1.2) (∇ × 퐇)=J (2.2.14) where, B=magnetic flux density, H=magnetic field, From eqns. (2.2.11) and (2.2.14), we have, D=electric flux density, E=electric field, and J=current (∇ × 퐇)=dD/dt (2.2.15) density that is time-invariant. If dD/dt=constant, then, the constant will be the www.jmess.org JMESSP13420772 3976 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 current density J that is time invariant and we have E=(1/αo)D (3.1.6) the Ampere Law for non-propagating fields, where, the electric flux density D is given by, (∇ × 퐇)=J (2.2.16) D=Qȓ/(4πr2) (3.1.7) When dD/dt≠0, and dD/dt≠constant, we have the The stronger is the electric flux density D, the stronger Ampere-Maxwell law in the correct form for is the electric field E, propagating fields, D=αoE (3.1.8) (∇ × 퐇)=dD/dt (2.2.17) Electric flux density D and electric field E are related Ampere-Maxwell equation as given in Maxwell by the Coulomb constant αo for a vacuum or empty equations is not completely correct, space. The existence of electric flux density D and (∇ × 퐇)≠J+dD/dt (2.2.18) electric field E do not depend on a medium; they exist Now, the correct Maxwell equations are given by, in a vacuum, in empty space. Coulomb constant is not (∇ × 퐄)=-dB/dt (2.1.19) determined by a medium. Coulomb constant is (∇ × 퐇)=dD/dt (2.1.20) determined by space, vacuum. Although Coulomb Maxwell equations are anti-symmetric in general. constant is not determined by a medium, Coulomb constant is affected by the presence of a medium. Corollary: Coulomb constant is the same everywhere in the Propagation of light is absolute. Light propagates medium if the medium is homogenous. In the case of in the space or the vacuum, which is the absolute non-homogenous media, Coulomb constant depends frame of reference. For the Maxwell equations to on the position. For a flowing medium, Coulomb represent the propagation of light, Maxwell equations constant is position dependent. Coulomb constant must also be formulated so that they propagate in the varies with the density of the medium. If the density of space or the vacuum, in the absence of a medium. the medium varies with the position, then, Coulomb constant varies with position, as it is in the case of III. COULOMB CONSTANT α flowing medium. Coulomb constant α is simply a unit-conversion parameter and hence requires no medium for its b) Coulomb Constant α in a Medium existence. Coulomb constant exists in a vacuum. If we have same two charges Q and q separated Although the existence of Coulomb constant requires by distance r in a dielectric medium, the presence of no medium, Coulomb constant is affected by a two charges polarizes the medium generating an medium since the forces are affected by the presence opposing force. As a result, the presence of a medium of a medium. Coulomb constant in the presence of a reduces the force between two charges Q and q medium is greater than the Coulomb constant in a separated by distance r compared to the two charges vacuum since the presence of a medium reduces the Q and q separated by distance r in a vacuum or in electric flux between charges. Denser the medium, empty space. The force per unit charge F/q in a higher is the Coulomb constant. medium is given by, Coulomb constant is a property of a vacuum or a F/q=(1/α)Qȓ/(4πr2) (3.2.1) medium even though its existence requires no E=(1/α)Qȓ/(4πr2) (3.2.2) medium. Coulomb constant in a medium can be used E=(1/α)D (3.2.3) to define the electrical properties of a medium with where, E=F/q, and electric flux density D is given by, respect to the Coulomb constant in a vacuum. D=Qȓ/(4πr2) (3.2.4) The constant α is the Coulomb parameter for a a) Coulomb Constant αo for Vacuum medium. The name Coulomb constant for α is Let us consider two charges separated by distance especially suitable since α relates the charges in r placed in vacuum. The force F exerted between Coulomb to electric field E. There is nothing charges is directly proportional to the charges Q and mysterious about Coulomb constant α. It is just a q, and inversely proportional to the square distance, parameter that brings the units of electric field E into F∝ Qqȓ/(4πr2) (3.1.1) same units of electric flux density D and hence no where, r=rȓ, ȓ is the unit vector, r is the distance, F is medium is required for its existence. the force between the charges. In the presence of a medium, the force between Using a proportionality constant αo, we have, the charges Q and q will be weaker due to the 2 F=(1/αo)Qqȓ/(4πr ) (3.1.2) presence of opposing polarization force. As a result, The proportionality constant αo is the Coulomb the Coulomb constant for a dielectric medium will be constant for a vacuum. The force F exerted by charge higher than the Coulomb constant for a vacuum or the Q on a unit charge q=1 is given by, empty space, 2 F/q=(1/αo)Qȓ/(4πr ) (3.1.3) α>αo (3.2.5) The force per unit charge is the electric field E, The ratio of Coulomb constant α in a medium to the E=F/q (3.1.4) Coulomb constant αo in a vacuum is a property of the Substituting for F, we have the electric field E medium and given by, described by the Coulomb constant αo, εm=α/αo (3.2.6) 2 E=(1/αo)Qȓ/(4πr ) (3.1.5) εm is the permittivity of the medium and it is greater www.jmess.org JMESSP13420772 3977 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 than one, constants β of a medium and βo of a vacuum can be εm>1 (3.2.7) used to define the magnetic property permeability μ of For any medium, its dielectric constant εm is greater a medium. Ampere constant β is a primary constant of than one. Coulomb constant of a medium, α is related the universe while the permeability μ is a secondary to the Coulomb constant of the vacuum or free space, parameter. αo by the permittivity of the medium εm, α=εmαo (3.2.8) a) A moving Charge in a Vacuum A vacuum or free space does not have an An accelerating charge generates electromagnetic associated dielectric constant, permittivity. Dielectric radiation. A moving charge q at constant speed v constant, permittivity of a medium is defined as a ratio generates a magnetic flux that encircles the path of of Coulomb constant of a medium to the Coulomb the moving charge. Magnetic flux density B at constant of a vacuum. For a dielectric constant to distance r is given by the Biot-Savart relationship, exist, there must be a medium. There is no dielectric B∝ [q/(4πr2)]�퐯 × ȓ (4.1.1) constant without a medium. There is no permittivity ε where, ȓ is the unit vector so that, without a medium. Permittivity of a vacuum or empty r=rȓ (4.1.2) space is meaningless; no such thing exists. It is the Using a proportionality constant βo, we have, 2 Coulomb constants α and αo that define the dielectric B=βo[q/(4πr )]�퐯 × ȓ (4.1.3) property permittivity εm of a medium. If we have a conductor or a beam carrying charges at a constant rate, the magnetic field δB at distance r Definition: Permittivity ε of a Medium due to a small length δ퓵 is given by, 2 Permittivity ε of a medium is the Coulomb constant δB=βo[qv/(4πr )]δ퓵 × ȓ (4.1.4) of the medium per unit Coulomb constant in a vacuum If we assume a beam of charges moving at constant or empty space, ε=α/αo. speed, we have I=qv. Then, the flux density at distance r on an orthogonal plane to the direction of Coulomb constant α does not require a medium for motion of the beam of charges is given by, 2 its existence. Coulomb constant exists in a vacuum. B=∫ βo[qv/(4πr )]푑ℓ (4.1.5) No hypothetical medium Aether is required for the If the length of the beam is larger than distance r, existence of α. Coulomb constant that relates the then, the magnetic flux density B at distance r is Electric flux density D to electric field E by the independent of the length of the beam and the relationship, magnetic flux density B is given by, D=αE (3.2.9) B=βoI/(2πr) (4.1.6) This is the Ampere relationship that links the Property: Vacuum-Bound D and E current on a wire or current due to a beam of charges Electric flux density D and electric field E always moving at constant speed v to the magnetic flux exist in space even when a medium is present. It is density B that encircles the current. The only that the presence of a medium affects the proportionality constant βo that relates the current to Coulomb constant α. the magnetic flux density B that encircles the wire is the Ampere constant β in a vacuum. Even though βo is Property: Medium-Free Existence the Biot-Savart constant for a vacuum, it is not the The existence of electric flux density D and electric Biot-Savart relationship that is used in practice. It is field E do not require a medium. the Ampere relationship that is used in practice. And hence, it is more appropriate to call βo the Ampere IV. BIOT-SAVART OR AMPERE CONSTANT β constant for a vacuum. Ampere constant βo relates the Ampere constant β is simply a unit-conversion current in to the magnetic flux density B in a parameter and hence requires no medium for its vacuum. existence. It is a property of a vacuum or free space. Equation (4.1.6) can be written as, Although its existence requires no medium, it is B=βoH (4.1.7) affected by a medium since the forces are affected by where, H is the magnetic field at distance r given by, the presence of a medium. Ampere constant for a H=I/(2πr) (4.1.8) medium is greater than the Ampere constant for a The direction of H is the same as the direction of the vacuum since the presence of a medium enhances magnetic flux density B, which is given by the the magnetic flux. Denser the medium, higher is the experimentally verified right-hand rule. If δℓ� is a small Ampere constant. length of the path of radius r that encircles the current Ampere constant is a property of a vacuum or I, we have from eqn. (4.1.8), empty space, and its existence requires no medium. ∮ H●dℓ�=I (4.1.9) Ampere constant is determined by the space or From Stokes theorem, we have, vacuum. Ampere constant is not determined by a ∮ 퐇. 푑퓵=∬ (∇ × 퐇)●d푺 (4.1.10) medium. It is only that the Ampere constant is affected Substituting in eqn. (4.1.9), we have, by the presence of a medium. Since the presence of a ∬ (∇ × 퐇)●d푺 = ∬ J●dS (4.1.11) medium affects the Ampere constant, Ampere (∇ × 퐇) = J (4.1.12) www.jmess.org JMESSP13420772 3978 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 From eqn. (2.2.11), we already have, of magnetic field H into the same units of magnetic dD/dt=J (4.1.13) flux density B. We now have, Since the presence of a medium enhances the (∇ × 퐇)=dD/dt (4.1.14) magnetic flux compared to the flux in a vacuum or the From eqn. (3.1.8) and eqn. (4.1.7), we also have, free space, D=αoE (4.1.15) β>βo (4.2.7) B=βoH (4.1.16) We define μ as the ratio of Ampere constant in the Substituting for H and D in eqn. (4.1.14), we have, medium β to the Ampere constant βo in the free space (∇ × 퐁)=αoβodE/dt (4.1.17) or vacuum, where, μ=β/βo (4.2.8) αo=Coulomb constant for a vacuum, The ratio μ is the permeability of the medium. A βo=Ampere constant for a vacuum. vacuum or empty space does not have a permeability. It is only a medium that has a permeability. b) Moving Charge in a Medium Permeability of a medium is a definition; it is defined The magnetic flux encircling a moving charge at as the ratio of the Ampere constant β in the medium to distance r is affected by the presence of a medium. the Ampere constant βo in a vacuum or empty space. The presence of a medium increases the magnetic It is only a medium that has a permeability. The flux. The magnetic flux density at distance r due to a permeability of a vacuum or empty space is moving charge q at speed v is given by, meaningless; no such thing exists. B∝ [q/(4πr2)]�퐯 × ȓ (4.2.1) B=β[q/(4πr2)]�퐯 × ȓ (4.2.2) Definition: Permeability μ of a Medium where, β is the Biot-Savart constant or Ampere Permeability μ of a medium is defined as the constant for the medium. Ampere constant of the medium per unit Ampere For a beam or a conductor carrying charges at constant in a vacuum or empty space, μ=β/βo. constant speed, constant current I=qv. The magnetic flux density B at distance r on a plane orthogonal to The permeability μ of a medium is always greater than the v is given by, one, B=βI/(2πr) (4.2.3) μ>1 (4.2.9) This is the Ampere relationship in the presence of a Ampere constant of a medium, β is related to the medium. Calling the proportionality constant β Ampere Ampere constant of the vacuum or empty space, βo by constant especially makes a sense since parameter β the relationship, relates magnetic flux density B to the current in β=μβo (4.2.10) Amperes. A vacuum does not have dielectric properties. We can write the magnetic flux density B as, Vacuum does not have an associated permeability. B=βH (4.2.4) Permeability has no existence without a medium. where, H is the magnetic field at distance r given by, Permeability μ is only present in the presence of a H=I/(2πr) (4.2.5) medium. Permeability of a medium is a definition Since the magnetic flux density B and the magnetic based on Ampere constant of the medium β and the field H are in the same direction, we have, Ampere constant in the vacuum βo. B=βH (4.2.6) On the other hand, the Ampere constant β does H is the magnetic field encircling the current I. The not require a medium for its existence. It is only that direction of H and B are given by the experimentally the Ampere constant β is affected by the presence of verified right-hand rule. The existence of the magnetic a medium. No hypothetical medium of Aether is flux density B and magnetic field H do not depend of required for the existence of Ampere constant β. the presence of a medium. It is the Ampere constant Maxwell equations must be determined by the of the free space that is affected by the presence of a Coulomb constant α and Ampere constant β, not by medium. the permittivity ε and the permeability μ.

Property: Vacuum-Bound B and H Law of propagation: Spaced-Based Light Magnetic flux density B and magnetic field H exist Propagation of electromagnetic waves and the in space even when a medium is present. It is only speed of propagation are determined by the Coulomb that the presence of a medium affects the Ampere and Ampere constants, which do not require a constant β. medium for their existence.

Property: Medium-Free Existence V. CORRECT MAXWELL EQUATIONS WITH The existence of magnetic flux density B and COULOMB CONSTANT α AND AMPERE magnetic field H do not require a medium. CONSTANT β Maxwell equations for propagation of light are There is nothing mysterious about Ampere described by the Faraday relationship and the constant β; it is just a parameter that brings the units corrected Ampere-Maxwell relationship, www.jmess.org JMESSP13420772 3979 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021

∮ 퐄●푑퓵=-∂ΦM(t)/∂t (5.1) These are wave equations for the propagation of ∮ 퐇●푑퓵=∂ΦE(t)/∂t (5.2) electromagnetic waves or light. The speed c of light or When the Ampere-Maxwell equation is corrected, electromagnetic waves is given by, Maxwell equations are anti-symmetric. Using the c=1/(αβ)1/2 (5.16) Stokes theorem, we have, The presence of a medium increases the Coulomb ∬ (∇ × 퐄)●d푺 =- ∬ [dB/dt]●dS (5.3) constant α and the Ampere constant β. As a result, ∬ (∇ × 퐇)●d푺 = ∬ [dD/dt]●dS (5.4) the speed of light c decreases with the presence of a where D=∂횽E(t)/∂S and B=∂횽M(t)/∂S. medium. Higher the density of the medium, higher are From eqns. (5.3) and (5.4), we have, the Coulomb constant α and the Ampere constant β, (∇ × 퐄)=-dB/dt (5.5) and hence, the speed of light decreases with the (∇ × 퐇)=dD/dt (5.6) density of the medium. This is the reason why a We already have seen that the electric flux density D gravitational object diffracts light in the presence of a and electric field E are related by the Coulomb medium. Density of a medium increases towards the constant α, and the magnetic flux density B and the gravitational object and hence decreases the speed of magnetic field H are related by the Ampere constant β light as light approaches a gravitational object. In the so that, absence of a medium, gravity has no effect on light. D=αE (5.7) Gravity cannot diffract light in the absence of a B=βH (5.8) medium. Gravity has no effect on massless. The fields D, E, B, and H do not require a medium for The diffraction of light near the sun indicates that their existence; they exist in space even in the there is a medium surrounding the sun with increasing presence of a medium. The fields D, E, B, and H do density gradient towards the sun. The diffraction of not exist in the medium. Propagation of light near a gravitational object is a secondary effect electromagnetic fields and the speed of propagation of the gravitational object, not a direct effect on light. are affected by the medium through Coulomb Gravity has no direct effect on light. Gravity does not constant α and Ampere constant β. diffract light in the absence of a medium. Speed of light is defined by the Coulomb constant Property: Space-Bound Fields α and the Ampere constant β. The existence of Propagating electromagnetic fields D, E, B, and H Coulomb constant α and the Ampere constant β does exist in the space. Even when a medium is present, not depend on a medium. The presence of a medium propagating electromagnetic fields exist in space. simply alters the Coulomb constant α and the Ampere constant β. Property: Space-Bound Light Maxwell equations for propagation of light should When light is propagating in the presence of a not depend on the permittivity ε and the permeability μ medium, if you take the medium away, light does not of a medium. It is the Coulomb constant α and the go with medium, light remains propagating in the Ampere constant β that define the dielectric properties space. Light propagates in space, not in a medium. permittivity ε and the permeability μ of a medium, ε=α/αo (5.17) Electric field E represents the direction of force on μ=β/βo (5.18) a charge. However, the magnetic field H does not where, represent a direction of a force. As a result, it is more α=Coulomb constant of the medium meaningful to use the magnetic flux density B directly β=Ampere constant of the medium in place of magnetic field H. Since electric field E αo=Coulomb constant of the vacuum or empty space represents the direction of force, it is more appropriate βo=Ampere constant of the vacuum or empty space. to use the E instead of the electric flux density D. As a result, there is no need of a hypothetical Substituting for H and D in the corrected Maxwell Aether for the propagation of light. Propagation of light equations, we have, or electromagnetic waves do not require a medium. (∇ × 퐄)=-dB/dt (5.9) The presence of a medium is an obstacle, unwanted (∇ × 퐁)=(αβ)dE/dt (5.10) impediment, to the propagation of light. The presence Differentiating equation (5.10) with respect to time t of a medium not only reduces the speed of light but and substituting from equation (5.9), we have, also alters the path of light. If light is diffracted on its ∇2E=(1/c2)d2E/dt2 (5.11) path, it only means that there is a density change in where, the medium or a change in the medium. c2=1/(αβ) (5.12) Gravity cannot diffract the light. However, gravity As usual, we have used the fact that, can change the density gradient of the medium ∇ × (∇ × 퐄)=-∇2E since ∇(∇●E)=0� in the absence of a surrounding the gravitational object. The change in source or sink. the density of the medium near a gravitational object Similarly, we have, in turns affect the propagation of light. A change in the ∇2D=(1/c2)d2D/dt2 (5.13) density gradient of the medium changes the speed of ∇2H=(1/c2)d2H/dt2 (5.14) light and hence the direction of propagation. ∇2B=(1/c2)d2B/dt2 (5.15) The effect of gravity on light is always indirect, www.jmess.org JMESSP13420772 3980 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 through a medium. Gravity has no direct effect on light. Gravity has no effect on light whatsoever in the Since light propagates in space even in the absence of a medium. The only way to influence the presence of a medium, light cannot be given a ride on propagation of light is through the Coulomb constant α a moving frame. Special Relativity is false. Light does and the Ampere constant β. Coulomb constant α and not propagate relative to a moving frame. A flowing the Ampere constant β vary with the density gradient medium cannot carry light with the flow. Any effect on of the medium or from one medium to another. the light by a flow of the medium is a result of the position dependent Coulomb constant α and Ampere Corollary: constant β in the flowing medium. What is Newton gravitation constant G to Maxwell equations are not medium bound. Maxwell gravitation is what are Coulomb constant α and the equations are space bound. Light propagates in Ampere constant β to electromagnetism. Just as empty space. Empty space is the absolute frame for Newton gravitation constant G requires no medium for the propagation of light. Light propagates relative to its existence, Coulomb constant α and the Ampere empty space even when there is a medium. Speed of constant β require no medium for their existence. light is relative to any position in empty space, the absolute space. Maxwell equations exist in the empty Theorem: Properly Derived Maxwell Equations space. Coordinates in Maxwell equations are relative Properly rederived Maxwell equations for the to the absolute space, the empty space. There is no propagation of light is given by, Aether. No Aether is required. We can use Maxwell (∇ × 퐄)=-dB/dt (5.19) equations on a moving frame as an approximation for (∇ × 퐁)=(1/c2)dE/dt (5.20) frames moving at much slower speeds compared to where, c=1/(αβ)1/2, α is the Coulomb constant and β is the speed of light. A moving body contracts in all the Ampere constant. direction leading to density dilation [7]. When a moving body reaches the speed of light, its mass The beauty of the properly defined Maxwell density reaches infinity resulting a black hole. Black equations is that they are always naturally anti- holes are not spacetime singularities. Spacetime does symmetric without any additional assumptions, and not exist. Time is absolute [2,7]. Light does not they are determined by the speed of light c. propagate relative to moving frames. Electromagnetic fields do not require a medium for In Special Relativity, mass moving at speed of light their existence. The speed of light c is determined by relative to a moving frame has been falsely interpreted the Coulomb constant α and the Ampere constant β, as light propagating relative to a moving frame. which do not require a medium for their existence. Special relativity has nothing to do with light itself. Speed of light c is a universal constant in a vacuum Special relativity is based on a mass moving at the since the Coulomb constant α and the Ampere limiting speed of speed of light, not the light itself. constant β for a vacuum are universal constants. The presence of a medium is felt by the propagating VI. PERMITIVITY ε AND PERMEABILITY μ ARE electromagnetic waves only through the Coulomb NOT PRIMARY CONSTANTS constant α and the Ampere constant β. Coulomb In a vacuum, electric field E and electric flux constant α and the Ampere constant β are affected by density D are related by Coulomb constant αo while the presence of a medium. the magnetic field H and the magnetic flux density B are related by Ampere constant βo, Property: D=αoE (6.1) The existence of electric field E and the magnetic B=βoH (6.2) flux density B do not require a medium, and hence the In the presence of a medium, propagation of electromagnetic waves or light does D=αE (6.3) not require a medium. It is only that the presence of a B=βH (6.4) medium affects the Coulomb constant α and Ampere The ratio α/αo describes the electric properties of the constant β, and hence the speed of light. medium while the ratio β/βo describes the magnetic properties of the medium. The ratio α/αo is defined as Lemma: the permittivity ε of the medium while the ratio β/βo is Correctly formulated Maxwell equations based on defined as the permeability μ of the medium, the Coulomb constant α and Ampere constant β exist ε=α/αo (6.5) in a vacuum or in empty space, and hence Correct μ=β/βo (6.6) Maxwell equations are perfectly compatible with ε>1 (6.7) propagation of light both in a vacuum and a medium. μ>1 (6.8) The permittivity ε and permeability μ of a medium Theorem: are not primary constants since they are defined using Light propagates in empty space even in the the Coulomb constant α and the Ampere constant β. presence of a medium. A medium simply alters the Permittivity ε and permeability μ of a medium are Coulomb constant α and Ampere constant β. secondary constants. Propagation of light should not www.jmess.org JMESSP13420772 3981 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 be described by secondary constants. Speed of light Lemma: should not be described by secondary constants. Correct Maxwell equations determined by Coulomb Propagation of light is universal. Speed of light is and Ampere constants propagate in a vacuum. No a universal parameter in the propagation of light. Aether is required. Propagation of light and speed of light must be determined by the primary universal parameters. VII. ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ARE NOT Propagation of light and the speed of light cannot be RELATIVE, LIGHT IS NOT RELATIVE, LIGHT DOES described by the permittivity ε and the permeability μ NOT HITCHHIKE of a medium. A material medium is not required for Coulomb Lemma: Observer Independent Radiating Fields constant α and the Ampere constant β to exist. No Propagating electric field and a magnetic field are medium is required for the propagation of light or observer independent. Propagating magnetic field electromagnetic waves. As a result, no medium does not appear as an electric field or propagating should be required for proper Maxwell equations that electric field does not appear as a magnetic field for represent the propagation of light. No man-made moving observers. hypothetical medium of Aether is required for proper Maxwell equations that describe the propagation of In Special Relativity, it has been falsely claimed light or electromagnetic waves. that “what is an electric field and what is a magnetic field are observer dependent”. Special Relativity Required Properties for Maxwell Equations to be a claims that electromagnetic fields are relative, and Valid Representation of Propagation of Light: magnetic field can appear as an electric field, and 1. Maxwell equations that represent the propagation electric field can appear as a magnetic field to a of light should not be determined by a medium. moving observer. This claim is false. This claim stems 2. Although the speed of light is affected by a from the Lorentz Transform that applies only for medium, speed of light should not be determined propagating electromagnetic waves, by the dielectric properties of a medium. x’=ϫ(x-vt) (7.1) 3. Existence of the Maxwell equations should not t’=ϫ(t-vx/c2) (7.2) depend on the dielectric properties, permittivity, where ϫ=1/(1-v2/c2)1/2, c is the speed of light, (x’,t’) is and permeability, of a medium. the distance and time pair on a moving frame F’, (x,t) 4. Maxwell equations must have an existence in a is the distance and time pair on a stationary frame F. vacuum, where there is nothing but the empty Frame F’ is moving along the x direction at constant space. speed v relative to the frame F. 5. Existence of Maxwell equations must be independent of a medium. Lemma: Limitations of Lorentz 6. Maxwell equations should have the ability to Lorentz Transform only applies for propagating propagate in a vacuum without the support of a electromagnetic wave fields. Lorentz Transform does hypothetical medium Aether, or Aether deity. not apply for non-propagating electric and magnetic 7. Electric field E, electric flux density D, magnetic fields. field H, and Magnetic flux density B must exist in the vacuum or empty space. When the Lorentz Transform was used in Maxwell 8. Electromagnetic fields must exist in space even in equations for propagation of light, it is not just the the presence of a medium. If you pull out the (E,B) pair that satisfy the maxwell equations, the pair medium, the fields do not move with the space. (E’,B’) also satisfy the Maxwell equations, where The fields must remain in the space. (E’,B’) pair is given by [1,2], 9. Maxwell made the mistake of formulating original Ex’=Ex (7.3) Maxwell equations starting with a medium, or Ey’=ϫ(Ey-(v/c)Bz) (7.4) medium based. Medium based Maxwell equations Ez’=ϫ(Ez+(v/c)By) (7.5) do not propagate in empty space or in a vacuum. Bx’=Bx (7.6) That was the mistake of Maxwell. That is why By’=ϫ(By+(v/c)Ez) (7.7) Aether was needed for Maxwell equations. Bz’=ϫ(Bz-(v/c)Ey) (7.8) Formulation of equations for propagation of where, E=(Ex,Ey,Ez), B=(Bx,By,Bz), electromagnetic waves must strictly be vacuum E’=(Ex’,Ey’,Ez’), B’=(Bx’,By’,Bz’), based. When Maxwell equations are vacuum Since the pair (E’,B’) satisfies Maxwell equations, based, no Aether is required. one may use this to proclaim that the magnetic flux 10. Genesis of correct Maxwell equations should be density B can appear as an electric field E, and space based or vacuum based, not dielectric electric field E can appear as a magnetic flux density medium based. B to a moving observer. This is the result one could 11. Space based correct Maxwell equations can expect if the Lorentz Transform is true. However, propagate both in a vacuum and a medium. Lorentz Transform is not real. Time is not relative. Lorentz Transform is not unique [2]. There are Lorentz www.jmess.org JMESSP13420772 3982 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 fields. Lorentz Transform does not exist. has any dependence on temperature, it is because In addition, there is another myth that comes with the mechanism of a clock is affected by the the Lorentz Transform, the Lorentz force F. Consider temperature and hence the display on the clock. A the case E=(0,E,0) and B=(0,0,B). clock with a weak battery does not give the correct Lorentz force F is given by, time. It is not because time itself is dependent on the F=qE’ (7.9) strength of the battery, it is because the mechanism of F=q[E±(v/c)B] (7.10) the clock is affected by the strength of the battery and where, v is the speed of the charge particle. Force F is hence the display on the clock. Clocks accelerating or in the direction of E or against E on the y axis. moving in different directions do not have the same Lorentz Transform and Special Relativity makes two readings since the mechanisms are under different false claims: operating environments. It is not the time itself that is 1. For a moving observer, magnetic field can appear affected by the motion of a clock, it is the mechanism as an electric field, and electric field can appear of the clock that is affected. as a magnetic field. This is not true. A clock is a device engineered to display our 2. Lorentz force F=q[E±(v/c)B]. This does not exist. definition of time. A clock displays the correct time only when the clock is in an environment where the For these claims to be true, Lorentz Transform design specifications are met. Time itself is not must exist. Time must be relative for Lorentz relative. The display of a clock is relative since the Transform to exist. Besides the imaginary concept of mechanism of a clock is affected by the environment relative time must hold true, for Lorentz Transform to the clock is in. The display on any engineered device exist, Lorentz Transform must be unique. Lorentz varies with the environment the device is in since the Transform is not unique. In fact, there are infinite mechanism of the device is affected by the number of Lorentz Transforms that can transform the environment the device is in. Maxwell equations on to a moving frame [2]. Consider Propagating electromagnetic field with magnetic the General Transform, flux density B is not relative. Electromagnetic fields do x’=ϫn(x-vt) (7.11) not propagate relative to observers on moving frames. t’=ϫn(t-vx/c2) (7.12) Propagating magnetic flux density B generates a force where ϫ=1/(1-v2/c2)1/2, n=1, 2, 3, … only in the presence of a moving charge particle. The This General Transform also transforms Maxwell force that is exerted by a magnetic field density B is equations onto a moving frame [2]. When n=1, the only on a charge particle. The force qv× 퐁 only exists General Transform is the same as the Lorentz on a charge particle. The field v× 퐁 does not exist in Transform. As a result, Lorentz Transform is not space independent of the presence of a charge unique. Lorentz Transform is not the only Gaucho in particle. There is no space-filling field v× 퐁. the outback that can transform the Maxwell equations A propagating magnetic flux density B does not onto a moving frame. All the Transforms in the move with an inertial frame. A propagating magnetic General Transform are equally valid and can field on a moving frame of speed v cannot generate transform Maxwell equations onto a moving frame. an electric field v× 퐁 all over the space. A moving There are infinite number of distinct transforms for the frame cannot transform a magnetic flux density B into same job. an electric field. The field v× 퐁 has no existence in For Lorentz Transform to be a valid Transform, space. The force qv × 퐁 exists only on a charge Lorentz Transform must be unique. Unless the particle moving at speed v. It does not matter at what Lorentz transform is unique, Lorentz Transform cannot speed a charge particle is moving, relative to the exist. Lorentz Transform is not unique and hence particle, the speed of electromagnetic wave is the Lorentz Transform has no existence. All the claims speed of light c, a constant. associated with the Lorentz Transform, including The force (q/c)v× 퐁 does not exist. What exists is Special Relativity, become false as a result. qv× 퐁�on a moving charge particle of speed v. The Time is not relative. Time has nothing to do with force (q/c)v × 퐁 in Lorentz Transform is only for the speed of light. Time does not stop if an observer propagating magnetic fields; it is not the same as reaches the speed of light. It is only when a clock is qv× 퐁 for any magnetic field. The force qv× B for engineered using the light as a part of the mechanism moving charge particle at speed v in a magnetic flux that the display on the clock depends on the density B has been known long before Lorentz. propagation of light. Otherwise, a display on a clock Lorentz fields and Lorentz force do not exist, has nothing to do with the propagation of light. Any E’≠E±(1/c)v×B (7.13) effect on the display of a clock is not an effect on time B’≠B±(1/c)v×E (7.14) itself. Time itself is not relative. Time itself does not F≠q[E±(1/c) v×B] (7.15) depend on the speed of the observer or the gravity. It Lorentz force (q/c)v× 퐁 does not have the units of a is the mechanism of a clock that depends on the force. It is only the qv× 퐁 that has units of a force. gravity and the environment the clock is in. Since c is the speed of light with unit m/s, the units do Two clocks in two different temperatures do not not match in the Lorentz force, which is a further give the exact same readings. It is not because time indication that the Lorentz force is false. www.jmess.org JMESSP13420772 3983 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 Lorentz Transform does not exist. Light is not Time itself is absolute. The display of a clock is relative. Motion of an observer cannot change the relative since the display on a clock is determined by propagation of light. Motion of an observer cannot the mechanism of the clock. The mechanism of a change the field strengths of propagation of light. A clock depends on the environment a clock is in. The motion of a frame or an inertial frame cannot change mechanism of a clock depends on the temperature, the field strengths of light. A motion of an observer pressure, gravity, strength of the battery, tension on cannot chance the energy density of a propagating the winding, the speed of the clock if the clock is electromagnetic wave. moving, and the medium the clock is in, in general to A moving frame has no effect on the propagation name a few. Clocks of different mechanisms are of light. Light does not propagate relative to moving affected differently by the environment. The display of frames or stationary frames. Light does not propagate a clock is relative since display is determined by the relative to a medium. Light propagates in the empty mechanism of a clock, which is relative. Time itself is space even when a medium is present. Light feels the not relative. effect of medium through the Coulomb and Ampere When Lorentz Transform has no existence, it is not constants since the Coulomb and Ampere constants just the relative time that has no existence, Special are affected by the presence of a medium. Relativity, and General Relativity have no existence. Propagation of light is absolute. Light propagates When Special Relativity has no existence, wave- in empty space. Light is not relative. Electromagnetic particle duality has no existence. When wave-particle waves are not relative. Electric field E and the duality has no existence, Quantum Mechanics have magnetic flux density B are not relative, no existence. E’=E (7.16) So called Modern Physics or most of the Physics in B’=B (7.17) the first half of the twentieth century requires a For a charge q moving at speed v, the force exerted complete overhaul [3], which must start with the on the charge by magnetic field B is given by, disposal of the Lorentz Transform. Lorentz Transform F=q(v× 퐁) (7.18) has no place in science or anywhere in reality. Lorentz v× 퐁=0 if q=0 (7.19) Transform is the foundation of all the non-reality in Without charge q, v× 퐁=0, or v× 퐁 has no existence Modern Physics. Lorentz Transform is the mother of without a charge q. v× 퐁 is not a space-filling field. It all ills in Modern Physics. is only on a charge q that v× 퐁 exists. Electric motors and electric generators founded on VIII. MAXWELL EQUATIONS WITH NORMALIZED the electromagnetic force F=qv× 퐁 predate Lorentz ELECTRIC FIELD Transform by many decades. Lorentz Transform was Maxwell equations associated with Coulomb and for propagating fields, not for non-propagating fields Ampere constants are given by, used in electric machines and generators. No (∇ × 퐄)=-dB/dt (8.1) electromagnetic device is possible based on the (∇ × 퐁)=(1/c2)dE/dt (8.2) Lorentz force F=q(1/c)v × 퐁 since all the practical where, c=1/(αβ)1/2, α=Coulomb constant, and devices operates at speed v<

XIII. CORRECT PATH TO NIRVANA Nirvana: Final Enlightenment (The True Light) Original Maxwell Equations:  Reformulated Maxwell equations are compatible (∇ × 퐄)=-dB/dt (1.23) with propagation of light everywhere in a vacuum www.jmess.org JMESSP13420772 3992 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 or in a medium. unique. Magnetic potential vector based abstract  No Aether is required. LaGrange is hypothetical, not real; it exists only on  Light always propagates in space even when a paper. medium is present. LaGrange does not apply to mass-less, it only  A flowing medium cannot drag light with its flow. applies to kinetic energy and potential energy of Any effect of a medium on light is through masses. LaGrange does not apply to electromagnetic Coulomb constant α and Ampere constant β. waves since electromagnetic waves do not constitute  The existence of Coulomb constant α and Ampere neither a real magnetic potential energy nor kinetic constant β does not require a medium. energy. Concept of magnetic vector potential energy  Speed of light varies with the Coulomb constant α is hypothetical, not real. Without a real magnetic and Ampere constant β. vector potential, there cannot be a canonical  The illusion of a medium in motion carrying light momentum. with it is simply a result of position dependent Propagation of massless electromagnetic waves Coulomb constant α and Ampere constant β in a and motion of masses cannot be unified under a flowing medium, not a medium carrying light. single frame since propagation of light and motion of  Light cannot be given a ride on a frame, train, or masses are two different processes with nothing in in a caravan. Light cannot be dragged directly by common, they are orthogonal, Motion in propagation any mean. is orthogonal to the direction of motion while motion in  You cannot piggyback light. a motion of a mass is in the direction of motion [5].  Light does not take free rides.  Light does not hitchhike. Lemma: Electromagnetic energy does not belong in the Light is not particles. Einstein photons, by LaGrange. Abstract magnetic vector potential is definition, are spatially random. Coherent light cannot hypothetical and has no existence. Electromagnetic consist of spatially random photons. Einstein photon, energy cannot be mixed with mechanical energy in which is just mathematical trickery, does not represent LaGrange. LaGrange is limited to mechanical energy. light. Light comes in continuous wave bursts of finite duration. There are no standing light waves except as Property: blind reality oversight in textbooks. If there are LaGrange does not apply to propagation. standing light, we should be able to have a perpetual LaGrange only applies for the motion of masses. light stick to light our houses at no cost. LaGrange is defined for mechanical energy. You XIII. LIGHT HAS NO MOMENTUM cannot mix magnetic potential vector with mechanical Light is not relative [2]. Massless cannot be energy in LaGrange. Mechanical potential and relative. Massless has no momentum. Speed of any magnetic vector potential are not compatible. entity that has a momentum cannot be determined by Mechanical energy and electromagnetic energy are the space or the vacuum. If you cannot increase or not compatible. Electromagnetic potential and decrease the speed of an entity by applying an mechanical potential are not the same. external force, that entity cannot be relative. Speed of Electromagnetic potential does not do any work on a electromagnetic waves cannot be increased or mass whereas mechanical potential does. Mechanical decreased by applying an external force and hence potential does not do any work on a charge whereas light is not relative. electromagnetic potential does. Any entity that has a momentum must be able to LaGrange is only applicable for mechanical energy, bring to a standstill by applying an equal and opposite not for electromagnetic potential. Abstract magnetic momentum [5]. Light cannot be brought to a standstill vector potential is hypothetical, not real; it does not by applying an equal and opposite momentum and exist. Canonical momentum for electromagnetic hence light has no momentum. Electromagnetic waves obtained using LaGrange is not real, it does waves have no existence without propagation and not exist. You cannot arbitrarily include a non-existing hence electromagnetic waves have no standstill magnetic potential vector into the LaGrange. existence. There is no standing light. Canonical Electromagnetic energy does not belong in the momentum is not real. Canonical momentum is a LaGrange. LaGrange only applies for motion of hypothetical mathematical abstraction. masses, not for propagation of waves. The claim that light and electromagnetic waves in Propagating waves cannot have potential energy. general have a momentum is false. There cannot be a The phrase “potential energy of light” is meaningless. momentum without a mass. Just because we define a Potential energy applies only for stationary fields, not canonical momentum using an abstract LaGrange for propagating fields. There cannot be a propagating does not mean that it is going to have a real magnetic vector potential. The abstract mathematical existence. Abstract magnetic potential vector is not magnetic vector potential goes against the very real. Any potential is not unique, and hypothetical definition of the potential. Propagating fields are not magnetic potential vector is no exception; it is not vector potentials. LaGrange has no existence without www.jmess.org JMESSP13420772 3993 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 kinetic energy and potential energy. Electromagnetic of the parameters of a medium since light travels in a waves do not have kinetic energy or potential energy. vacuum. La Grange does not apply for electromagnetic waves Equations for propagation of light should not be since electromagnetic waves have no kinetic energy determined by the permittivity and permeability. or potential energy. Canonical momentum has no Permittivity ε and the permeability μ are parameters of existence without LaGrange. Propagating light has no a medium. There is no permittivity and permeability kinetic energy. Propagating light has no potential without a medium. A vacuum has no dielectric energy. LaGrange does not exist for light. Light has properties. A vacuum has no permittivity and no momentum. Electromagnetic waves have no permeability. Permittivity ε and the permeability μ momentum. Propagation cannot have a momentum. have no existence in a vacuum. There must be a Momentum cannot have propagation. medium for dielectric properties permittivity and The pretense of unifying the motion of mass and permeability to exist. propagation of light in Special Relativity does not unify Maxwell equations cannot propagate in a vacuum the motion of a mass with light itself; it cannot be even though light propagates in a vacuum. By done. Instead, what Special Relativity does is to formulating the Maxwell equations based on consider the motion of a mass and a mass moving at permittivity and permeability of a medium, Maxwell the speed of light, not the light itself. It is this mistake disregarded the fact that light propagates in a that gave a false momentum to light in Special vacuum. Maxwell equations are incompatible with the Relativity. propagation of light in their very foundation. Maxwell equations require a foundational correction. Lemma: Permittivity ε and the permeability μ are not Massless momentum is an abstract mathematical primary parameters of a medium. Permittivity ε and fallacy. Massless momentum is an outcome of the the permeability μ are not fundamental parameters; fallacious Special Relativity, not the reality. they are secondary parameters defined by using other parameters. Equations for propagation of light do not Light does not propagate relative to a mass, frame, require a material medium or dielectric constants or a medium. Light always propagates in space even permittivity ε and the permeability μ of a medium. The in the presence of a medium. Light is not relative. presence of a material medium is, in fact, an obstacle When the light is not relative, the speed of light to the propagation of light. Maxwell equations for measured on any frame will be independent of the propagation of light formulated by Maxwell using motion of the frame. Michelson and Morley permittivity and permeability of a medium require a experiment is an indication of that. The measurement reformulation without the use of the medium of the speed of light does not require a medium to dependent permittivity and permeability. Maxwell measure it relative to since light is not relative. No equations require a correction at fundamental level. hypothetical medium of Aether must be invented for What should determine the correct Maxwell the measurement of the speed of light. equations for propagation of light is the Coulomb When we say, speed of an object is v, it is fair to constant α and the Ampere constant β. No material ask “with respect to what” since the motion of an medium is required for the existence of Coulomb object of mass is relative. However, the same constant α and the Ampere constant β. Speed of light question is meaningless with regards to propagation is solely determined by the Coulomb constant α and of light since light is not relative. The question “speed the Ampere constant β. Coulomb constant α and the of light c with respect to what” has no meaning since Ampere constant β exist in space despite space is a the speed of light cannot be measured with respect to vacuum or contains a medium. The presence of a a medium, an object, or a moving frame. Propagation medium increases the Coulomb constant α and the of light is absolute, not relative. Ampere constant β. It is the Coulomb constant α that defines the Property: No Pick-Up Bylaw permittivity ε of a medium as the ratio ε=α/αo, where α You cannot move a propagating electromagnetic is the Coulomb constant of the medium and αo is the field at a speed v you want by any mean. You cannot Coulomb constant of the vacuum or empty space. pickup light either by train or by caravan. Similarly, it is the Ampere constant β that defines the permeability μ of a medium as the ratio μ=β/βo, where XIV. CONCLUSIONS β is the Ampere constant of the medium and βo is the Maxwell equations do not represent the Ampere constant of the vacuum or empty space. propagation of light in a vacuum. It is the mistakes in Permittivity and permeability of a medium are the Maxwell equations that made Maxwell equations secondary parameter, not fundamental parameters of inconsistent with the propagation of light in a vacuum. nature. Maxwells equations for propagation of light cannot Reformulated correct Maxwell equations for and should not be determined by the permittivity ε and propagation of light using the Coulomb and Ampere the permeability μ of a medium. Equations constants are consistent with the propagation of light representing propagation of light must be independent in a vacuum as well as in a medium. Coulomb www.jmess.org JMESSP13420772 3994 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 constant α and Ampere constant β are fundamental ∇ × 퐄=-(1/c)dB/dt parameters of nature and require no medium for their ∇ × 퐁=(1/c)dE/dt existence. Speed of light is determined by the The so-called Lorentz force is given by, Coulomb constant α and Ampere constant β. F=(q/c)(E+v×B). Since the existence of Coulomb constant α and the This Lorentz force is an outcome of the Lorentz Ampere constant β does not require a medium, the Transform that is only applicable for electromagnetic propagation of light or electromagnetic waves do not radiation and light. Lorentz force is not applicable for require a material medium. Propagation of light or non-propagating stationary electric and magnetic electromagnetic waves are not relative and hence the fields. This Lorentz force is nearly zero for all practical speed of light is independent of the frame of purposes due to the factor 1/c. Lorentz force is never reference. As a result, no hypothetical medium Aether used in the design of electromagnetic devices. is required for the light to propagate relative to or for Lorentz force cannot be used in the design of the measurement of propagation of light relative to. electromagnetic devices. Electric devices such as Measured speed of the propagation of light is motors and generators are based on stationary independent of the speed of the measuring device or magnetic fields, where Lorentz force does not exist. the observer. Electromagnetic force had been known several Since light is not relative, no hypothetical medium decades before Lorentz Transform was introduced. of Aether is required for the measurement of the The claim that the electromagnetic force was invented speed of light relative to. Light propagates in the by Lorentz is preposterous. Lorentz Transform only empty space. The presence of a medium is an deals with propagating waves. Lorentz Transform unwanted obstacle or burden for the propagation of does not apply to non-propagating static electric fields light or electromagnetic waves. A material medium is and magnetic fields. Lorentz force does not exist for an unnecessary presence for light even though light is non-propagating fields. perfectly capable of bearing the presence of a Electric motors and electric generators have been medium. The presence of a medium hinders the there well before the introduction of the Lorentz propagation of light. The presence of a medium not Transform. Electric motors and electric generators only impedes or reduces the speed of light, the existed several decades before the Maxwell equations presence of a medium also diffracts the path of light. were developed. Electric motors and electric The presence of a medium is a partial roadblock for generators are designed using the force relationship the propagation of light. Light not only has to slow F=q(E+v×B) that was known many decades before down in the presence of a medium, but it also must the Lorentz Transform. The fields E and B in the force make an unexpected and unplanned detour. For light, relationship for motors and generators are not propagating in a medium is just like driving in a propagating fields, they are static fields. construction zone. Certain mediums can be a dead The force relationship F=q(E+v×B) that is used in end for propagation of light where light must take a the design of electric motors and generators has complete turn back. nothing to do with Lorentz, nothing to do with light or Electromagnetic waves are not probability electromagnetic propagation, nothing to do with distributions that Quantum Mechanics claim to be. Maxwell equations. Non-propagating static electric Probability distributions are mathematical construct, field and magnetic field have nothing to do with which have no real existence. Nature does not use Lorentz Transform. Lorentz Transform does not apply probability. Pascal invented probability to divide the to non-propagating or non-radiating electromagnetic winner’s prize for a match between the two fields. contestants when the match had to be ended without completion due to bad weather. Probability and Corollary: statistics are just data analysis tools. Unlike probability Non-propagating static electric and magnetic fields distributions, Electromagnetic waves are real. are relative. Propagating electromagnetic fields or Electromagnetic waves exist in space. Probability radiating waves are not relative [2,5.6]. distributions exist only on paper or in textbooks. Electromagnetic waves propagate. Probability The Lorentz force was derived for the distributions cannot, and do not, propagate. If it electromagnetic waves. Lorentz force does not exist propagates, it is not a probability distribution. for the non-propagating static electric and magnetic Electromagnetic waves have nothing to do with fields. A moving charge experiences a force in the particles. There are no wave particles or particle presence of any magnetic field, which is F=q(E+v×B). waves. Waves propagate. Particles move. Motion of a This relationship has nothing to do with Lorentz. particle and propagation of waves are orthogonal Lorentz Transform does not exist. Non-propagating mechanisms; there is nothing in common. static electric and magnetic fields are relative. On the For transversal electromagnetic waves, E=cB and other hand, propagating electromagnetic fields are not hence the electric field in the Maxwell equations can relative. A motion of an observer does not turn electric be normalized so that E/c take the place of E. As a field into a magnetic field or a magnetic field into an result, the normalized Maxwell equations becomes, electric field, www.jmess.org JMESSP13420772 3995 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 E’≠E±(v/c)B propagation of light are associated with the Coulomb B’≠B±(v/c)E constant α and the Ampere constant β. The existence F≠q(E±(v/c)B) of Coulomb constant α and the Ampere constant β Observer speed does not determine what an electric does not require a material medium. As a result, the field is and what a magnetic field is. Electric and reformulated correct Maxwell equations for magnetic fields are independent of the observers. You propagation of electromagnetic waves or light do not cannot turn propagating electric field into propagating require a medium. No man-made hypothetical magnetic field or vice versa by running. medium of Aether is required for propagation of light. Motion of a non-propagating magnetic field does Permittivity ε and the permeability μ of a medium are not generate an electric field that is present not required in the reformulated correct Maxwell everywhere. It is only that the motion of a non- equations for the propagation of light as well as in propagating magnetic field exerts a force on a charge, circuit theory since the propagation of light and F=qv×B. This force is not there in the absence of a electrical circuit elements such as capacitance and charge. No force per unit charge is present in the inductance are determined by the Coulomb constant α absence of a charge. Motion of a non-propagating and the Ampere constant β. magnetic field does not generate a space filling Permittivity ε and the permeability μ of a medium electric field. It is only that the motion of a non- are also determined by the Coulomb constant α and propagating magnetic field generates a force on a the Ampere constant β. Coulomb constant α and the charge. Propagating magnetic field also generate a Ampere constant β are fundamental constants of force on a moving charge. Although moving non- nature. Permittivity ε and the permeability μ of a propagating magnetic field generate a force on a medium are secondary parameters, not fundamental stationary charge, propagating magnetic field does not constants of nature. generate a force on a stationary charge. Maxwell equations cannot exist without a dielectric Lorentz Transform is not unique. Lorentz medium while propagation of light can. Aether was Transform based on bogus relative time is not real invented to camouflage this incompatibility and make and has no existence. Time cannot be relative. Light is Maxwell equations legitimate. Aether is a non-material not relative. Lorentz fields do not exist. There is no hypothetical deity that provides permittivity and such thing called Lorentz force. Electromagnetic fields permeability to a vacuum while maintaining a vacuum are independent of the frame of reference, a vacuum, an impossible task even for a deity. Space- E’=E, B’=B filling hypothetical Aether deity that is being used to where, E’, B’ are the fields on the moving frame and legitimize Maxwell equations in a vacuum is illogical E, B are the fields on the stationary frame. Lorentz and unnecessary. Transform does not exist. Lorentz Force does not When we talk about the speed of light, people exist. always ask, “speed of light with respect to what?” This The permittivity ε and the permeability μ have no question indicates the lack of understanding of the existence without a medium. It is the incorrect use of propagation of light. The question, “speed of light with the permittivity ε and the permeability μ in the Maxwell respect to what” is the wrong question to ask since equations that led to the false idea that light is not relative [2]. Irrespective of on what frame of electromagnetic wave propagation cannot takes place reference the speed of light is measured in a vacuum, without a medium. It is this false concept that led to the result will always be the same since the the introduction of bogus Aether, Aether deity, a man- propagation of light is independent of the frame of made hypothetical deity, a religion. Maxwell equation reference. for propagation of light should not have any However, speed of light is affected by a medium association with the permittivity ε and the permeability since the Coulomb constant α and the Ampere μ of a medium. Maxwell equations must be formulated constant β are affected by the medium. The measured without a medium. Maxwell equations must be a speed of light in the presence of a medium is space-based formulation, not a medium-based independent of the position if the medium is formulation. homogeneous. However, in the case of a non- homogeneous medium, speed of light depends on the Lemma: position. When the slight discrepancies in the Propagation of light and the speed of light are not Michelson-Morley experiment due to the determined by a medium. It is only that the inhomogeneity of the medium air is discounted, the propagation of light and the speed of light are affected measured speed of light must be independent of the by a medium when a medium is present. Hence, frame of reference in the Michelson-Morley equations for propagation of light should not be experiment. determined by dielectric properties of a medium. It is In the case of a flowing medium, Coulomb constant only that propagation of light is affected by the α and the Ampere constant β vary with the position properties of a medium when a medium is present. and hence the speed of light depends on the position. If the speed of light is measured on earth, the Correct Maxwell equations that represent the measured speed of light will vary with the position due www.jmess.org JMESSP13420772 3996 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 to the flow of the air. Coulomb constant α and the the light propagates in vacuum even though vacuum Ampere constant β vary with the flow of air and hence has no permittivity ε and the permeability μ is a good the speed of light also varies with the flow of air. This indication that permittivity ε and the permeability μ are is the reason for the minor variations in the measured not required for the propagation of light. It is in fact the speed of light in the Michelson and Morley Coulomb constant α and the Ampere constant β that experiment. If the Michelson and Morley experiment determine the permittivity ε and the permeability μ of a had been carried out in a vacuum or in a medium. Permittivity ε and the permeability μ of a homogeneous medium, there would not be any minor medium are not primary parameters. Permittivity and variations in the measured speed of light in the permeability of a medium are derivatives of Coulomb different setting of the experiment. and Ampere constants. Coulomb constant α and the Light does not propagate relative to a medium. A Ampere constant β are primary fundamental medium in motion cannot move electromagnetic parameters of nature. waves or light along with the motion of the medium. There is nothing mysterious about Coulomb Special Relativity is false. Light does not move with a constant α. It is just a parameter that brings the medium in motion. A moving frame cannot give light a electric field E into the same units as the electric flux ride. Light has no momentum. It is only a mass in density D just as the Newton gravitational constant G motion that has a relative motion. Light has no relative brings gravitational field to the same units as a motion. Propagation of light is absolute, not relative. gravitational mass flux density. Similarly, there is Coulomb constant α and the Ampere constant β of a nothing mysterious about Ampere constant β. It is just flowing medium vary with the position. Hence, the a parameter that brings the magnetic field H into the speed of light varies with the position in a flowing same units as the magnetic flux density B. No medium. It is this change in speed along the flow of medium whatsoever is necessary for the existence of the medium that makes light to bend in a flowing unit-conversion parameters such as Coulomb medium with the flow of the medium. The change of constant α and Ampere constant β. Coulomb constant speed of light in a flowing medium is not a result of α and Ampere constant β exist in space and they are flowing medium directly carrying the light with it. affected by the presence of a medium. Flowing medium cannot carry the light with it since What determines the correct Maxwell equations for the light is not relative. The change of speed of light in propagation of light and the speed of light is the a flowing medium is solely due to the change of Coulomb constant α and the Ampere constant β, Coulomb constant α and the Ampere constant β with which require no medium for their existence. Light is the position in a flowing medium. Einstein’s use of not relative. Speed of light is independent of a frame Fizeau’s experiment to justify Special Relativity of reference. Any observer measures the same speed simply wrong, meaningless. Fizeau’s experiment for the speed of light in a vacuum irrespective of the has nothing to do with Special Relativity. Result of speed of the observer. Speed of light is independent Fizeau’s experiment is not a result of light of the speed of the frame of measurement, speed of hitchhiking the flowing water. Light does not measuring instrument or speed of an observer. hitchhike. Electromagnetic waves do not generate mass. The result of the Fizeau’s experiment is due to Mass is not generated by standing electromagnetic the variation of the Coulomb constant α and the waves. There are no standing electromagnetic waves Ampere constant β with the position in a flowing or standing light since light has no existence without medium. A moving medium cannot move light that propagation and light is not anchored to a source. It is propagates in empty space. The claim in Fizeau’s only a wave that is anchored to a source that can experiment that light is carried by the speed of the generates a standing wave. Light is not anchored to a flowing medium is wrong, meaningless, short sighted, source and hence there is no standing light. and a very common misinterpretation mistake in A source releases light releases light in bursts of modern physics. It is the misinterpretation of finite duration. Electromagnetic waves are not experiments that has always been used to justify particles; they are continuous waves of finite duration. Special Relativity, General Relativity, Quantum There is no standing light. Light has no existence Mechanics, and Modern Physics in general. Without without propagation. Mass has nothing to do with misinterpretation of experiment, there would be no electromagnetic waves except the fact that the Special Relativity or Quantum Mechanics. charges that are required for the generation of Neither the Maxwell equations for the propagation electromagnetic waves have no existence without a of electromagnetic waves nor the speed of light or mass, and hence electromagnetic waves have no electromagnetic waves are determined by the existence without a mass. permittivity ε and the permeability μ of a medium. There are no light particles or photons. Einstein Maxwell equations for propagation of light and the derived the photons based on the assumption that the speed of light have nothing to do with a medium or the photons are spatially random. The problem is that permittivity ε and the permeability μ of a medium. spatially random photons cannot produce coherent Vacuum has no dielectric properties. Vacuum has light waves. Light cannot be random particles or no permittivity ε and the permeability μ. The fact that photons. Light comes in continuous wave bursts of www.jmess.org JMESSP13420772 3997 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 finite duration. Light carries no momentum. Massless ε permeability μ while maintaining a vacuum a has no momentum. You cannot bring electromagnetic vacuum must be a deity that exists only in human wave mechanics and motion dynamics of masses imagination just like any religious doctrine, where under one frame. If you try to include electromagnetic deity exist only in the mind of blind believers. All the waves into an inertial frame, in hindsight, what you are religions were founded by men for the benefit of men incorporating is a mass moving at speed of light, not to justify their open and widespread discrimination of light itself, and that is the fallacy of Special Relativity women in the name of a religion doctrine. Otherwise, [5,6]. why should any deity, if there is one, allow a man to Canonical momentum is an abstract notion that is have multiple wives with no regards for age limit and not real. Canonical momentum only holds true for prohibit women the same right to have multiple masses, not for waves. LaGrange does not apply for husbands. It shows that religious doctrines are shams. propagation of waves. LaGrange only applies for the It shows who created religions for whose benefit. motion of masses. Abstract mathematical magnetic Aether seem to have blind following, just like any vector potential is not real and hence the canonical religious doctrines. The concept of Aether is so momentum derived by incorporating a magnetic outrages and unrealistic that the followers of Aether vector potential in LaGrange has no existence. warrants the designation, a religious cult; hare Aether, You cannot determine mechanics of propagation hare Ether. using the LaGrange designed for motion of masses. Correct Maxwell equations formulated by the Motion and propagation are not the same. Motion and Coulomb and Ampere constants describe the propagation cannot be combined in LaGrange. Not all propagation of light without restriction everywhere in the energies are created equally. You cannot combine the universe including a vacuum as well as any electromagnetic energy and mechanical energy in medium. Speed of light is determined by the Coulomb LaGrange. Canonical momentum does not exist for and Ampere constants. No Aether deity is required. propagation of waves. Propagating electromagnetic There is not Aether deity. There are no deities. Deities fields have no potential energy or kinetic energy. It is are in the mind of believers, not in reality. Mostly for only a static electromagnetic field that has potential the worst, it is the man who created God, not the other energy. The term “potential energy” is meaningless for way around. We never know how different would it propagating waves. LaGrange has no existence have been if God was created by a woman? without kinetic energy and potential energy. Without Although physics textbooks represent Coulomb kinetic energy and potential energy, LaGrange is not constant as permittivity of a medium, Coulomb defined for electromagnetic waves and hence constant has nothing to do with permittivity of a canonical momentum does not exist for medium. Similarly, Ampere constant has nothing to do electromagnetic waves. Light has no momentum. with the permeability of a medium. It is only that the Electromagnetic waves have no momentum. permittivity of a medium is defined using Coulomb constant, and permeability of a medium is defined Property: using the Ampere constant. Coulomb constant and Any entity with momentum cannot propagate. Ampere constants are parameters of empty space Propagation of light has no momentum. that determine the propagation of light in empty space. A vacuum is a vacuum is a vacuum is a vacuum Light does not travel in a medium, light travels in and contains nothing. You can call a vacuum physical the empty space. It is only the presence of a medium vacuum, mathematical vacuum, or whatever you affect the propagation of light through parameters want, but the name is just a label, and it does not Coulomb constant and Ampere constant. Empty change the fact that vacuum contains nothing. space is the absolute frame that propagation of light Mathematical vacuum must contain nothing; if it takes place. Space coordinates in Maxwell equations contains something, it is not a vacuum. Physical are relative to the absolute frame, the empty space. vacuum must contain nothing; if it contains something, Maxwell equations cannot be defined relative to it is not a vacuum. moving local frames. Light does not propagate relative If vacuum contains Aether, then it is no longer a to inertial frames. In Special Relativity, x=ct and x’=ct’ vacuum. There is no physical medium that can do not represent path of a light beam; they represent provide dielectric constants to a vacuum while a path of a mass moving in two different frames. maintaining a vacuum a vacuum. There is no physical Special Relativity does not involve the propagation of entity called Aether. Aether can only exist in human light. What Special Relativity involves in hindsight is a psychic, nowhere else. No hypothetical man-made mass moving at speed of light in different. medium Aether is required for the propagation of light Absolute frame is the empty space. Propagation of in a vacuum since the propagation of light is light takes place in empty space irrespective of determined by Coulomb and Ampere constants that whether a medium is present or not. A medium is an require no medium for their existence. The concept of unwelcome obstruction to the propagation of light. The Aether is voodoo science, not science. Any entity that presence of a medium affects the Coulomb and can provide a vacuum dielectric constants permittivity Ampere constants, which in turn affect the www.jmess.org JMESSP13420772 3998 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 propagation of light. Maxwell equations are defined in Reality), Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering the absolute space, the empty space. Light Science Studies (JMESS), vol. 6, Issue 5, May- propagates at speed c is in the empty space. Speed c 2020. is determined by the Coulomb and Ampere constants. 4. Dahanayake Bandula, “Universe in a New Light: Absolute motion of a mass can be defined relative to Inconvenient Reality (iCRY)”, Journal of the propagation of light. The claim that the speed of Multidisciplinary Engineering and Science Studies an inertia frame cannot be obtained from within is (JMESS), vol. 5, Issue 7, July 2019. false. Speed of an inertial frame can be determined 5. Dahanayake Bandula, “Theory of Natural from within the inertial frame using a beam of light [5]. Relativity: A New Beginning”, Journal of Multidisciplinary Science and Technology (JMEST), References vol. 8, Issue 1, January 2021. 1. Kennedy Robert E., “Einstein’s Major Papers, 6. Dahanayake Bandula, “Reality-Blind Special Oxford University Press, 2012. Relativity: Energy Mishap (Catastrophic Mass- 2. Dahanayake Bandula W., “Maxwell’s Equations Energy Oversight is Special Relativity”, Journal of and Propagation of Light: Not Relative”, Multidisciplinary Science and Technology (JMEST), International Journal of Astrophysics and Space vol. 8, Issue 5, 2021. Science, vol. 3, Issue 6, Dec. 2015. 7. Dahanayake Bandula, “Universal Relativity: 3. Dahanayake Bandula, “Quantum Spin-1/2: Absolute Time and Mass”, International Journal of Genesis of voodoo-Physics (Theoretical Blunder Astrophysics and Space Science, vol. 3, no. 1, Wrapped in Bogus Stern-Gerlach Experiment) 2015. (From QM non-sense Back TO common-sense

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