Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 Subtle Mistakes in Maxwell Equations that Altered Reality: No Aether Deity Required (Light Does Not Propagate in a Medium or on a Moving Frame) Bandula W. Dahanayake Farmfield Crescent, Kanata, ON, Canada [email protected] Abstract—The ingrained need for a medium in What determines the propagation of light is Maxwell equations is a result of hidden mistakes in Coulomb and Ampere constants, which do not require Maxwell equations. Light does not propagate in any a medium. Coulomb and Ampere constants exist in a medium. Light propagates in empty space. A medium vacuum. Permittivity and permeability of a medium are is not a carrier of light. The empty space is the carrier defined using the Coulomb and Ampere constants, of light. A medium is an obstacle to the propagation of and hence permittivity and permeability are not light. The claim in Maxwell equations that the primary constants. Permittivity and permeability have propagation of light is determined by the permittivity no existence without a medium. Speed of light is and permeability of a medium is false, illogical, and determined by the Coulomb and Ampere constants. incorrect. Propagation of light is only affected by a Coulomb and Ampere constants are fundamental to medium, not determined by a medium. the propagation of electromagnetic waves. Coulomb The problem with Maxwell equations is that the and Ampere constants of the space, the vacuum, are Light propagates in a vacuum, but Maxwell equations universal and hence the speed of light is universal. do not. Maxwell equations are incompatible with Propagation of light takes place in space even propagation of light due to the invalid representation when a medium is present, not in the medium itself. of Coulomb constant as the permittivity, and Ampere Propagation of light is absolute. Empty space is the constant as the permeability of a medium. Coulomb absolute frame, which is stationary. Space can neither constant is not permittivity. Ampere constant is not expands nor contracts. It is a medium that expands or permeability. Coulomb and Ampere constants exist in contracts, not the space itself. The presence of a vacuum, and they do not require a medium while medium only alters the propagation parameters of the permittivity and permeability have no existence space. A medium is a hindrance to the propagation of without a medium. Aether is not a solution to this light. Electric flux density is directly related to electric incompatibility. Even an Aether deity cannot provide field by Coulomb constant, not by the permittivity. permittivity and permeability to a vacuum while Magnetic flux density is directly related to the maintaining a vacuum a vacuum. Vacuum is not a magnetic field by Ampere constant, not by the vacuum if it has permittivity and permeability. permeability. Coulomb and Ampere constants do not Obvious incompatibility of Maxwell equations with require a medium, whereas the permittivity and propagation of light is a result of mistakes in the permeability have no existence without a medium. Maxwell equations. Formulation of Maxwell equations What must be fundamental to Maxwell equations based on dielectric constants is both unwarranted and should be Coulomb and Ampere constants, not incorrect. Properties of a medium do not belong in the permittivity and permeability of a medium. Maxwell equations since propagation of light is not Speed of light measured by any observer on any determined by a physical medium. Propagation of light moving frame is independent of the speed of the is only affected by a medium. Maxwell equations must frame. Light cannot be carried away by a moving be determined exclusively by the parameters of a frame or by a flowing medium since light propagates vacuum since propagation of light takes place in the in space, not on a frame or in a medium. A flowing space even when a medium is present. When light is medium cannot drag light. An inertial frame cannot propagating in the presence of a medium, if the move light. Speed of a flowing medium has no direct medium is pulled out, light does not move with the effect on the speed of light. Any effect of a flowing medium, light remains bound to the space indicating medium on light is due to the change of Coulomb and that the light does not propagate in a medium. Ampere constants with the change in medium density Ampere-Maxwell equation is incorrect since current along the flow. Light does not hitchhike. Motion of has no existence without a nonzero time gradient of masses is relative; propagation of waves is not. You the electric flux. Asymmetry in Maxwell equations is a cannot increase or decrease the speed of light by result of this mistake. Correct Maxwell equations are running with or against the light. Light cannot be given anti-symmetric and not determined by the parameters a ride on a moving frame, train, or on a caravan. of a medium. Propagation of light and speed of light Hypothetical magnetic vector potential does not can only be determined by parameters that can exist exist. Abstract canonical momentum obtained using in a vacuum. the LaGrange based on magnetic vector potential is www.jmess.org JMESSP13420772 3969 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 7 Issue 7, July - 2021 not real. Any entity with momentum cannot propagate. required for the propagation of light is space, the No entity can be subjected to both motion and empty space, nothing else. Although the Maxwell propagation. Only the stationary fields contain equations are medium-based by mistakes, the correct potential energy. Propagating fields do not have Maxwell equations must be space-based naturally. potential energy. Electromagnetic waves have neither The fact that Maxwell equations cannot exist in space kinetic energy nor potential energy and hence without a man-made hypothetical medium Aether is a LaGrange does not apply for electromagnetic waves. good indication that there are fundamental mistakes Light has no momentum. Electromagnetic waves have with Maxwell equations that must be corrected. no momentum. The need for Aether stems from mistakes in Axiom: Maxwell equations. Correct Maxwell equations are Electromagnetic waves propagate in the space, in anti-symmetric and exclusively determined by the vacuum, and hence equations for propagation of Coulomb and Ampere constants, which do not require light should contain only the parameters and fields a medium but are affected by a medium and by the that can exist in a vacuum. density variation of the medium. No man-made hypothetical Aether deity is required for propagation of Property: light or for measurement of the speed of light. The propagation of electromagnetic waves is Measured speed of light on a moving frame is space-based, not medium-based, and hence the independent of the speed of the frame since a moving genesis of Maxwell equations should also be space- body undergoes volume contraction. When a moving based, not medium-based. body approaches the speed of light, it turns into a black hole since mass density becomes infinite while Definition: Almighty Aether, Aether Deity mass remains the same. Black holes are real; they Aether is non-material non-physical imaginary are not spacetime singularities. There is no whatever that provides a vacuum the required spacetime. permittivity and permeability for the existence and What the Newton gravitation constant to gravitation propagation of the Maxwell equations in a vacuum is what are Coulomb and Ampere constants to without altering the vacuum itself, an almighty task electromagnetism. Just as the Newton gravitation that can only be achieved by an Aether deity. Maxwell constant requires no medium for its existence, equations have no existence in a vacuum without the Coulomb and Ampere constants require no medium assistant of a hypothetical man-made Aether deity. for their existence. Coulomb and Ampere constants are unit-conversion parameters that require no Lemma: Non-Relative Light medium. Reformulated Maxwell equations based Light does not propagate relative to a medium, exclusively on Coulomb and Ampere constants are object, moving train, or observers. Light propagates in always compatible with propagation of light and space. The presence of a medium is an unnecessary require no medium. obstacle to the propagation of light. Speed of light and Maxell equations should not be medium based. electromagnetic fields are unaffected by the motion of Correct Maxwell equations must be space based. frame. Propagation of light is absolute, not relative. Maxwell equations and propagation of light are not relative. Correct Maxwell equations and light Property: No Hitchhiking propagate in empty space, which is the absolute Light does not take a ride on a moving frame. Light frame of reference for light. Lorentz Transform and cannot be dragged by a flowing medium. Light does Special Relativity are both invalid. not take free rides. Piggybacking light is strictly prohibited by nature. Keywords—Permittivity; Permeability; Coulomb; Ampere; Aether; Maxwell; Force; Lorentz; Relativity; Lemma: Medium is Never a Friend, always a Foe Einstein; Light; Spacetime; Black Holes; Vacuum; Light cannot be carried away by a flowing medium. I. INTRODUCTION Light always propagates in space against the Speed of light is affected by a medium, not resistance of any medium present. For propagation of determined by a medium. Electromagnetic fields are light, even a flowing medium is never a friend, always space-bound, not medium-bound. Electromagnetic a foe. For the propagation of light, flowing medium is a fields exist in space even when a medium is present. position dependent resistance. Effect of a medium on the propagation of light is always through the effect of the medium on the Property: Problem with Maxwell Equations parameters of propagation of light in space, vacuum.