DOCSLIB.ORG

University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting FROM PAGE TO STONE: REPRESENTATIONS OF THE APOCALYPSE AT THE ABBEY OF SAINT-BENOIT-SUR-LOIRE, ITS INSPIRATION AND INFLUENCE By JENNACA SKYE TAIPALUS A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Jennaca Skye Taipalus To Charlie ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank everyone who has played a role in my academic achievements. First of all, my mother for her unwavering support and love. Karen, who has been my constant advocate, and my friends and cohort, whose help and friendship has been invaluable and made this experience something that I will always value. Finally, I would like to thank my committee chair Dr. Ashely Jones for her support, insights, and time, as I pursued my interests in the Romanesque, and Dr. Ross for her feedback which has been integral in the formation of this thesis. And lastly, my interest in the Romanesque and apocalyptic art in general was sparked by Dr. Scott Brown who I will be eternally grateful for. His excitement for the subject was infectious and inspired me to continue my education. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................6 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................7 Apocalyptic Commentary .........................................................................................................8 Saint-Benoit-sur-Loire Today .................................................................................................14 2 FLEURY ABBEY ..................................................................................................................18 The Abbey ..............................................................................................................................18 An Intellectual Center .............................................................................................................19 Gauzlin ....................................................................................................................................20 Bell Tower and its Sculptural Inspiration ...............................................................................24 Tower Layout ..........................................................................................................................26 3 FROM PAGE TO STONE .....................................................................................................29 Apocalyptic Cycle ..................................................................................................................29 Textual Influences ..................................................................................................................30 Space .......................................................................................................................................36 4 AFTER FLEURY ...................................................................................................................44 Fleury’s Influence ...................................................................................................................44 Pilgrims Guide ........................................................................................................................46 Later Structures and Light ......................................................................................................49 5 CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................54 APPENDIX ....................................................................................................................................58 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..........................................................................................................................59 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .........................................................................................................62 5 Abstract of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts FROM PAGE TO STONE: REPRESENTATIONS OF THE APOCALYPSE AT THE ABBEY OF SAINT-BENOIT-SUR-LOIRE, ITS INSPIRATION AND INFLUENCE By Jennaca Skye Taipalus December 2018 Chair: Ashley Jones Major: Art History Situated between Aquitaine, Burgundy, and Neustrie, on the bank of the Loire River stands the Abbey of Saint-Benoit-sur-Loire. Construction on the abbey we know today began sometime in the late 10th century. The bell or porch tower, also known as Gauzlin Tower, boasts an unusual sculptural program, the like of which has little precedence. This thesis looks at the construction and sculptural program of Gauzlin tower in relation to apocalyptic fears surrounding the millennium as well as the abbey’s position on pilgrimage routes. As the year 1000 approached it brought with it many fears as it was believed that it would bring with it not only a new millennium, but the beginning of the apocalypse as described in John’s Revelation. The vibrant manuscripts produced at the time were filled with colorful images and whole pages were dedicated to prominent scenes in Revelation. One such manuscript, known as the Trier Apocalypse, may have informed the sculptors of the Gauzlin Tower. By adapting imagery from manuscripts, the sculptors at the abbey were able to create a unique structure and delineate meaning through the placement of well-known images. This thesis examines these similarities and contends that Saint-Benoit-sur-Loire is an important point in the development of apocalyptic representation as it jumps from the page to stone. 6 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Situated between Aquitaine, Burgundy, and Neustrie on the bank of the Loire River stands the Abbey of Saint-Benoit-sur-Loire. The large structure juts up from the relatively flat landscape creating an impressive profile against the sky that can be seen from a great distance. Portions of the Abbey date from as early as the ninth century but there is evidence that a structure of this sort has stood there for longer than that. Saint-Benoit-sur-Loire gets its name from the relics of St Benedict that are housed at the abbey, but before that, it was known as Fleury Abbey and that will be the name to which it is referred for the rest of this thesis. Fleury Abbey boasts an unusual and impressive sculptural program that is housed in an area of the church, called Gauzlin tower, which is in itself unusual as there is very little precedence for a structure of this sort. This thesis will look at Gauzlin tower and its sculptural program and examine what may have influenced such an unusual structure and the impact it may have had on the construction of future sites. The first introductory Chapter will take a look at early textual and visual apocalyptic traditions as they developed out of the late antique and into the middle ages. Books such as the Trier Apocalypse prove to be very interesting when compared to the capitals found at Fleury. Chapter two discusses Fleury’s position in the kingdom and its power and influence not only as a monastery but as a center for learning, one that had connections to the king. It will also examine the construction of the Abbey as we see it today. The capital cycle in Gauzlin tower fills most of Chapter three, taking a close look at the composition of the capitals and comparing them to textual sources from the time and examine their location within the tower itself. And finally, Chapter four will look at possible influences that would have inspired the builders of Fleury and the possible consequence it may have had on 7 future structures. Through all of this, Fleury Abbey appears to be a site situated at the cusp of a new sculptural tradition that would be fully realized in the later Gothic. Apocalyptic Commentary Apocalyptic concerns are deeply rooted in many societies, this is especially true for the western Christianized world. Such concerns, found in both the Book of Daniel in the Old Testament and John's Book of Revelation in the New Testament, provided abundant material for contemplation and examination in the first millennium CE. The book of Revelation, in particular, was subject to exegetical examination in the medieval Latin West, which resulted in a multitude of commentaries produced by various thinkers. Authors such as the Venerable Bede, Beatus, Ambrosius Autpertus, Alcuin, Haymo, and Berengaudus,1 were all writing before and during the reign of the Carolingians.2 Their texts included their own interpretations built on many of the themes and concerns of earlier authors and church fathers. Before the commentaries produced during the period of the Carolingians, the major themes found in apocalyptic thought dealt with the Antichrist, the myth of the duration of the 1000 year kingdom, and the Sibylline Oracles, all of which were the main concerns from about the year 100 to 600.3 Furthermore, earlier apocalypticism of the classical period also worked its way into later medieval themes and imagery regarding the end of the world.4 As the year 1000 grew near and fears of the end increased, John’s Revelation was thrown into the spotlight, inspiring new written and visual exegetical works that aimed to understand
Load more

Recommended publications
  • THE STRANGER the Promise of Saint Benedict and Saint Scholastica
    WELCOME THE STRANGER The Promise of Saint Benedict and Saint Scholastica I. The GATHERING of the BENEDICTINE COMMUNITIES Reading: Benedict’s Invitation: a Preface to the Rule Vir Domini Benedictus Antiphon for St. Benedict, 12th century Emicat meridies Sequence for St. Scholastica, 12th-13th century(?) II. SAINT BENEDICT Reading: Benedict of Nursia Exultet omnium turba fidelium (a8) Serafino Cantone (fl. 1580-1627) Gloriosus confessor Domini Benedictus (a3) Serafino Patta (fl. 1606-1619) Fili mi, si timueris Deum (a5) Serafino Cantone (fl. 1580-1627) Reading: Scholastica’s Request Egredere si praevales Matins Responsory for St. Scholastica, 11th-12th century III. SAINT SCHOLASTICA O dulcis amor, Iesu (a3) Caterina Assandra (1590-1618) Reading: Scholastica’s Miracle Cumque Sanctus Benedictus Matins Responsory for St. Scholastica, 11th century th Celsa secreta in columbae Lauds Antiphon for St. Scholastica, 11 century Alma contio concrepa Sequence for St. Scholastica, 12th-13th century IV. VOICES of ANGELS Surgamus omnes (a2) Chiara Margherita Cozzolani (1602-1678) Duo Seraphim (a2) Serafino Patta (fl. 1606-1619) V. TWIN SIBLINGS UNITED in HEAVEN Reading: Benedict’s Final Days Ante sextum vero obitus Matins Responsory for Benedict, 11th cen. Hodie Sanctus Benedictus (a5) Serafino Cantone (fl. 1580-1627) INTERMISSION (15 minutes) Protector noster magnus (a4) Lucrezia Orsina Vizzana (1590-1662) VI. The MEETING of the BENEDICTINE COMMUNITIES Reading from the Rule of Saint Benedict: the Tools of Good Works Concinant linguae Chiara Margherita Cozzolani (1602-1678) VII. UNITED in SONG: A COMMUNAL VESPERS Domine ad adiuvandum me festina (a8) Serafino Cantone (fl. 1580-1627) Beatus vir Benedictus Vespers Antiphon for St. Benedict, 12th century Dixit Dominus Serafino Cantone (fl.
    [Show full text]
  • AN INTRODUCTION to the CREEDS I\N INTRODUCTION to the CREEDS
    AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CREEDS i\N INTRODUCTION TO THE CREEDS AND TO THE TE DEUM BY A. E. BURN, B.D. TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE RECTOR OF KVNNERSLEV, WELLINGTON, SALOP EXAMINING CHAPLAIN TO THE LORD BISHOP OF LICHFIELD METHUEN & CO. 36 ESSEX STREET, W.C. LONDON 1899 PREFACE --+- THE following Introduction to the Creeds· and to the Early History of the Te Deum has been designed, in the first instance, for the use of students reading for the Cambridge Theological Tripos. I have edited all the Creed-forms set for that examination, with the exception of three lengthy formularies, which belong rather to a history of doctrine than to my present subject. These are-the letter of Cyril to N estorius, the letter of Leo to Flavian, and the Definition of the Council of Chalcedon. At the same time, I hope that the book may be useful to a wider circle of readers-to clergy and candidates for Holy Orders. The subject is of supreme importance to all teachers of Church doctrine ; and the only excuse for adding to the number of books which already deal with it, is the desire to enable others to gather the first-fruits of many writers and of recent researches in England and abroad. During the past three years I have had the privilege, with the aid of the Managers of the Hort Memorial Fund at Cambridge, of visiting many libraries to collate MSS., and have endeavoured to make good use of the opportunities so kindly offered. In 1896 I visited Leiden, Cologne, Wiirzburg, Munich, S.
    [Show full text]
  • Dates Are Ce Unless Stated As Bce. Popes Are Cross-Referenced from Their Entry Under Their Birth Name to Their Papal Name, S.V
    Index All dates are ce unless stated as bce. Popes are cross-referenced from their entry under their birth name to their papal name, s.v. Rome; monarchs are gathered under their principal territory, Oecumenical Patriarchs under Constantinople and Archbishops of Canterbury under Canterbury. Monarchs and popes have (where possible) their birth date followed by the date of their accession to the throne, followed by their date of death. Members of European nobility are indexed under their surnames. Those who have been declared saints by one or other Christian Church are indexed either under their first names or their surnames, not at ‘St’. a` Lasco, Johannes see Łaski Abravanel, Isaac ben Moscow 1690–1700) Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) (1437–1508) 868 542 349–50, 352, Plate 28 absolutism: see monarchy Adrianople, battle (378) 218 Aaron 581 Abu¯ Mı¯na¯ 259 Adriatic Sea 458, 486 Abbasid dynasty 262, abun (bishop): see Ethiopia adultery 91, 314, 626, 1025 264–7, 272, 446, 854 Acacian schism (482–519) Advent 199–200 abbesses 358, 378 234–5, 322–3, 326, Adwa, battle (1896) 891 abbots 318, 378, 393, 817; 374 Aegean Sea 461, 468, 473, see also monks acheiropoieta: see icons; 924 ’Abd al-’Aziz (1746–1824) Mandylion Aelia Capitolina: see 880 acrostics 195 Jerusalem ’Abd al-Malik, Caliph (646; Action Franc¸aise 936 Aeneas 43, 192, 297 685–705) 256, 260 Actium, battle (31 bce) aeroplanes 960, 966 ’Abd al-Wahha¯b, 43–4 Aeschylus (c. 525–456 bce) Muhammad ibn: see Adam 80, 100–101, 144, 35 Wahhabite Islam 153, 307, 339, 404, Aethelthryth (Etheldreda, Abel 306, 868, 1006 440, 555, 613, 627, Audrey; c.
    [Show full text]
  • The Churches of the Holy Land in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries 198
    Tracing the Jerusalem Code 1 Tracing the Jerusalem Code Volume 1: The Holy City Christian Cultures in Medieval Scandinavia (ca. 1100–1536) Edited by Kristin B. Aavitsland and Line M. Bonde The research presented in this publication was funded by the Research Council of Norway (RCN), project no. 240448/F10. ISBN 978-3-11-063485-3 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-063943-8 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-063627-7 DOI https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110639438 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020950181 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2021 Kristin B. Aavitsland and Line M. Bonde, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston. The book is published open access at www.degruyter.com. Cover illustration: Wooden church model, probably the headpiece of a ciborium. Oslo University Museum of Cultural history. Photo: CC BY-SA 4.0 Grete Gundhus. Typesetting: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Printing and binding: CPI Books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com In memory of Erling Sverdrup Sandmo (1963–2020) Contents List of Maps and Illustrations XI List of Abbreviations XVII Editorial comments for all three volumes XIX Kristin B. Aavitsland, Eivor Andersen Oftestad, and Ragnhild Johnsrud
    [Show full text]
  • Abstracts ROMANESQUE and the YEAR 1000
    BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION Hildesheim Romanesque Online Conference Abstracts ROMANESQUE AND THE YEAR 1000 TUESDAY 7 SEPTEMBER - SESSION 1 (GERHARD LUTZ) Cecily Hennessy Otto III and the Widow Theophanu: A Greek Court in the West? The arrival of Theophanu, a young Byzantine aristocrat, in 972 to marry Otto II in Rome has given rise to extensive differing views on her influence on the court of the western Holy Roman Empire. These have centred on whether the objects, the artists and the courtiers she may have brought with her had any significant impact on the art and architecture of the court and beyond. Underlying these discussions is the idea that the prestige, skill of production, opulence, iconography and ‘Byzantine’ style of art of the east was highly valued. This paper looks ten years on to the period following Theophanu’s widowhood in 983 when she became regent for her fourth child and only son, Otto III, who was then three years old. It argues that she looked to her Greek heritage in the education and cultural nurturing of her children before her death in 991 when Otto was eleven. Taking a fresh look at the legacy of Theophanu’s role as a widowed Greek mother, it questions how far this eastern emphasis in her children’s education in turn influenced the function and production of art in the period up to Otto’s death in 1002. To what extent can one view their patronage in terms of Byzantine imperial behaviour and education? How far did they meet the probable expectations of creating and projecting a powerful imperial model based on eastern precepts? In the east, imperial children were educated in Byzantine political theory and practice and given an understanding of the religious mysticism associated with the emperor, who was at the centre of a cultic form of worship.
    [Show full text]
  • Jerusalem and the Christianization of Norway
    Bjørn Bandlien Chapter 4 Jerusalem and the Christianization of Norway The Christianization of Norway spanned over centuries and covered much of what is now known as the Viking Age (late eighth to early eleventh centuries). At the turn of the first millennium, this process was in the phase of institutionalization: churches were built, and church laws were introduced. People who failed to meet basic regulations concerning food and fasting, baptism of children, exogamous marriages, etc., were sanctioned with outlawry. This punishment was also found before Christianization, banishing those who violated the balance in the farming society based on notions of honour. In spatial terms, the new church legislation challenged the farm as the focal point in society and world view, but at the same time used established terminology and conceptions. The opening of the Christian law section for the district Borgarting in Eastern Norway states that: “This is the foundation of our law; that we shall bow to the east and give ourselves to Christ, and venerate churches and clerics.”1 This constructs an orienta- tion and a physical posture of humility (luta) of Christians towards the “east,” i.e. to the Holy Land. The spatial orientation is moved from the traditional centres of the (chieftains’) households and the thing assemblies to churches and Jerusalem. In this passage, the community in the Norwegian kingdom appropriated the geographical orientation of European Christianity; seeing itself as part of the west that directs it devotion to east. In its most concrete form, this orientation was expressed through the attendance of mass in the Church, as well as the west-east orientation of burials.
    [Show full text]
  • Citybreak Routes / Loire and Greenery / Heritage
    CITYBREAK ROUTES / LOIRE AND GREENERY / HERITAGE / CASTLES / FAMILY / GASTRONOMY / SHOPPING / WALKS AND BIKE RIDES / ACCOMMODATION / TRIPS OUT Orleans metropolItaIn area chanteau marIgny- les usages ormes - saran semoy fleury-les -aubraIs boIgny-sur -bIonne Ingre saInt- jean- saInt jean orleans - - de-la- de-braye ruelle checy la chapelle -st-mesmIn saInt pryve - saInt denIs mardIe -saInt-mesmIn - - en-val boU saInt-hIlaIre- saInt-mesmIn olIvet la soUrce combleUx saInt-cyr -en-val saInt-jean- le-blanc medIatheque traIn statIon mobe parc tram b pasteur eglIse bd alexandre martIn saInt-paterne gIen rue bannIer rue bd rocheplatte frac tram a rue de la republique campo maIrIe santo rue dIllIers musee des hotel beaux arts groslot et son jardIn cercIl tourIst place du InformatIon l'astrolabe martroI offIce jardIn de l'eveche rue des carmes rue jeanne darc centre cInema mUsee hIstorIque charles rue royale des carmes et archeologIque maIson peguy cathedrale auberge jeanne de jeunesse d'arc parc rue de bourgogne MENU de la eglIse COFFEE notre dame crypte motte - cloItre sanguIn des mIracles jardIn de la st pIerre et eglIse eglIse charpenterIe - bd jean jaures jean bd le-puellIer st-aIgnan notre-dame de recouvrance bloIs/chambord multIplex pathe meung-sur-loIre quaI barentIn quaI cypIerre quaI du chatelet quaI du fort alleaume v bateau l'InexplosIble bateau lavoIr george pont thInat pont pont pont joffre the LOIre rIver les toUrelles la poInte de courpIn de poInte - - aubin saint ferte cIty centre Orleans cIran dU domaIne Ile charlemagne Ile old town floral parc loIre valley CITYBREAK ROUTES / LOIRE AND GREENERY / HERITAGE / CASTLES / FAMILY / GASTRONOMY / SHOPPING / WALKS AND BIKE RIDES / ACCOMMODATION / TRIPS OUT ORLEANS LOIRE VALLEY CITY GUIDE / 4 contentsORLEANS, MY CITY BREAK DESTINATION! OUR ROUTE IDEAS: FOR HALF A DAY .............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Saxon Church and the Norman Conquest Handbooks of English Church History
    HANDBOOKS OF ENGLISH CHURCH HISTORY General Editor : JOHN HENRY BURN, B.D., F.R.S.E. EXAMINING CHAPLAIN TO THE BISHOP OF ABERDEEN THE SAXON CHURCH AND THE NORMAN CONQUEST HANDBOOKS OF ENGLISH CHURCH HISTORY I. THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE ENGLISH CHURCH (to A.D. 800). By J. H. MAUDE, M,A, II. THE SAXON CHURCH AND THE NORMAN CONQUEST (A,D, 800-II35). By C, T, CRUTT· WELL, M.A. III. THE MEDI.iEVAL CHURCH AND THE PAPACY {A.D. rr35-r485). By A. C. JENNINGS, M,A. IV. THE REFORMATION PERIOD (A,D. H8S- 16o3), By HENRY GEE, D.D. V. THE STRUGGLE WITH PURITANISM (A.D. 16o3-1702), By BRUCE BLAXLAND, M.A. VI. THE ENGLISH CHURCH IN THE EIGH­ TEENTH CENTURY. By ALFRED PLUMMER, D.D. THE SAXON CHURCH AND THE NORMAN CONQUEST BY C. T. CRUTTWELL, M.A. RECTOR OF ltWBLMB- AND CANON RRSJDENTJARY OF PBTBRBOROUGH METHUEN & CO. 36 ESSEX STREET W.C. LONDON First P11blisked ,·,. I9<X} PREFACE BY THE GENERAL EDITOR HE initial impulse to undertake the task of editing T this series was given me, so far back as 1897, br the late Dr Mandell Creighton, Bishop of London. He was good enough to suggest the names of some of the writers whom I should invite to collaborate ; and he drew up what he called "a rough scheme,'' of which the following is a modification. I. The Foundations of the English Church (to A.D. 800). II. The Anglo-Saxon Church and the ·Norman Conquest (A.D. 800-1135). III. The Medi.:eval Church and the Papacy (A.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval Cistercian History Initiation Into the Monastic Tradition 9
    monastic wisdom series: number forty-three Thomas Merton Medieval Cistercian History Initiation into the Monastic Tradition 9 Edited with an Introduction by Patrick F. O’Connell Preface by William R. Grimes monastic wisdom series Marsha Dutton, Executive Editor Advisory Board Michael Casey, ocso Terrence Kardong, osb Lawrence S. Cunningham Kathleen Norris Patrick Hart, ocso Miriam Pollard, ocso Robert Heller Bonnie Thurston initiation into the monastic tradition series by thomas merton Cassian and the Fathers: Initiation into the Monastic Tradition (MW 1) Pre-Benedictine Monasticism: Initiation into the Monastic Tradition 2 (MW 9) An Introduction to Christian Mysticism: Initiation into the Monastic Tradition 3 (MW 13) The Rule of St. Benedict: Initiation into the Monastic Tradition 4 (MW 19) Monastic Observances: Initiation into the Monastic Tradition 5 (MW 25) The Life of the Vows: Initiation into the Monastic Tradition 6 (MW 30) Charter, Customs, and Constitutions of the Cistercians: Initiation into the Monastic Tradition 7 (MW 41) The Cistercian Fathers and Their Monastic Theology: Initiation into the Monastic Tradition 8 (MW 42) monastic wisdom series: number forty-three Medieval Cistercian History Initiation into the Monastic Tradition 9 by Thomas Merton Edited with an Introduction by Patrick F. O’Connell Preface by William R. Grimes Cistercian Publications www.cistercianpublications.org LITURGICAL PRESS Collegeville, Minnesota www.litpress.org A Cistercian Publications title published by Liturgical Press Cistercian Publications Editorial Offices 161 Grosvenor Street Athens, Ohio 45701 www.cistercianpublications.org © 2019 by Merton Legacy Trust. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever, except brief quota- tions in reviews, without written permission of Liturgical Press, Saint John’s Abbey, PO Box 7500, Collegeville, MN 56321-7500.
    [Show full text]
  • Religion and the Rise of Western Culture
    RELIGION AND THE RISE OF WESTERN CULTURE Christopher Dawson FOREWORD BY ARCHBISHOP REMBERT G. WEAKLAND, O.S.B. Image Books DOUBLEDAY NEW YORK LONDON TORONTO SYDNEY AUCKLAND CONTENTS I. Introduction: The Significance of the Western Development 11 II. The Religious Origins of Western Culture: The Church and the Barbarians 26 III. The Monks of the West and the Formation of the Western Tradition 44 IV. The Barbarians and the Christian Kingdom 67 V. The Second Dark Age and the Conversion of the North 84 VI. The Byzantine Tradition and the Con­ version of Eastern Europe 101 VII. The Reform of the Church in the Eleventh Century and the Medieval Papacy 120 ^III. The Feudal World: Chivalry and the Courtly Culture 140 IX. The Medieval City: Commune and Cild 161 X. The Medieval City: School and University 181 XI. The Religious Crisis of Medieval Culture: The Thirteenth Century 199 XII. Conclusion: Medieval Religion and Popular Culture 218 Appendix: Notes on Famous Medieval Art 225 Index 231 Chapter I Introduction: The Significance of the Western Development In m y previous series of lectures I abstained as far as pos­ sible from dealing with the history of Christian culture, not because this lies outside the scope of the Gifford Lectures, but because it is the culture to which we all in some sense belong, and therefore it is impossible for us to study it in the same way as the cultures of the remote past which we can see only through the opaque medium of archaeology or the cultures of the non-European world which we have to understand from the outside and from a distance.
    [Show full text]