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PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN CONSULAR ASSOCIATION

VOL. V, No. 7 WASHINGTON, D. C. JULY, 1923 The Trade Conferences Two Spring Conferences Held in the Interests of Trade Promotion and Attended by State Depart¬ ment Officials and Consular Officers

1. NATIONAL FOREIGN TRADE COUNCIL, NEW piledriver and related railway equipment, which ORLEANS had lost its equilibrium during a storm the night A FEATURE of the Tenth Annual Conven¬ before. Judging from the decidedly moderate cost tion of the National Foreign Trade Coun¬ of a good breakfast at a Gulfport restaurant, that cil at New Orleans from May 2 to 5, 1923, would be an ideal Consular station, where it was, as the daily press would announce, the at¬ would take even more nerve than is said now tendance of seven stalwart delegates from the sometimes to be exhibited to press for a post Department of State. allowance on account of living expenses. Our consular delegation was headed by Chief Notwithstanding the delay, we reached New Hengstler and included Consuls General Weddell Orleans in ample time for the Foreign Service and Norton and Consuls Southard, Munro and Training luncheon under the leadership of Prof. Huddle. Glen Swigett, at which Mr. Hengstler made a few Doctor A. N. Young, economic adviser in the extemporaneous remarks, and for the opening Department, was also actively in attendance. session of the Convention at half past two at the With the exception of Norton, who went down Flotel Grunewald. a few days ahead and fulfilled the requirements The Department was well represented at all of as advance agent, and of Weddell, who journeyed the interesting and instructive sessions, and the from St. Louis, the delegation shared the Wash¬ members of our group attended in a body the ington Pullman picked up by the New York spe¬ Trade Adviser meeting held Thursday evening cial over the Southern Railway on Monday even¬ under the leadership of Mr. E. A. Le Roy, Jr., ing, April 30, carrying most of the delegates from Secretary of the Trade Advisers Service for the New York, Philadelphia, Boston and Pittsburgh. purpose of bringing the several hundred delegates Next morning, at about the time we got into to the convention into contact with the various North Carolina, the Chief had made an inspec¬ foreign trade experts and representatives of the tion of the train in getting to and from the diner Departments of State and Commerce who had and announced his conviction that the trip would been designated as official Trade Advisers for the be a most regular and successful one, as he had session. A very lively interest was taken in this discovered old Joralemon, the said Joralemon hav¬ meeting by prominent manufacturers and ex¬ ing been among the Pullman cars present on every porters, and we were called upon to discuss and one of the various successful train journeys which aid in solving many problems. C. Lyon Chand¬ the Chief remembered having taken ! ler, a former consular officer known to many of We were held up at Gulfport, Miss., about four us and now of the Corn Exchange Bank, Phila¬ hours in the second morning out to wait until the delphia, was in his usual excellent form as official tracks beyond Pass Christian had been cleared of a introducer and he provided sufficient and continu- [193] AMERICAN CONSULAR LLETI1ST ous contacts to keep all consular officers fully The opening of this canal transforms into water¬ occupied throughout the evening. front property and facilities suitable for purposes Among the some hundreds of subjects which of commerce and industry great tracts of interior we seriously discussed and upon which we advised, lands and opens Pontchartrain to sea-going ves¬ the following few are mentioned as suggesting sels. It represents an epochal step in the develop¬ the variety and extensive geographical areas cov¬ ment of New Orleans as one of the great ports ered : Chilean market for American textiles and of the world and is, accordingly, of particular in¬ agricultural machinery, Mexican and Cuban credit terest to the Consular Service. conditions, French market for American paper, Expressions of satisfaction over our participa¬ German shipping and Hamburg port railway fa¬ tion in this convention were heard from many of cilities, the Palestine market for American plows, the delegates and officials of the Foreign Trade Egyptian cotton production, the probable demand Council, including President James A. Farrell in Abyssinia for worm medicine, Indian jute pro¬ and Secretary O. K. Davis. duction and the Indian market for American office We were ourselves much pleased with the re¬ equipment, Australian wool production and the sults of our participation and felt upon our return market there for sheep dip. the market in South to Washington on Monday, the 7th of May, that Africa for windmills, and upon credit insurance, a great deal can be accomplished in the closer training for foreign service, dissemination of con ¬ contacts between American manufacturers and sular trade information by the Bureau of Foreign exporters and the Consular Service through regu¬ and Domestic Commerce, etc., etc. lar Consular representation at these annual Con¬ Much was accomplished in making known the ventions of the Foreign Trade Council which functions and possibilities of the Consular Service bring together many of the more active leaders in in the further extension of American foreign the extension of our trade and commerce abroad. trade and the protection of that already extended. 2. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE CONVENTION, NEW The Chief talked to the radio at Tulane Uni¬ YORK versity about the Consular Service, and the radio The Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Chamber in turn broadcasted his message pretty well over of Commerce of the United States, held at New the United States. The Chief mighty infre¬ York, May 8 to 11, 1923, was attended by Her¬ quently talks for publication, but when he does he bert C. Hengstler, Chief of the Consular Bureau, says something. Weddell, from Calcutta, was in Dr. Arthur N. Young, Economic Adviser, Consul fine form and he delighted as well as instructed General Edward J. Norton, Consul Addison E. those who heard his speech at the luncheon of the Southard and Consul Lowell C. Pinkerton, as American Manufacturers’ Export Association. delegates of the Department of State. We didn’t forget to do a little propaganda work A highly interesting and varied program cover¬ in between times on behalf of the BULLETIN in ing such matters as Civic Development, Domestic general, and in particular of its value as an adver¬ Distribution, Fabricated Production, Finance, tising medium. Transportation and Communication, Foreign Incidentally, and necessarily as garnishment to Commerce and Insurance was discussed during our more serious work, we had pompano and the conference at the different group luncheon shrimp gumbo and similar epicurean delights at meetings held at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, and Antoine’s, Galatoire’s, the Louisiane and other other questions were considered at the general places of equal significance to those who know sessions which took place at the Hippodrome New Orleans and its gustatory delights. The Theater. Several prominent speakers of inter¬ lean and hungry of our delegation dominated in national reputation addressed the delegates. the ratio of four to three, but there were, of There was in attendance a large number of course, other diversions of appeal to the business men, representing all sections of the consular inclination and imagination. This United States, who not only had the satisfaction paragraph might be expanded by Consul Pepys, of meeting and hearing men of experience and who made so admirable a beginning in the May- ability from every field of industry, but also the issue of the BULLETIN. The writer is not so pleasure of receiving the lavish and unbounded qualified. hospitality of the New York General Reception On Saturday, the 5th of May, we were among Committee, under the chairmanship of Mr. A. C. the guests of the Board of Commissioners of the Bedford, and the Ladies’ Entertainment Com¬ Port of New Orleans for a trip up the Mississippi mittee, headed by Mrs. William Fellowes Morgan. to witness the opening of the canal connecting The ladies and gentlemen attending the meeting the Mississippi River with Lake Pontchartrain. (Continued on page 208) [194] The Asphalt Lakes of Trinidad and Venezuela By Henry D. Baker, Consul at Trinidad (This is the first of two articles prepared by Consul Baker on the asphalt lakes. J he second will appear in an early issue of the BULLETIN.—Ed.) WHENEVER one drives or motors along appoint visitors who expect to see something ex¬ asphalt pavements and considers how citing or awe-inspiring. One visitor to the Trini¬ enormous must he their total mileage in dad lake remarked: “I can see nothing about it the United States alone, it is difficult to realize much different from the asphalt paved avenue in that the most important front of my own house sources of asphalt sup¬ at home.” ply are from two lakes The very fact, how¬ —one in T r i n i d a d, ever, that these lakes hardly a lake hut a with such limited areas pond of only 115 acres, can meet a world-wide and one in Venezuela demand for asphalt, of about 1,000 acres. with very little notice¬ These two lakes com¬ able effect on their bined would hardly levels, and although ap¬ more than equal one of parently mostly solid the fair-sized parks of and unspectacular in our American cities. appearance can, never¬ We could hardly be¬ theless, within the lieve that Central Park, course of a very few in New York, if it were Photo from Henry D. Baker days fill in through an asphalt lake, could Digging asphalt at Trinidad lake powerful and mys¬ for many years supply terious movements from road material for the vast system of paved arteries within whatever large tonnage is dug out for the of travel within and between most of our im¬ objects of commerce, explains why though super¬ portant towns and ficially uninteresting, cities, without leaving nevertheless, they rank an almost bottomless among the marvelous pit underneath, unless wonders of the world. it were resupplied with The Trinidad and such material through Venezuela asphalt some subterranean lakes, the latter locally force erupting it as known as the Bermudez Mount Vesuvius can lake, have distinct char¬ erupt its lava and ashes. acteristics. The Trini¬ And yet these two dad lake, although cov¬ lakes in Trinidad and ering only about one- Venezuela, far from tenth the area of that being bottomless pits, in Venezuela, is of far experience very slight greater depth and pro¬ lowering of their levels; Photo from Henry D. Baker ductive capacity. On moreover, far from Loading chunks of asphalt into cars at Trinidad the other hand, its as¬ showing any spectacu¬ lake phalt product contains lar gushing movement only about 40 per cent from within, or any wild, grim or turbulent mani¬ bitumen as against 66 per cent of the Bermudez festations of nature, they look, at least, super¬ lake. The Trinidad lake asphalt occurs as an ficially in a state of perfect rest, and usually dis¬ emulsion of water, bitumen, mineral and organic [195] matter, the water content being constant at 28 per up to now, the broken fragments are found com¬ cent. The Bermudez asphalt contains water, but ing to the surface in entirely different parts of it is present as a mixture and not as an emulsion, the lake. and the amount of mineral and organic matter is “Mother of the Lake” much less than at the Trinidad lake. The Trini¬ dad asphalt has a favored use in pavements, but In all this lake there is only one really soft the Bermudez asphalt can apparently be the better spot where it is dangerous to stand too long. This utilized for the various manufactured materials particular place is called the “Mother of the and compounds where the largest percentage of Lake,” and any object here may sink into the bitumen is desired. asphalt. It can be walked over but, like getting The Trinidad lake is fairly uniform through¬ onto a subway train in New York, the injunction out, and everywhere can be dug out readily in must be “step lively.” big lumps with pickaxes. The Bermudez lake, Nearby there is another place, noted during on the other hand, varies from an asphalt product the last year or so for producing in the diggings in some places so hard that it has to be blasted the bones of animals and even human beings. out, to a product in other places so soft that it Where these originally came from or in what can be pulled out like seaweed from the water in period of time is a mystery, and specimens have which it is immersed. lately been sent to museums in America for exami¬ nation. In the opinion of local geologists, the The Curious Phenomenon of the Trinidad Lake specimens are not prehistoric, but of compara¬ The famous asphalt lake of Trinidad is located tively modern times. in a bowl-like depression of about 112 acres, and Freakish Actions of Asphalt 135 feet above sea level, and distant at the centre, about three-quarters of a mile from the village of The asphalt tends to move in masses which La Brea in the southwestern part of Trinidad on never entirely connect up, and the open spaces the Gulf of Paria, which separates this island from separating them fill with water. If drains are Venezuela. dug into the asphalt, within several days the This lake, superficially, is merely an expanse of steady pressure from within the lake has refilled uninteresting looking black pitch, formed into them with asphalt. On the other hand, it is quite mound-shaped masses with water in intervening useless to attempt filling with asphalt the places crevices, and a good deal of rank grass and weeds where water occurs, for it is soon drawn under¬ scattered over it in different parts. It can be neath and absorbed into the various complex, readily walked over without the slightest risk, slowly moving currents which make this lake such but, especially after heavy rains, it is sometimes an extraordinary natural phenomenon. difficult to cross over the labyrinthic water chan¬ About three years ago a fire occurred at the nels. refinery at the edge of the lake, and hundreds of It is only when there is a study of the statistics tons of melted refined asphalt got poured into of production from the small area of about 112 the various water pools and crevices, but within acres of asphalt and when it is realized that the a very short time afterwards this all sank out of lake, although apparently solid, is in continuous sight, traces of it reappearing later in different complex motion, and every hole dug fills up as parts of the lake. So far as possible, but very surely as if it were all a liquid mass, that visitors incompletely, rain water is electrically pumped off can begin to marvel at this extraordinary phe¬ from a sump about eight feet deep and into nomenon of nature. which drains are dug from the pits left tempor¬ For about 40 years asphalt has been steadily arily in the asphalt diggings, but within two or removed from this lake at the rate of many three days such drains all close in flush to the thousands of tons a year, and yet during that surface, except as they may be constantly redug. time the level has not sunk over about 15 feet. The production is at present over 100,000 tons per Curious and Useful Fishes of the Lake year, and yet probably no one now living would The practical difficulties in the way of draining ever live to see the day when the lake would be the asphalt lake of water accumulations, together nearing the end of its production. About three with the black color of the pitch with its peculiar years ago an effort was made to sound its depth, attraction for mosquitoes, tend to make its areas but after drilling to a low record of about 150 a prolific breeding place for all the leading varie¬ feet, the tubes became twisted, broken and lost in ties of mosquitoes, and especially for the malaria- the asphalt, but over a year afterwards, and even producing anopheles. Providentially, however, in- [196] AMERICAN CONSULAR, ^ULLETIN -J=l 1= habiting the water crevices and holes are num¬ water content shipped in bulk, there is a consider¬ bers of tiny fish which eagerly dine on the larvae able amount also of asphalt boiled down to rid it of mosquitoes, and thus keep the evil within of water and then shipped in barrels, this form reasonable check. being more immediately serviceable in making These little fish have extraordinary powers of pavements. leaping long distances Wide Market for Trini¬ from one water pool dad Asphalt into another, and of Trinidad asphalt now living a considerable goes not only to the time out of water. If United States—its best one of them is put into m a r k e t—but to the a glass of water and the leading countries of contents left unchanged Europe, South for some time without America, Asia and refreshening, it will be Africa. It is being noticed sticking to the used considerably to re¬ side of the glass out of store roads in the war- the water and living devastated districts of that way for several France and Belgium. hours. In a typical asphalt pavement like Fifth Industrial Operations at Avenue, New York, the Trinidad Lake only a small percent¬ The composition of age of the total material the asphalt from this over which the traffic Trinidad lake is of re¬ goes is from the lakes markable uniformity, no of Trinidad or Vene¬ matter from which por¬ zuela. The real use of tion of the lake it is the imported asphalt is taken. After being dug only for making the out in large clumps, it asphalt mastic as ce¬ is conveyed in small ment which binds to¬ cars on rails loosely gether the far greater laid over the lake to a volume of sand and place where it is gravel making up the weighed, and then it is pavement. The lake as¬ automatically raised to phalt must first be an overhead cable tram¬ cleared of water, and way, supported by then mixed hot with towers, and in a long oil, about 25 per cent of stream of buckets its bulk in thin oil and steadily moves down 40 per cent in thick oil, the hill and along the and after being thoro¬ jetty abutting out into Photo from Henry D. Baker ughly fluxed, and gase¬ the water until it American Consular Agency, Brighton, Mr. dc ous constituents evapor¬ reaches the steamer Verteuil, Consular Agent, and Mrs. dc Vert cull ated, there is then avail¬ waiting to be loaded. on top of stainvay able the mastic, which, After dumping the as¬ mixed with sand and phalt into the hold of the vessel, the empty buckets pulverized rock or gravel, may constitute from 9 return over the cableway to get a fresh load. to 12 per cent of the entire substance of the When steamers are loading asphalt, the endless pavement. movements of the buckets with their contents Attractive Living Conditions at Trinidad Lake fresh from the lake and empty buckets going The asphalt lake at Trinidad is operated on a back, day and night, is a fascinating sight to lease from the Government of that colony by a watch. In addition to the crude asphalt with its (Continued on page 208) [197] Consular Experiences

THE Consulate of the United States, in my difficult and more important cases as might de¬ day, was located in Washington Buildings mand the exercise of (what we will courteously (a shabby and smoke-stained edifice of suppose to be) his own higher judicial or adminis¬ four stories high, thus illustriously named in trative sagacity. honor of our national establishment), at the lower It was an apartment of very moderate size, corner of Brunswick Street, contiguous to the Goree Arcade, and in the neighborhood of some painted in imitation of oak, and duskily lighted by of the oldest docks. This was by no means a two windows looking across a by-street at the polite or elegant portion of England’s great com¬ rough brick side of an immense cotton warehouse, mercial city, nor were the apartments of the a plainer and uglier structure than ever was built American official so splendid as to indicate the in America. On the walls of the room hung a assumption of much consular pomp on his part. large map of the United States (as they were A narrow and ill-lighted staircase gave access to twenty years ago, but seem little likely to be, an equally narrow and ill-lighted passageway on twenty years hence), and a similar one of Great the first floor, at the extremity of which, sur¬ Britain, with its territory so provokingly compact mounting a door-frame, appeared an exceedingly that we may expect it to sink sooner than sunder. stiff pictorial representation of the Goose and Further adornments were some rude engravings Gridiron, according to the English idea of those of our naval victories in the war of 1812, together ever-to-be-honored symbols. The staircase and with the Tennessee State House, and a Hudson passageway were often thronged of a morning River steamer, and a colored, life-size lithograph with a set of beggarly and piratical-looking scoun¬ of General Taylor, with an honest hideousness of drels fl do no wrong to our own countrymen in aspect, occupying the place of honor above the styling them so, for not one in twenty was a mantelpiece. On the top of a bookcase stood genuine American), purporting to belong to our a fierce and terrible bust of General Jackson, mercantile marine, and chiefly composed of pilloried in a military collar which rose above his Liverpool Blackballers and the scum of every ears, and frowning forth immitigably at any Eng¬ maritime nation on earth; such being the seamen lishman who might happen to cross the threshold. by whose assistance we then disputed the naviga¬ I am afraid, however, that the truculence of the tion of the world with England. These speci¬ old general’s expression was utterly thrown away mens of a most unfortunate class of people were on this stolid and obdurate race of men, for, when shipwrecked crews in quest of bed, board and they occasionally inquired whom this work of art clothing; invalids asking permits for the hospital; represented, 1 was mortified to find that the bruised and bloody wretches complaining of ill- younger ones had never heard of the battle of treatment by their officers; drunkards, desper¬ New Orleans, and that their elders had either adoes, vagabonds and cheats, perplexingly inter¬ forgotten it altogether or contrived to disremem- mingled with an uncertain proportion of reason¬ ber, and twist it wrong end foremost into some¬ ably honest men. All of them (save here and thing like an English victory. They have caught there a poor devil of a kidnapped landsman in his from the old Romans (whom they resemble in so shore-going rags) wore red flannel shirts, in many other characteristics) this excellent method which they had sweltered or shivered throughout of keeping the national glory intact by sweeping the voyage, and all required consular assistance in all defects and humiliations clean out of their one form or another. memory. Nevertheless, my patriotism forbade Any respectful visitor, if he could make up his me to take down either the bust or the pictures, mind to elbow a passage among these sea-mon¬ both because it seemed no more than right that an sters, was admitted into an outer office, where he American Consulate (being a little patch of our found more of the same species, explaining their nationality embedded into the soil and institutions of England) should fairly represent the American respective wants or grievances to the Vice-Consul taste in the fine arts, and because these decorations and clerks, while their shipmates awaited their reminded me so delightfully of an old-fashioned turn outside the door. Passing through this ex¬ American barber’s shop. terior court, the stranger was ushered into an One truly English object was a barometer hang¬ inner privacy, where sat the Consul himself, ing on the wall, generally indicating one or an¬ ready to give personal attention to such peculiarly other degree of disagreeable weather, and so sel- [198] dom pointing to Fair, that I began to consider that tors from Old Spain, Spanish-Americans, Cubans portion of its circle as made superfluously. The who professed to have stood by Lopez, and nar¬ deep chimney, with its grate of bituminous coal, rowly escaped his fate, scarred French soldiers of was English, too, as was also the chill temperature the Second Republic—in a word, all sufferers, or that sometimes called for a fire at midsummer, pretended ones, in the cause of liberty, all people and the foggy or smoky atmosphere which often, homeless in the widest sense, those who never had between November and March, compelled me to a country, or had lost it, those whom their native set the gas aflame at noonday. I am not aware of land had impatiently flung off for planning a bet¬ omitting anything important in the above descrip¬ ter system of things than they were born to—a tive inventory, unless it be some book-shelves multitude of these, and, doubtless, an equal num¬ filled with octavo volumes of the American Stat¬ ber of jailbirds, outwardly of the same feather, utes, and a good many pigeon-holes stuffed with sought the American Consulate, in the hopes of at dusty communications from former Secretaries least a bit of bread and, perhaps, to beg a passage of State, and other official documents of similar to the blessed shores of Freedom. In most cases value, constituting part of the archives of the there was nothing, and in any case distressingly Consulate, which I might have done my successor little, to be done for them; neither was I of a a favor by flinging into the coal grate. Yes, there proselyting disposition, nor desired to make my was one other article demanding prominent no¬ Consulate a nucleus for the vagrant discontents of tice: the consular copy of the New Testament, other lands. And yet it was a proud thought, a hound in black morocco, and greasy, I fear, with forcible appeal to the sympathies of an American, a daily succession of perjured kisses; at least, I that these unfortunates claimed the privileges of can hardly hope that all the ten thousand oaths, citizenship in our Republic on the strength of the administered by me between two breaths, to all very same noble misdemeanors that had rendered sorts of people and on all manner of wordly busi¬ them outlaws to their native despotisms. So I ness, were reckoned by the swearer as if taken at gave them what small help I could. Methinks the his soul’s peril. true patriots and martyr-spirits of the whole Such, in short, was the dusky and stifled cham¬ world should have been conscious of a pang near ber in which I spent wearily a considerable por¬ the heart, when a deadly blow was aimed at the tion of more than four good years of my ex¬ vitality of a country which they have felt to be istence. At first, to be quite frank with the their own in the last resort. reader, I looked upon it as not altogether fit to be As for my countrymen, I grew better ac¬ tenanted by the commercial representative of so quainted with many of our national characteristics great and prosperous a country as the United during those four years than in all my preceding States then was ; and I should speedily have trans¬ life. Whether brought more strikingly out by the ferred my headquarters to airier and loftier apart¬ contrast with English manners, or that my Yankee ments except for the prudent consideration that friends assumed an extra peculiarity from a sense my government would have left me thus to sup¬ of defiant patriotism, so it was that their tones, port its dignity at my own personal expense. Be¬ sentiments and behavior, even their figures and sides, a long line of distinguished predecessors, of cast of countenance, all seemed chiseled in sharper whom the latest is now a gallant general under angles than ever I had imagined them to be at the Union banner, had found the locality good home. It impressed me with an odd idea of hav¬ enough for them; it might certainly be tolerated, ing somehow lost the property of my own person, therefore, by an individual so little ambitious of when I occasionally heard one of them speaking external magnificence as myself. So I settled of me as “my Consul!” They often came to the quietly down, striking some of my roots into such Consulate in parties of half a dozen or more, on soil as I could find, adapting myself to circum¬ no business whatever, but merely to subject their stances. and with so much success that, though public servant to a rigid examination, and see how from first to last I hated" the very sight of the he was getting on with his duties. These inter¬ little room, I should yet have felt a singular kind views were rather formidable, being characterized of reluctance in changing it for a better. by a certain stiffness which I felt to be sufficiently Hither, in the course of my incumbency, came a irksome at the moment, though it looks laughable very great variety of visitors, principally Ameri¬ enough in the retrospect. It is my firm belief that cans, hut including almost every other nationality these fellow-citizens, possessing a native tendency on earth, especially the distressed and downfalleti to organization, generally halted outside of the ones, like those of Poland and Hungary. Italian door to elect a speaker, chairman, or moderator bandits (for so they looked), proscribed conspira¬ (Continued on page 212) [199] AM ERIC AN rON S U L AT^J^U LLETIN

COMMERCIAL REPORTS The foregoing will briefly demonstrate that the phrase “of apparent actual trade promotion AND OTHERS utility” employed in the article in the April issue Comments which have come to us from the of the BULLETIN is capable of broad interpreta¬ field since the publication in the April issue of tion and was so intended. the BULLETIN of the article on “How Your Com¬ It may also be mentioned that the article which mercial Reports Are Graded’’ indicate that a few we have been interpreting outlines the method of interpretative remarks would be in order. grading for only commercial and commercial- We have been informed by some of our col¬ economic reports, as its title indicated. Some leagues that according to the article in question consular reports are classified as purely economic, only those commercial reports which directly and some as politico-economic, and others as political. immediately effect the sale of a bill of American These, too, are graded but under different re¬ goods can be rated as excellent because, they say. quirements and may, and often do, receive a only such reports are of “apparent actual trade rating of EXCELLENT. We may be able, at promotion utility.” some time in the near future, to give you an out¬ We find upon turning to the description of line of how these particular classes of reports are what may be excellent reports that “especially,” graded. but not exclusively, those reports “of apparent While further comments will be welcomed as actual trade promotion utility” are so regarded! they promote instructive discussion upon this im¬ Descending the column to the last sentence of the portant subject, it is again recalled that these description of the requirements for excellent re¬ articles on trade promotion are in nowise official ports we find that “any of the several classes of in character. called-for or voluntary reports can meet the re¬ quirements for rating of EXCELLENT.” It is therefore evident that many kinds of re¬ PAST OR FUTURE ports can qualify for the highest rating given. Another Helpful Suggestion for Trade Pro¬ Commodity reports are, of course, often of motion more prompt trade promotion value. However, a report upon advertising methods is not a com¬ Correspondence received by the Department of modity report, nor does it directly effect the sale Commerce indicates that the business community of a bill of American goods, but it helps Ameri¬ is taking an increasing interest in foreign trade, can manufacturers and exporters in understand¬ and as time passes the work of many American ing foreign practices in that important aid to exporters is measuring up to constantly improv¬ merchandising and thus has trade promotion ing standards, which, of course, will have the utility. Reports upon harbor and port develop¬ effect of including business men to be more and ment, upon shipping and other allied subjects, more interested in work of the consular body. help the American manufacturer and exporter to One such manufacturer has recently written the determine shipping and landing costs for goods Department of Commerce suggesting improve¬ exported, and give him much other information ments in work that the Government is doing in of value, and are thus of trade promotion value. promoting foreign trade, in which connection they The subject may be oil concessions and still be wrote as follows: of apparent actual trade promotion utility in that “It appeals to us as a waste of time for Con¬ it may lead to the export of that sometimes- suls and Commercial Attaches to inform us what termed commodity, capital; to the export of well¬ has been done. We think that the exporting man¬ drilling or other machinery; of construction ma¬ ufacturers of the country are interested in what terials, or of other things which we do not ordi¬ is to take place, instead of past tense, and we are narily consider as export commodities but which repeatedly getting the past tense particulars. For are, nevertheless, included within that quite elas¬ instance, “Commerce Reports” of April 30, page tic subject of trade promotion. 306, we learn from one Commercial Attache of And so we might name many other subjects, not the establishment of a factory for producing sul¬ of commodity descriptions, which have apparent phate of ammonia, and it is stated that the ma¬ trade promotion utility if prepared with the chinery for the plant has already been ordered thought fixed in mind that the keynote of practi¬ and shipped. Would it not be better if the at¬ cally all commercial and economic work, and of taches and consuls gave information in advance? much political work, is the promotion of inter¬ The above is not written in a critical spirit, but national trade and commerce. merely as a suggestion for the benefit of all.” [200] Zagreb, The Mystery Post By Consul Alfred R. Thomson THE new Consulate established on August with hilltops studded with occasional medieval 25, 1920, at Zagreb, Kingdom of the Serbs, feudal castles afford exceptional opportunities to Croats and Slovenes, has been surrounded the camera fiend. with mystery, as the name Zagreb does not appear The ancient section of Zagreb, built upon forti¬ upon maps, except those of Serbian origin, nor fied hills, dates back to the seventh century. Some does this name appear in any modern encyclopedia. of the old churches are Venetian and some orien¬ The city is well known, however, under the name tal in architecture. In the many turns of the of Agram, capital of the former Austro-Hun¬ stone stairways leading down from the ancient garian provinces of Croatia and Slavonia. Prior part of the modern city are shrines, against the to the annexation of these provinces to Hungary high walls, made gay with offerings of flowers in 1342, the city was known as Zagreb, capital of and candles, and always with one or more persons the Slavic Kingdom of the Croats. Since the kneeling in prayer before them. The modern treaty of Versailles, these former Austrian posses¬ city resembles Vienna in the ornate style of its sions have been merged into a South Slav (Jugo¬ buildings of gray or tan all of uniform height. slav) nation technically known as the Kingdom of From the railroad station extends the principal the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and, by official boulevard, upon which the Consulate is located. decree from Belgrade, all Austrian names of cities It consists of ten or more squares of central park¬ have been discarded and the ancient Slavic names ing, ornamented with flowers, fountains and statu¬ revived. ary on either side of which are public buildings, The Consular District of Zagreb includes the hotels and apartment houses. former Austro-Hungarian provinces of Slovenia. The principal park in the center of the city is Croatia and Slavonia which were formerly covered known as Wilsonov Trg, named in honor of ex- by our Consulates at Budapest, Trieste and President Wilson. The pre-war name of this Fiume. This district has a very large naturalized park was Franz Joseph Park. The opera house American population, contributes the great bulk or National Theatre is in the center of this park. of American Jugoslav immigrants, and is the The University of Jugoslavia (formerly known as chief economic center of the newly formed King¬ Franz Josef Universitat) and the Jugoslav Acad¬ dom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The Con¬ emy of Sciences, are the two principal institutions sulate is located on the ground floor of the lead¬ of learning. ing bank building, and is admirably adapted to Zagreb night life is very gay, with music every¬ alien visa work with a courtyard at the rear en¬ where—in the hotels, restaurants, cafes, parks and trance where a hundred or more prospective immi¬ the cabarets, of which there is a large number for grants assemble each morning but do not inter¬ a city of this size. The opera house, with its large fere with the front entrance of the office. orchestra of artists, is one of the chief places of Zagreb is south of Vienna and half way be¬ interest. Opposite the opera house is a building tween Belgrade and Trieste. It is one of the corresponding to the Y. M. C. A. of American gateways between the Occident and Orient; and, cities, to encourage athletics, where teachers train as a railroad center, connects the Balkans and young men in correct muscular exercises. An¬ Turkey with Western and Central Europe. Aus¬ other feature is a promenade on the main street, trian-made macadam roads lead out in all direc¬ where the band plays afternoons, evenings and tions, even to mountain resorts 3,000 feet above Sundays, and which is always crowded with peo¬ sea level, and to many other places of rare natural ple of many nationalities in their different styles beauty on the Adriatic coast. A favorite auto¬ of dress, and who stroll back and forth in an aim¬ mobile tour is a six-hour trip over the famous less sort of way. Louisen road, built by Napoleon Bonaparte dur¬ In some of the cabarets, Russian refugees, ing the year 1801 and considered one of the most wearing native costumes of brilliant hues, sing remarkable engineering feats of his era of con¬ weird Slavic songs in minor keys. In these places quest. This famous highway traverses the foot¬ where the audience stays until the “wee smae hills of the Julian Alps mountain system, and its hours” sipping wine, one might imagine himself stone arch bridges and serpentine windings in the Tower of Babel from the number of lan- through beautiful mountain and valley scenery (Continued on page 213) [201] Us Consuls By Elliott Verne Richardson, Berlin Isay we are—it’s all very well for some affec¬ markable.” Using the word “funny” opens the tionate friend whom we have entertained at door to controversy. Sometimes, though, we are great personal inconvenience to say we’re not— really funny or feel so, as when a superheated we are; we’re a funny lot. If you don’t believe professor, on the grand tour, tells us that a col¬ me, ask Mr. Carr; ask yourself; ask that poet on league—one of our own crowd, mind you—stole the banks of the St. Lawrence—that unsanctified his silver-handled silk umbrella and tries to make other Lawrence who dared to parody R. Kipling; us believe it; or when the Connecticut father of ask the fellow who thinks a promotion list, with¬ some peripatetic prodigal son has gorged both out his name to glorify it, is perfectly all right; ask John Doe, exponent of anonymity and the himself and the p. p. s. on fatted calf, thanks to most overworked man in Washington; ask the our interest and interposition, and subsequently fellow up by the Kattegat who likes his job and sends us a “thank you” post card; or when we doesn’t want a transfer; ask any of the stamp¬ have written our thirty-second reply to letters collecting, tourist-loving, life-saving, trade-letter¬ from “anxious mother” seeking her wandering writing member of the fraternity, and see what boy and a little later receive from the Depart¬ he’ll tell you. I’ll lay my prospects of a post ment an “instruction” covering a copy of that allowance against the sum saved by any of them lady’s letter complaining that her’s to us have out of his annual stipend that I’m right—we’re a never been answered; or when a new baby ar¬ funny lot; yes, a funny lot. rives in our vice-consular section—why do babies Now listen a minute. I’ve never been a V. C. seem to prefer vice-consuls for fathers?; or when dc carriere, class 3, and am further handicapped no matter—the list of “whens” like these is too by never having been confined in the Department long. The great point is that we are full)’ justi¬ for a full four-year term; but, even so. I've ex¬ fied in being or feeling funny. It is consul’s luck perienced many things since a rating of 80 and to be given such varied opportunities for joy. But about this consul’s luck—queer thing that. a bit—an extremely trifling bit—got me a place It must be luck when Commerce's weekly yellow¬ on the mailing list to receive gratis certain “Serv¬ back finds it necessary to print three of our own ice and Regulatory Announcements” and other light fiction for which the Government Printer is voluntary contributions in a single issue. It must chiefly to blame. It’s been a wonderful time. be luck when we get through without a tragedy I’ve had fever, club bills, disappointments, ex¬ a day which began with the consular flag flying pectations, transfers, promotions, sea trips, in¬ upside down at half staff just because our native messenger liked to see it that way. It must be spections, instructions, introductions, assignments, luck when a single extract from the mate’s log details, vaccinations, commissions, exequaturs and other emotional experiences. So probably have satisfies the requirements of a marine Extended all of us or most of us. I’ve been bothered by Protest. stenography, chirography, geography. Ditto, all And we are lucky in little things, too. I have been particularly so, for in a box of official sup¬ of us. I’ve had to dodge a drunken sailor’s sheath plies I once found six boxes of puncture-proof knife, appeals for charity, and a high-salaried job typewriter foolscap. I’d been pricking “onion as a soda salesman in South America. I’ve re¬ skin” with my Eagle E-10 for a matter of months. fused “backsheesh,” invitations to Y. M. C. A. And then remember the day when we first learned banquets, a six-cylinder motor car and a very young dachshund. I’ve shaken hands with roy¬ that the post we had been longing for for years had been given to a chap who we knew didn’t care alty, near royalty, missionaries, Mussulmans and one bit about it, and who we knew, too, was quite Ministers of State. And I’ve fed—well, whom unsuited to its peculiar responsibilities! There haven’t I fed? Yes, it’s been a wonderful time have been other red-letter days besides this one and, despite its wonderfulness, it has been hardly and those of cardinal conspicuity on the Depart¬ different from any other consul’s wonderful ment’s calendar, ordinarily sent out in single time. As I said, we’re a funny lot. To be able copy only of late, lucky days every one of them; to do all these strange things and still feel fit to the one on which we lent the C. G. at L. half our digest an exegesis of the Cable law proves it. golf clubs and beat him four and three; the one It might be more dignified to say we are “re- (Continued to page 215) [202] ^ AMERICAN ^ONSULAIL ftuixExrNT

PLAZA DE ARMAS, HABANA By Consul General Carlton Bailey Hurst The Plaza de Armas, of Habana, is the ad¬ ministrative center of Habana and probably the most historic spot in the city. On one side is the old Spanish palace which was formerly the Gov¬ ernor’s palace and is now the City Hall; on an¬ other side is the Senate building, until recently the residence also of the President of the Repub¬ lic, and next to it is La Fuerza, a fort begun in 1538 to protect the city from attacks by pirates. The Templete, or Columbus Temple, faces the square and marks the site where the first mass was held in Cuba, in the year 1519, underneath a giant ceiba tree that was standing near the shore. This tree existed until 1754, when it was chopped down to make room for an obelisk placed NECROLOGY to mark the spot, but another ceiba tree was Antoine Thomas Gelat, First Interpreter and planted a few feet away, and it stands inside of Dragoman of the American Consulate and Mar¬ the small enclosure surrounding the Templete. shal of the Consular Court at Jerusalem, died Looking out upon these monuments of the early days of America is the modern four-story there on April 23, 1923. He was born at Jerusa¬ office building into the second floor of which the lem on December 9, 1855, a member of a promi¬ American Consulate General moved its offices on nent Palestinian family of European origin the 1st of January, 1922. Since that time this founded at Bethlehem during the Crusades. building has developed into a center of Ameri¬ Mr. Gelat joined the staff of the Consulate on can interests in Habana. The Embassy took over the third floor on April 1, 1923, while the offices April 1, 1895, and at the time of his death had of the Commercial Attache, the American Cham¬ completed twenty-eight most loyal and active years ber of Commerce and the American Red Cross of service. The principal officers under whom he are in the same building. Naturally every tourist served were Consuls Edward S. Wallace, Selah who visits Habana is led to the Plaza de Armas, Merrill, Thomas R. Wallace, William Coffin, Otis where such important landmarks in the history of A. Glazebrook, Oscar S. Heizer and Addison E. the new world are clustered, and where with patriotic pride they see the Stars and Stripes Southard. waving over the official residence of their coun¬ His long and distinguished connection with the try’s representatives in Habana. Consular Service had its zenith in his heroic and invaluable assistance to Consul Glazebrook in the protection of American citizens and others resid¬ THE LAUREATE OF GOLF ing in Palestine during the World War. His Lyrics of the Links, the Poetry, Sentiment and notable activities in this connection brought upon Humor of Golf, by Francis B. Keene. Consul him the great disfavor of the Government of General at Rome, has been published simultane¬ which he was a subject, and he and his family ously by Cecil Palmer, London, and Appleton & were subsequently deported to Asia Minor. The Co., New York. The hook is unique, for no one hardships suffered from this deportation under¬ but Mr. Keene ever thought it worth while to mined the health of himself and the members of cover the whole field of golf in verse. There are his family, caused the death of a favorite son and sixty-eight titles. Most of them were written be¬ resulted in the loss of the savings of a lifetime fore he entered the Consular Service twenty which he had put by for his declining years. years ago, and the others during the past two He will ever be remembered by the officers years. There being hundreds of golf clubs all under whom he served as an assistant of rare over the world, the little book will no doubt have loyalty and efficiency and as a valued personal a world circulation. friend of outstanding nobility of character. [203] /^MBRICANf CONSULAR, ^WLLETIN

COMPTROLLER’S DECISIONS 1. Extra Wages, Erroneously Collected In discussing the action of the Auditor for the State and Other Departments in disallowing from a Consular officer’s accounts an amount of PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN CON¬ extra wages which were erroneously collected SULAR ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. from the master of a vessel, the Comptroller of The American Consular Bulletin is published monthly by the American Consular Association, and is distributed by the Asso¬ the Treasury states that “the charge is neces¬ ciation to its members gratis. The Bulletin is also open to pri¬ sary to the protection of the United States under vate subscription in the United States and abroad at the rate of $4.00 a year, or 35 cents a copy, payable to the American Con¬ section 26 of the act of June 26, 1884 (23 Stat., sular Bulletin, c/o Consular Bureau, Department of State, Wash¬ ington, D. C. 59), which provides for the refundment, under The purposes of the Bulletin are (1) to serve as an exchange the conditions of that section, of charges errone¬ among American consular officers for personal news and for information and opinions respecting the proper discharge of ously made; therefore, until it is made clear that their functions, and to keep them in touch with business and administrative developments which are of moment to them; and no claim for refundment can he legally made, the (2) to disseminate information respecting the work of the Con¬ charge must remain subject, however, under the sular Service among interested persons in the United States, including business men and others having interests abroad, and usual practice of the accounting officers in these young men who may be considering the Consular Service as a career. cases, to removal, if the Consul shall show that Propaganda and articles of a tendential nature, especially such the masters or owners from whom he collected as might be aimed to influence legislature, executive or adminis¬ trative action with respect to the Consular Service, or the extra wages have failed or refused to claim re¬ Depar'ment of State, are rigidly excluded from its columns. Contributions should be addressed to the American Consular fundment within the time allowed by law, or Bulletin, c/o Consular Bureau, Department of State, Washing¬ shall obtain from them, or any of them, a waiver ton, D. C. of their respective claims. 2. Relief of III or Injured Seamen Under date of March 17, 1923, the Comp¬ The American Consular Association troller General of the Treasury decided that if a seaman becomes ill or is injured while a mem¬ OFFICERS ber of the crew of a vessel and is placed in a WILBUR J. CARR Director of the Consular Service hospital by the master of the vessel and is later Honorary President HERBERT C. HENGSTLER Chief of the Consular Bureau discharged by the Consul on account of the ill¬ Honorary Vice-President ness or injury, expenses being incurred both prior Consul General HORACE LEE WASHINGTON President Consul General TRACY LAY Vice-President and subsequent to the seaman's discharge, the Consul DONALD D. SHEPARD Secretary-Treasurer Consular officer would not be authorized to pay Consul General EVAN E. YOUNG Chairman Consul General EDWARD J. NORTON Vice-Chairman from United States funds any part of the hos¬ COMMITTEES pital bill. The Comptroller General says that the EXECUTIVE answer is in accord with decisions of the courts Consul General NATHANIEL B. STEWART Chairman Consul General DEWITT C. POOLE and the Comptroller of the Treasury to the effect Consul General EDWARD J. NORTON that a vessel is liable for the expenses of care Consul General TRACY LAY Consul EDWIN L. NEVILLE and treatment of a seaman becoming disabled in RECEPTION its service—The Osceola (189 U. S., 158) ; The Consul General AUGUSTUS E. INGRAM Chairman Iroquois (194 U. S., 240)—and that such liability Consul EDWIN L. NEVILLE Consul FRANK C. LEE does not terminate with the discharge of the sea¬ Consul LOWELL C. PINKERTON man. The W. L. White (25 Fed. Rep., 503) ; BULLETIN STAFF The Eva B. Hall (114 Fed. Rep., 755); The Consul HARRY M. LAKIN Editor Consul HASELL H. DICK ) . Troy (121 Fed. Rep., 901); McCarron v. Do¬ Consul LOWELL C. PINKERTON j Associate Editors Consul ADDISON E. SOUTHARD Business Manager minion Atlantic Railway Company (134 Fed. Consul HAMILTON C. CLAIBORNE Treasurer Rep., 762). The American Consular Association is an unofficial and voluntary association embracing most of the members of This decision was originally rendered under the Consular Service of the United States. It was formed date of January 16, 1923, and covered other for the purpose of fostering esprit de corps among the members of the Consular Service, to strengthen Service points regarding relief of seamen which have spirit, and to establish a center around which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the im¬ already been set forth in the BULLETIN, and was provement of the Service. confirmed when the Department of State re¬ quested a review thereof. [204] ASSIGNMENTS SERVICE WEDDINGS Consul General Stuart J. Fuller, Yokohama. ALEXANDROVA-MONROE. Miss Valen¬ Consul General Dewitt C. Poole, Tientsin. tina Dmitrievna Alexandrova and Mr. Ernest Leslie Monroe were married by the Rev. Marin Consuls, Class V Alexandrovich Korovin on April 29, 1923, in the S. Pinkney Tuck, Department. Russian Orthodox Church at Harbin. Mr. Mon¬ Consuls, Class VI roe is Vice Consul at Harbin. Gaston Smith, Georgetown. ELLISON-WATSON. Miss Eugenie Lilian Chester W. Davis, Strasbourg. Ellison and Consul Hugh H. Watson were united Consul, Class VII in marriage on April 23, 1923, at Lyons, France. John R. Minter, Cape Town. HOWARD-FRAZER. Mrs. Olivia L. How¬ ard and Consul General at Large Robert Frazer, Vice Consuls de carriere Jr., were married on May 17, 1923, at Paris, William L. Beaulac, Puerto Castilla. France. Arthur H. Cawston, Johannesburg. John E. Holler, Venice. STEEDMAN-WEDDELL. Mrs. Virginia Thomas S. Horn, Tampico. Chase Steedman and Consul General Alexander William L. Peck, Reval. Wilbourne Weddell were married on May 31, 1923, at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine Vice Consuls and Interpreters in New York City. David C. Berger, Shanghai. SEERS-JEWELL. Mrs. Jeannette Sherwood Flavius J. Chapman, Yunnanfu. Seers and Consul John F. Jewell at Birmingham, Non-Career Officers were united in marriage on June 2, 1923, at Julian F. Harrington, Antwerp. Birkenhead. William C. Perkins, Warsaw. L. Dale Pope, Sydney, N. S. The BULLETIN takes pleasure in announcing Harold L. Smith, Malaga. the following births, and congratulates the parents Charles H. Stephan, Harbin. upon the happy events: Frederick S. Weaver, Prince Rupert. A son, George III, was born to Student In¬ App ointments—Vice Consuls terpreter and Mrs. George Atcheson, Jr., on April Maurice W. Altaffer, Stuttgart. 16, 1923, at Peking, China. William L. Hurley, Warsaw. A daughter, Sylvia Elizabeth, was born to James L. Park, Constantinople. Consul and Mrs. H. H. Balch on March 14, 1923, Hugh Watson, Liverpool. at Adelaide, Australia. John J. Bourenot (Consular Agent) Port A son, John Thorn, was born to Consul Gen¬ Hawkesbury. eral and Mrs. Maxwell Blake on April 5, 1923, Resignations at Tangier, Morocco. Robert H. Floyd, Consular Agent, Rio Grande, A son, Donald William, was born to Vice Con¬ Brazil. sul and Mrs. Donald Thomas Jones on April 19, A. F. Gutzmer, Consular Agent, Aux Cayes, 1923, at Plymouth, England. Haiti. A son, John, was born to Vice Consul and Mrs. James V. Whitfield on May 30, 1923, at Wil¬ The Consulate at Vladivostok was closed on mington, N. C. Mr. Whitfield is Vice Consul May 16, 1923. at Matanzas. [205] The following Consular officers called at the Department on leave or en route to new posts BOOKS AND PROMISES during the period from May 12 to June 12: In the March issue of the BULLETIN offer was made to give assistance to consular officers who Alexander W. Weddell, Consul General at desired to inquire concerning books, new or old. Calcutta. Two inquiries have already been received and the Claude I. Dawson, Consul General at Mexico BULLETIN’S best efforts are reproduced below. City. The list of books recommended for preparation Frederick M. Ryder, Consul General at Van¬ for the consular examination has been selected as couver. carefully as possible, but is, of course, not of any Otis A. Glazebrook, Consul at Nice. official weight. William P. Kent, Consul at Belfast. Frank W. Mahin, Consul at Amsterdam. 1. PREPARATION FOR THE CONSULAR SERVICE. Philip Holland, Consul at Basel. INTERNATIONAL, COMMERCIAL AND MARITIME Charles M. Hathaway, Jr., Consul at Dublin. LAW : David J. D. Myers, Consul at Montevideo. The Principles of International Law. T. J. C. E. Guyant, Consul at Callao-Lima. Lawrence, D. C. Heath & Co., Boston. A. E. Carlton, Consul at Amoy. The Elements of International Law. George H. M. Walcott, Consul at Bilbao. B. Davis, Harper & Brothers, New York. Henry D. Baker, Consul at Trinidad. Maritime Law. Albert Saunders, Effingham Charles E. Allen, Consul at Damascus. Wilson, London. G. R. Taggart, Consul at London, Ontario. Commercial Law. Theophilus Parsons, S. S. Lester L. Schnare, Consul at Swatow. Scranton & Co., Hartford. Harold D. Finley, Vice Consul at Havre. POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY: Robert D. Longyear, Vice Consul at Port au Political Geography. Rand, McNally & Co., or Prince. any text such as those used in preparatory J. Lee Murphy, Vice Consul at Paris. schools. H. Tobey Mooers, Vice Consul at Lisbon. Commercial Geography. Cyrus C. Adams, D. Raleigh A. Gibson, Vice Consul at Buenos Appleton & Co., New York. Aires. POLITICAL ECONOMY : Samuel J. Fletcher, Vice Consul at La Guaira. Principles of Economics. E. A. Seligman, Conger Reynolds, Vice Consul at Halifax. Longmans, New York. Harold McClelland, Vice Consul at Naples. AMERICAN HISTORY, GOVERNMENTS AND INSTI¬ William A. Dunlap, Vice Consul at Melbourne. TUTIONS : J. Franklin Deming, Vice Consul at Venice. Albert Bushnell Hart, Longmans, New York. Ralph A. Boernstein, Vice Consul at Rome. R. L. Ashley, The Macmillan Co., New James M. Hill, Vice Consul at Manchester. York. M. W. Van Sickel, Vice Consul at Fiume. MODERN HISTORY (SINCE 1850) OF EUROPE, Maurice W. Altafer, Vice Consul at Stuttgart. SOUTH AMERICA AND THE FAR EAST : History of Modern Europe. Ferdinand Schwill, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York. During the month of May, 1923, there were History of South America. Charles E. Akers, 3,848 Trade Letters transmitted to the Depart¬ E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. ment, as against 2,745 in April, 1923. History of the Far East. David Murray, G. P. The Consulate General at Rio de Janeiro took Putnam’s Sons, New York. first place in the number of Trade Letters sub¬ mitted, having 116, followed by Habana, 81, NATURAL INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL RE¬ Mexico City, 54, Guayaquil, 48, and Barcelona, SOURCES and COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES: 47. Cyrus C. Adams, D. Appleton & Co., New York. William C. Webster, Ginn & Co., During the period May 1 to 31, 1923, inclusive, Boston. 1,909 general and miscellaneous letters were re¬ ARITHMETIC : ceived in the Department for transmission to the Any arithmetic used in good commercial or addressees in the United States. The Consulate preparatory schools. at Riga forwarded 368, Habana 145, Prague 130 MODERN LANGUAGES : and Kovno 125. Otto’s Grammars. Classical Series Diction- [206] aries, Hinds, Noble & Eldredge, New York. 2. SHIPPING AND RELATED AFFAIRS. Principles of Ocean Transportation, by John¬ son and Huebner, and Ocean Shipping, by Zim¬ merman, discuss the general problem of shipping from an American viewpoint. British Shipping, by Kirkaldy, gives the Brit¬ ish viewpoint of the shipping problem. Ocean Traffic and Trade, by B. Olney Hough, deals mostly with the documents and mechanics of foreign shipments. The American Merchant Marine, by W. L. Marvin, gives an historical background of Ameri¬ can shipping. Ocean Shipping, by Robert Edward Annin, deals with the practical problems of shipping.

Photographs, which should be properly labeled, is paid for promptly at attractive rates. Unavail- and articles must be submitted for examination able material is returned promptly by insured before a decision can be given. Material accepted post.

A 16-page brochure describing the kind of photographs and articles desired, and a 24- page color booklet descriptive of The Society and The Magazine, will be mailed without charge on your request. Address, The Editor,

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, WASHINGTON, D. C., U. S. A. [209] THE ASPHALT LAKES OF attract attention of prospectors and promoters. The asphalt lake is itself a huge deposit, evidently, TRINIDAD AND VENE¬ of petroleum from which the lighter constituents ZUELA have mostly vanished, leaving a residuum which (Continued from page 208) has become mixed with water, mineral and or¬ ganic matter. In the vicinity of the lake are fre¬ itself, has been paved with asphalt from the lake with little or no effort to mix it with hard sub¬ quent seepage outcrops of asphalt, including what stances. Stopping one time with a friend at is known as “creeping asphalt” as well as cones of pitch which may develop like mushrooms the Consular Agency at Brighton, our motor car within a few hours and expand under the pressure was parked just outside, and when we returned of gases until they burst. Not far away also are it had sunk about a foot into the pavement. While oil shales and sands, mud volcanoes, and other my friend inside the car put on full speed, I “oil shows” indicating the presence of petroleum. pushed from behind, and while we got the car out, nevertheless one of its wheels so splashed Adjacent to the lake are heavy oils which are exported to the United States for fluxing with the me with pitch over face and clothes, that I had asphalt. In November, 1911, a small island, to go inside the agency to clean up, and during under influence of subterranean gaseous pressure, this delay the car started to sink again, but my suddenly formed on the south side of Trinidad, friend, just in time, moved it out and kept it not far from the asphalt lake. This addition to going until I could return. the British Empire disappeared, however, within The “Oil Shows’’ of Trinidad several days, as suddenly as it had appeared. Throughout the southern part of Trinidad drill¬ The island of Trinidad is much like a crumpled ing for oil has become an industry which is now concertina in its series of well-defined petroleum considerably more important than mining for oil anticlines, and few oil countries in the world asphalt. have a greater variety of striking “oil shows” to There have been much speculation and scien-

Conveniencing the Consul

11 "|HEN Duty or Pleasure calls the consul to the Nation’s capital, the official and social environ¬ ment and the luxurious comfort at The Shoreham enable him to dwell in his own realm.

15th and H Streets, N. W. Washington, D. C.

[210] tific argument over the origin and causes affecting water, tends to seek its level. In fact, the holes the asphalt lakes both of Trinidad and Vene¬ are filled up according to the same natural laws, zuela. The latest researches indicate that these as when a temporary gap in water, caused by lakes probably do not have any important repro¬ any kind of displacement, immediately fills up. ducing or reinforcing influx of asphalt from out¬ The Trinidad lake during the last half century side their visible confines. Although there may has sunk about 15 feet, and it has been estimated by local statisticians that such shrinkage corre¬ be some outside pressure of oil or gases, yet it sponds approximately to the tonnage which it has does not seem likely that they have any appreci¬ yielded for export. able effect in forcing asphalt into the lake. It was thought at one time that drilling for oil in Curious Internal Motions Within Asphalt the nearby vicinity might adversely affect asphalt Asphalt, however, is an extremely peculiar sub¬ production from the lake by reducing driving stance, and in its soft, crude form shows con¬ pressure from within, but apparently there was siderable internal molecular motion. But this nothing to such theory. would apply to soft asphalt placed in a tub, the Generally speaking, the asphalt lakes of Trini¬ same as to asphalt in these lakes, and the curious dad and Venezuela contain fixed deposits, which action can be noticed, for instance, by putting a though of vast volume, nevertheless are not re¬ small stick of wood near the middle of a tub full producing, and with continued operations must of asphalt, the stick gradually working to the eventually become exhausted. It is estimated surface. In ship cargoes precaution has to be that at the present average rate of digging out taken that this quiet-looking substance does not the asphalt the Trinidad lake can supply the twist away the bulkheads. While there no longer world for another 400 years, hut the Venezuela seems an encouraging hope that reproduction lake may be exhausted within 50 years. really goes on in these lakes, yet the deposits The apparent reproduction in a hole dug out of which they contain are sufficiently large to occa¬ the lake is evidently merely a shifting or replac¬ sion no worry of coming scarcity, at least to the ing of material not perfectly solid and which, like present generations.

THIS map illustrates the world-wide distribution of Gar¬ goyle Products. 0^ In addition to the vast distribution in the United States,

l—I IV Gargoyle Products are: Marketed in over 40 countries. Lubricating Oils Manufactured in 18 refineries and works (indicated by flags.) Stocked in over 600 warehouses. A grade for each type tf service Obtainable at over 250 ports of call (indicated by dots.) Vacuum Service covers the world.

[211] CONSULAR EXPERIENCES STANDARD OIL CO. OF NEW YORK (Continued from page 199) 26 Broadway New York and thus approached me with all the formalities of a deputation from the American people. After salutations on both sides—abrupt, awful and se¬ vere on their part, and deprecatory on mine—and the national ceremony of shaking hands being duly gone through with, the interview proceeded by a series of calm and well-considered questions or remarks from the spokesman (no other of the guests vouchsafing to utter a word), and diplo¬ matic responses from the Consul, who sometimes found the investigation a little more searching than he liked. I flatter myself, however, that, by much practice, I attained considerable skill in this The Mark of Quality kind of intercourse, the art of which lies in pass¬ ing off commonplaces for new and valuable truths, and talking trash and emptiness in such a way that a pretty acute auditor might mistake it for some¬ thing solid. If there be any better method of dealing with such junctures, when talk is to be Socony created out of nothing, and within the scope of several minds at once, so that you cannot apply yourself to your interlocutor’s individuality, I have not learned it. Sitting, as it were, in the gateway between the Products Old World and the New, where steamers and packets landed the greater part of our wandering countrymen, and received them again when their Illuminating Oils wanderings were done, I saw that no people on earth have such vagabond habits as ourselves. Lubricating Oils and Greases The Continental races never travel at all if they can help it; nor does an Englishman ever think Gasoline and Motor Spirits of stirring abroad, unless he has the money to spare, or proposes to himself some definite advan¬ Fuel Oil tage from the journey; but it seemed to me ihat nothing was more common than for a young American deliberately to spend all his resources in Asphaltums, Binders and an aesthetic peregrination about Europe, return¬ Road Oils ing with pockets nearly empty to begin the world in earnest. It happened, indeed, much oftener Paraffine Wax and Candles than was at all agreeable to myself, that their funds held out just enough to bring them to the Lamps, Stoves and Heaters door of my Consulate, where they entered as if with an undeniable right to its shelter and pro¬ tection, and required at my hands to be sent home again. In my first simplicity—finding them gen¬ Branch Offices in the Principal Cities of tlemanly in manners, passably educated, and only Japan Philippine Islands Turkey tempted a little beyond their means by a laudable China Straits Settlements Syria desire of improving and refining themselves, or Indo-China Netherlands India Bulgaria perhaps for the sake of getting better artistic Siam South Africa Greece instruction in music, painting, or sculpture than India Australasia Jugoslavia our country could supply—I sometimes took charge of them on my private responsibility, since our Government gives itself no trouble about its [212] H c AMERICAN rONSULAR. RULLETIN ig stray children, except the seafaring class. But, after a few such experiments, discovering that none of these estimable and ingenuous young men, however trustworthy they might appear, ever dreamed of reimbursing the Consul, I deemed it expedient to take another course with them. Applying myself to some friendly shipmaster, I engaged homeward passages on their behalf, with the understanding that they were to make them¬ selves serviceable on shipboard; and I remember several very pathetic appeals from painters and musicians, touching the damage which their artis¬ tic fingers were likely to incur from handling the ropes. But my observation of so many heavier troubles left me very little tenderness for their finger-ends. In time I grew to be reasonably Experience hard-hearted, though it never was quite possible to leave a countryman with no shelter save an Nothing counts in ocean-travel English poorhouse, when, as he invariably service like experience. Operations extending over more than 50 years averred, he had only to set foot on his native sod have witnessed the sound develop¬ to be possessed of ample funds. It was my ulti¬ ment and sure growth of our mate conclusion, however, that American inge¬ famous Lines to their present com¬ nuity may be pretty safely left to itself, and that manding position in the North- one way or another, a Yankee vagabond is cer¬ Atlantic passenger trade. These Lines carried more than 210,000 tain to turn up at his own threshold, if he has any, passengers across the Atlantic last without help of a Consul, and perhaps be taught year, including more than one- a lesson of foresight that may profit him here¬ third of all first-class passengers after. from New York to European ports.

(From “Our Old Home,” by Nathaniel Haw¬ Headed by the world’s largest thorne, Houghton Mifflin & Co., Boston, 1891.) ship, Majestic, the Homeric, Olym¬ pic the palatial, new Belgenland and the famous Big Four of our Liverpool service, our Fleets in¬ ZAGREB, THE MYSTERY clude 118 vessels totalling 1,238,000 POST tons. (Continued from page 201) Our complete ocean services of¬ guages spoken. All educated people here speak fer five sailings weekly to English at least three languages. ports, three to France and one each The partition of the former Austro-Hungarian to Ireland, Belgium and Germany. Empire into sovereign states, and into territory annexed to other states, separated by Customs Accommodations to suit every barriers, has produced notable economic changes, purse and taste. particularly in the decline of well-known economic centers and the rise of hitherto comparatively un¬ known commercial cities. The outstanding ex¬ ample is Zagreb. Zagreb is the center of the STAR LINEX^ AMERICAN T-nre y, Era »rin »-im richest and most intensely cultivated agricultural IMTIINATIONAI MlMANTIlB MAKINI COMPANY section of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, No. 1 Broadway New York and of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. [213] HEAD WORK AT RIO DE JANEIRO By Consul George T. Colman Game of Licunati, or head-ball, as it was named played by any other tribe or people. The ball is by Theodore Roosevelt, being played by a group a light hollow rubber one of their own manufac¬ of twelve Pareci Indians at the Fluminense Foot¬ ture and it may be touched only by the top of ball Club in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on November the head. One wonders at the reckless speed and 26, 1922. The game is not only unique and native skill with which the players throw themselves to them, but it is probable that it has never been headlong on the ground to return the ball, if it comes low down. l i 1111111111111111111111 i 1111111111111 i 11 i 1111111111111111111111111 The Indians had a most arduous journey in coming to add their feature to the celebration of the Centennial of Brazilian Independence. Start¬ ing from Utiarity in the wilderness of the State of Matto Grosso, they were obliged to make the trip on foot for 100 leagues to Cuyaba, the capital of Matto Grosso, and then to continue on for more than three weeks by river and railroad to ENGRAVED FORMS Rio de Janeiro. of Dignity and Character

CALLING CARDS INTERESTING NEW BOOKS WEDDING ANNOUNCEMENTS The Economics of Marketing and Advertising, by INVITATIONS FOR EVERY OCCASION MONOGRAM STATIONERY W. D. Moriarty, Harper & Bros., New York. CRESTS AND COATS-OF-ARM S BOOK PLATES War: Its Nature, Cause and Cure, by G. Lowes MENUS AND PROGRAMS Dickinson, The Macmillan Co., New York. CERTIFICATES AND DIPLOMAS ENGROSSED RESOLUTIONS Things Remembered, by Arthur Sherburne Hardy, Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. A se¬ ries of reminiscences of many lands, by an ex- ‘BR€ta>GDD Minister (American) to Spain, Switzerland, Engravers «fe Stationers Greece and other countries. 611 Twelfth Street These United States, A Symposium, edited by Washington, D. C. Ernest Gruening, Boni & Liveright, New York. A colorful collection of stories—essays, more 11111111111111111111111111II1111 11111 properly—that holds the interest. [214] US CONSULS certainly inquisitive; they want to know every¬ thing. Sometimes they want to buy; sometimes (Continued from page 202) to sell; sometimes merely to get the foreign post¬ when the garden party at Government House was age stamps on our reply letters. I strongly sus¬ called off on account of rain; the one when our pect that the fellow who asked about the pros¬ pet stenographer told us she was going to get pects for getting “Westphalian hams and um¬ married next month; the one when the home mail brellas” out of the Ruhr was one of these last, brought us a “well done good and faithful serv¬ not to mention the sad person who, on black- ant” ; the one when the landlord said he thought edged paper, craved the grim companionship of the consular premises ought to he painted at his “several assorted human skeletons.” What doesn't expense. Lucky? Rather! Just suppose none a consul have to dig up to hold his job? And the of these glad things ever happened. Why we’d letters we write! No theme is too sacred, too feel lost, forgotten, were it not for the annual tender, too comprehensive, too tragic, or too com¬ monplace. Letters of condolence, letters of ex¬ suggestions tactfully concealed on Form 1040-A planation (to the auditor), letters of evasion, let¬ (rarely without the “A”). ters of sympathy (to colleagues under stress of Despite all these words, it may still not be quite transfer orders), letters to relations (foreign, do¬ clear just why we are so funny. Personally, I mestic and commercial). All these in our spare believe that having our brightest and brainest ef¬ time. The back cover of the BULLETIN tells what we do the rest of the time. If “Ed” Lakin forts “under consideration” has something to do were not frowning a warning, I could say a lot with it. Of course, too great indulgence in letters more, but I think I have made my point. We’re written by American business men may help us funny! Do you blame us ? The wonder is that toward the “funny house.” Those chaps are we’re not funnier!

United States Steel Products Company 30 Church Street, New York, U. S. A. Cable Address “Steelmakers, New York”

Exporters of the Products of CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY AMERICAN BRIDGE COMPANY ILLINOIS STEEL COMPANY NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY AMERICAN STEEL & WIRE COMPANY TENNESSEE COAL. IRON & RAILROAD COMPANY AMERICAN SHEET & TIN PLATE COMPANY MINNESOTA STEEL COMPANY THE LORAIN STEEL COMPANY CANADIAN STEEL CORPORATION

Branch Offices at Birmingham, England London, England Santiago, Chile Bombay, India Mexico City, Mexico Sao Paulo, Brazil Brussels, Belgium Montreal, Canada Seattle, Washington Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic New Glasgow, Canada Shanghai, China Calcutta, India New Orleans, Louisiana Soerabaya, Dutch East Indies Concepcion, Chile Peking, China Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Glasgow, Scotland Port Elizabeth, South Africa Tokyo, Japan Havana, Cuba Portland, Oregon Toronto, Canada Durban, South Africa Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Valparaiso, Chile Lima, Peru Pome. Italy Vancouver, Canada Los Angeles, California The Hague, Holland Winnipeg, Canada San Francisco, California

Warehouses at

Antwerp, Belgium Callao, Peru Santiago, Chile Bombay, India Cape Town, South Africa Sao Paulo, Brazil Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic San Francisco, California Talcahuano, Chile Calcutta, India Valparaiso, Chile

[215] MALTA looking the Grand Harbor and surrounding coun¬ try, is one of the most magnificent sights in the By Mason Mitchell, Consul at Malta world. In the very centre of the Mediterranean, amid From September to April the climate is mild the waves that bathe the classic shores of Italy on and dry, the temperature warm and the air pleas¬ the one side and the savage coasts of Africa on the ant. Invalids are able to take open-air exercise other, lies Malta with its adjacent isles. By its almost every day during the entire year. Conse¬ position it is the last landmark of Christianity, quently the island is an admirable winter resort. the country of that people which, stationed as it The season generally lasts from November to is between two diverse races on the borders of March. There is a fine opera house in which an always increasing civilization, seems by its first-class Italian grand opera companies have native vigor and activity to be a constant protest their season from November until May, and the against the indolence and inaction of the neigh¬ prices are much cheaper than are found on the boring tribes of the desert. continent of Europe. Once so famous, its fortresses and warriors of The place is at once English, Italian and Ori¬ old formed the vanguard of Christianity against ental, while the houses with their curious latticed the infidel. balconies and the women with their black faldcttas Lord Beaconsfield has said: “Malta is certainly or headdresses, are strongly suggestive of the a most delightful station; its city, Valetta, equals East. in its noble architecture, even if it does not excel, The Maltese Islands are a self-governing unit any capital in Europe.” With its palatial edifices, of the British Empire, and are the seat of a large its picturesque forts and magnificent churches, it army and naval base of the Mediterranean. This offers to the view a most picturesque sight, and ensures good sport, such as golf, polo, racing, the panorama of the Grand Harbor, as seen from yachting, and the usual social gaieties of a large the Barracca Gardens, 300 feet in height, over¬ garrison town. In addition the island contains

The beauty of the Hupmobile a scant half dozen motor cars is the substantial, lasting in America. beauty of striking lines and of proportions that are basically Such beauty is bound to be an correct. element of added value, and more especially when it is Over a long period of time, accompanied by the sterling under the test of daily famil¬ virtues which everyone recog¬ iarity, it wears well—a distinc¬ nizes as belonging particu¬ tion which attaches to perhaps larly to the Hupmobile.

Hupp Motor Car Corporation, Detroit, Michigan Hupmobile

[216] AMERICAN much of the highest historical interest, as Phoe- COLUMBUS LIGHT niciars, Greeks and Romans have consecutively owned it; the Normans have left their mark on MEMORIAL it, and there are remarkable prehistoric temples By Charles Bridgham Hosmer, Santo Domingo of world-wide fame, and of the utmost interest It is pleasing to record that the movement for to the archaeologists. To the lover of history it is chiefly interesting as the last home of those the erection of Columbus Light has been given warrior-monks, the Knights of St. John of Jeru¬ much impetus by the recent endorsement given salem and Knights of Malta, and their successful the project by the Fifth Pan American Conference defense of this bulwark of Christendom against at Santiago de Chile. The feeling prevails at this the Turkish hordes in the year 1565 A. D. capital that the endorsement presages the sure Weekly steamer service between Marseille, in accomplishment of the plan to erect and main¬ France, and Malta was withdrawn during the tain by suitable endowments a magnificent memo¬ war, but it has been resumed. There is daily rail¬ rial light at Santo Domingo City, to commemorate way service through Italy via Rome, Naples and the achievements of Christopher Columbus. Reggio, whence a train crosses on the ferryboat It is undeniable that these achievements cen¬ to the Straits of Messina to the city by that name, tered about Santo Domingo City and that Colum¬ and thence on to Catania and Syracuse, where bus’ hopes, joys and disappointments are linked there is a tri-weekly service to Malta. to this city more than any other place. It is there¬ The Adria and Sicilia Steamship Lines have an fore eminently fitting that all the Americans excellent bi-monthly direct service to Malta from should join in erecting and maintaining the pro¬ Naples, calling en route at Messina, Sicily, for posed Columbus Light, without regard to one’s five hours, giving an excellent opportunity to visit convictions relative to the long-standing dispute that historical place viewing the effects of the whether Columbus’ remains are at present in the terrible earthquake in 1908, when 96,000 lives Cathedral at Santo Domingo City or in the Ca¬ were lost. thedral at Seville, Spain. There are strong rea-

Underwood Portable Give Wings to Words Many a man finds Because it is built that a quiet, unin¬ by the makers of the terrupted session world’s Standard with his Underwood Typewriter; because Portable at home it embodies features results in a better that are exclusively arrangement of his Underwood, this work next day, with Portable makes it perhaps an extra possible for anyone hour of leisure at the In its convenient carrying case, the to do Underwood Underwood Portable weighs 9% lbs. end. Make the odd and is 4% inches high. Typewriting any¬ minutes count! Price $50.00 where.

UNDERWOOD TYPEWRITER COMPANY 1413 New York Avenue, N. IV. Washington, D. C.

[217] sons in support of the Dominican contentions, The greatest impediment to Yankee success in and as the question will probably always remain a foreign land is this matter of homesickness. an academic one, incapable of a settlement granted An Englishman is content with a visit to Picca¬ universal acceptation, the fact that Columbus Light will shelter the remains held by Dominicans dilly Circus once in two years. Once in two and many students of the subject of all nationali¬ months the American abroad has a call from ties to be those of Columbus should in no way Broadway, the neighborhood ice cream resort, the diminish the enthusiasm of nations or persons in golf club and “the old crowd,” that no amount contributing to this cause. of beer, wine, Scotch and soda or gin and tonic This undertaking was originally begun in 1914, will appease. * * * At any rate, our Yankee but was relegated to temporary obscurity by the World War. About two years ago it was revived knows he will become rich in Para—if he sticks. by Mr. William E. Pulliam, General Receiver of He knew it before he arrived because I told Customs at Santo Domingo, and largely through him so. his untiring efforts appreciable progress has been Plis cogitation is largely upon information that made. Mr. Pulliam is now working on plans for he has gained from American Consul George H. a permanent organization to carry on the financing Pickerill, who has lived so long in Para that he and construction of the light. Such an organiza¬ has forgotten living anywhere else. What he tion will at once have available drawings and plans for the light which already have been ob¬ knows about North Brazil would fill a library, and tained, a wealth of historical data and convincing this unpublished compendium of business lore he proof of the great practical value of the proposed graciously puts at the disposal of the earnest for¬ Columbus Light to maritime interests, quite aside tune hunter from the States.—George T. Bye, in from its importance as a memorial. "Tlic World,” N. Y.

CHARLES C. GI.OVER MILTON E. AILES Chairman of the Board President The Riggs National Bank WASHINGTON. D. C. Pennsylvania Ave., opp. U. S. Treasury Dupont Circle 7th and Eye Streets N. W. 14th St. and Park Road 2477 Eighteenth Street

LETTERS OF CREDIT CABLE TRANSFERS TRAVELERS CHECKS SAVINGS DEPARTMENT FOREIGN EXCHANGE BOUGHT AND SOLD

Consular Representatives and visitors to Washington are cordially in¬ vited to avail themselves of our unexcelled Banking Facilities. A BANKING CONNECTION AT THE CAPITAL IS CONVENIENT. BANK BY MAIL Capital $1,000,000 Surplus $2,000,000 Resources over $30,000,000

[218] Slobe-’Werniekc SECTIONAL FILING CABINET “Built-To-Endure” STEEL OR WOOD “Built-To-EnJure

Most Artistic in Design, Durable in Finish, Efficient in Service—they are the Strongest Filing Cabinets ma e

3317-T. Top

8317%C. I. 46 One Row Section

1617C. I. 8f. Quarter Section 1617 C. I. 35 Half Section 1617% C. I. 46 Quarter Section

1617 V. L. 1617 C. I. 46 Half Section Half Section

8317 V. L. Full Section

8317-B. 16 Base

A COMBINATION CAN BE ARRANGED TO INCLUDE EVERY FILING DEVICE These 33-Inch Width Wood Filing Cabinets and an Identical Line of Steel Filing Cabinets are the lines the Globe-Wernicke Co. has supplied the United States Government for many years. Made especially for the Government in accordance with the specifications of the General Supply Committee. The picture shows only a small part of the line. The complete lines include every filing device used in Govern¬ ment offices. The top of each Section and the bottom of each Section are closed in by air-tight, framed-in panels, exactly the same construction as the sides. The top, bottom, back and both sides, being absolutely solid, make each Unit not only a complete, solid case, but vermin proof, non-warpable and dust-proof. These Units are the most compact, substantial and strongest Wood Filing Cabinet Sections ever built. Catalogue No. 800 Explains all Globe-Wernicke Filing Cabinets. Stobe^^rmekc Co. WASHINGTON, D. C., SALESROOM 1218-1220 F STREET N. W. [2191 To the Consular Representatives of the United States:

The United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company puts at your disposal its services in writing your bond. Special attention is given to the requirements of consular officers, our Washington manager, Mr. Lee B. Mosher, having formerly been in the Consular Service. When you have in mind any form of bond, this company will be pleased to write it for you. JOHN R. BLAND, President.

United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company

RESOURCES OVER $34,000,000.00

Washington Branch Office Suite 327, Southern Building, 15th and H Streets, Washington, D. C.

IN. OeVry Portable Projector j From San Francisco to New York; in Europe and in \ the Orient; even in the far-off corners of Africa, DeVry Motion Picture Projectors are serving the interests of schools, churches and business houses. <3/ This world-wide recognition of the DeVry is due to its inherent qualities. It attaches to any electric light socket, weighs but A few users— 23 pounds and shows motion pictures of theatre quality in U. S. Gov’t. clearness and steadiness. Mexican Gov’t. Japanese Gov’t. Year in—year out—permanent satisfaction accompanies the Ford Motor Co. purchase of a DeVry. Westinghouse Elec. Nat’l. Cash Register burroughs Add. Ma. The DeVry Corporation, 1235 Maiianne St., Chicago, III.

[220] American Consuls Abroad This spring and summer probably more travelers are going abroad than have gone for the past 5 years. The great U. S. Government ships have been taxed to capacity to accommodate the eager throngs. This means new opportunities and new responsibilities for every American Consul. He should see that every American returns to America in an American ship. Recommend American Ships Contribute to the continued success of the American Merchant Marine,—your fleet. Rec¬ ommend American ships for passage to America to every prospective traveler; and to every busi¬ ness man for freight shipments. I he ships are swift, luxurious—among the finest afloat. 1 heir freight and passenger accommodations are unex¬ celled, their service and speed admit no superiors. You confer a great service to your Government and to all travelers when you recommend Amer¬ ican ships.

V.K.

UNITED STATES SHIPPING BOARD Washington, D. C. Information Bureau What Your Consuls Do

35 11 91 17 ' Consuls Conauls Consuls Consuls Consuls In In In In In Contra! a North America Australasia

Treasury Department Department of Commerce Protection of revenue Extension of American trade Documentation of merchandise Voluntary trade reports Valuation of imports Called-for reports and investigations Landing certificates Trade opportunities Protection of Public Health Navigation Bills of Health American vessels; entry and clearance Sanitary reports American seamen, shipmen, discharge, Disinfection of merchandise desertion Prohibited importations Marine protests Smuggling Reports on Prohibition laws Fisheries Valuation of currencies Lighthouses War Risk Insurance Measures and standards Investigations; reports, payments Coast and Geodetic surveys

Department of Agriculture Navy Department Crop reports and estimates Reports on Market reports Plant introduction Hydrographic data and charts Weather reports Lighthouses Disinfection hides, rags, etc. Harbor and coaling facilities Plant quarantine Insecticide and fungicide regulations Wireless stations Reports on River and Harbor markings Irrigation projects Port rules and regulations Entomology Geographic and marine data Biology Movements of vessels Horticulture General agricultural matters

Post Office Department Department of Justice Extradition Reports on Estates American seamen Postal conventions and regulations Crimes on high seas Parcels post Notarial services Postal banking Depositions and commissions A nerican postoffice at Shanghai Reports regarding anarchists, etc

War Department Interior Department Pension matters Purchases of Patent applications Raw materials Patent interference cases Supplies and equipment Reports on Geographical data Education Topographical data Geological surveys Philippine matters Mines and mining Military inventions Reclamation Military progress Conservation

Department of Labor Shipping Board Financing vessels Immigration Purchase supplies, coal, etc. Chinese Exclusion laws Shipment and discharge of crews Section Six Certificate* Settlement of disputes Reports on Aid in obtaining cargoes Labor conditions Acting as Agent for Shipping Board Labor legislation Protection of interests of Board

Federal Reserve Board Panama Canal Financial reports Marine data Exchange matters Health conditions nearby countries Commodity reports Canal tolls and regulations

The American Citizen In General General correspondence Replies to individual trade inquiries Answers to miscellaneous inquiries Receipt and forwarding of mail Advice and assistance to travelers, tourists and salesmen Representation Notarial acts Protection of interests so far as laws and regulations permit Welfare and whereabouts

American Consuls serve practically every branch of our Government, every business man and, either directly or indirectly, every private citizen. This chart shows how information gathered by them is concentrated in the Department of State and then distributed to the various governmental agencies and to private concerns and individuals. A Consul’s more important duties are shown, but by no means all of them.