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Download a Copy of This Report As a PDF from Our Website Kent Academic Repository Full text document (pdf) Citation for published version Swift, Hannah J. and Mahmood, Lynsey and Abrams, Dominic (2016) Prejudice and unlawful behaviour: Exploring levers for change. Equality and Human Rights Commission, 213 pp. DOI Link to record in KAR http://kar.kent.ac.uk/61917/ Document Version Publisher pdf Copyright & reuse Content in the Kent Academic Repository is made available for research purposes. Unless otherwise stated all content is protected by copyright and in the absence of an open licence (eg Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher, author or other copyright holder. Versions of research The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record. Enquiries For any further enquiries regarding the licence status of this document, please contact: [email protected] If you believe this document infringes copyright then please contact the KAR admin team with the take-down information provided at http://kar.kent.ac.uk/contact.html Equality and Human Rights Commission Research report 101 Prejudice and unlawful behaviour: Exploring levers for change Dominic Abrams, Hannah J. Swift and Lynsey Mahmood Centre for the Study of Group Process, University of Kent © 2016 Equality and Human Rights Commission First published: July 2016 ISBN 978-1-84206-677-5 Equality and Human Rights Commission Research Report Series The Equality and Human Rights Commission Research Report Series publishes research carried out for the Commission by commissioned researchers. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Commission. The Commission is publishing the report as a contribution to discussion and debate. Please contact the Research Team for further information about other Commission research reports, or visit our website. Post: Research Team Equality and Human Rights Commission Arndale House The Arndale Centre Manchester M4 3AQ Email: [email protected] Telephone: 0161 829 8500 Website: www.equalityhumanrights.com You can download a copy of this report as a PDF from our website: www.equalityhumanrights.com If you require this publication in an alternative format, please contact the Communications Team to discuss your needs at: [email protected] Prejudice and unlawful behaviour Contents Tables and figures ...................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... 8 Executive summary .................................................................................................... 9 The nature of prejudiced attitudes and unlawful behaviour ................................... 10 The extent and prevalence of unlawful behaviour ................................................ 17 Preventing and responding to unlawful behaviour ................................................ 17 Suggestions for policy and research ..................................................................... 19 1 | Introduction ......................................................................................................... 21 1.1 Scope of the report ...................................................................................... 21 1.2 Structure of the report ................................................................................. 23 2 | How the research was conducted ....................................................................... 24 2.1 Search strategy ........................................................................................... 24 2.2 Inclusion criteria .......................................................................................... 26 2.3 Assessing the quality of the evaluation of interventions .............................. 26 3| The nature of prejudice ........................................................................................ 28 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 28 3.2 Defining and characterising prejudice ......................................................... 29 3.3 Theory-based implications for intervention .................................................. 39 4 | Disability .............................................................................................................. 45 4.1 Summary ..................................................................................................... 45 4.2 Expressions of prejudiced attitudes ............................................................. 46 4.3 Experiences of discrimination, identity-based harassment and violence .... 51 4.4 Settings ....................................................................................................... 53 4.5 The link between attitudes and behaviours ................................................. 55 Equality and Human Rights Commission · www.equalityhumanrights.com 2 Published: July 2016 Prejudice and unlawful behaviour 4.6 What works? ............................................................................................... 55 4.7 Intersectionalities ........................................................................................ 57 5 | Race .................................................................................................................... 60 5.1 Summary ..................................................................................................... 60 5.2 Expressions of prejudiced attitudes ............................................................. 61 5.3 Experiences of discrimination...................................................................... 63 5.4 Settings ....................................................................................................... 65 5.5 The link between attitudes and behaviours ................................................. 67 5.6 What works? ............................................................................................... 68 5.7 Intersectionalities ........................................................................................ 69 6 | Religion or belief.................................................................................................. 71 6.1 Summary ..................................................................................................... 71 6.2 Expressions of prejudice ............................................................................. 72 6.3 Experiences of discrimination...................................................................... 73 6.4 Settings ....................................................................................................... 77 6.5 The link between attitudes and behaviours ................................................. 78 6.6 What works? ............................................................................................... 79 6.7 Intersectionalities ........................................................................................ 81 7 | Age ...................................................................................................................... 83 7.1 Summary ..................................................................................................... 83 7.2 Expressions of prejudice ............................................................................. 84 7.3 Experiences of discrimination...................................................................... 85 7.4 Settings ....................................................................................................... 86 7.5 The link between attitudes and behaviours ................................................. 88 7.6 What works? ............................................................................................... 88 7.7 Intersectionalities ........................................................................................ 89 8 | Sex ...................................................................................................................... 91 8.1 Summary ..................................................................................................... 91 8.2 Expressions of prejudice ............................................................................. 92 8.3 Experiences of discrimination...................................................................... 94 8.4 Settings ....................................................................................................... 95 Equality and Human Rights Commission · www.equalityhumanrights.com 3 Published: July 2016 Prejudice and unlawful behaviour 8.5 The link between attitudes and behaviours ................................................. 97 8.6 What works? ............................................................................................... 97 8.7 Intersectionalities ........................................................................................ 99 9 | Sexual orientation.............................................................................................. 100 9.1 Summary ................................................................................................... 100 9.2 Expressions of
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