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El Temperamento Ha Sido Definido Como Diferencias Individuales anales de psicología, 2017, vol. 33, nº 2 (may), 283-291 © Copyright 2017: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia. Murcia (Spain) http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.2.242021 ISSN print edition: 0212-9728. ISSN web edition (http://revistas.um.es/analesps): 1695-2294 Psychometric properties, factorial structure and construct validity of the Spanish version of the Allophilia Scale José Francisco Morales* and Alejandro Magallares School of Psychology. Social & Organizational Psychology Department. Spanish Open University (UNED). Madrid (Spain) Título: Propiedades psicométricas, estructura factorial y validez de cons- Abstract: Introduction: Allophilia may be defined as the positive attitudes tructo de la versión española de la escala de Alofilia. toward different out-groups. The aim of this study is to translate and vali- Resumen: Introducción: La Alofilia puede definirse como las actitudes posi- date the Allophilia Scale to Spanish population. Method: Participants were tivas hacia diferentes exogrupos. El objetivo de este estudio es traducir y va- 960 individuals from all over Spain. Questionnaires to measure prejudice lidar la escala de Alofilia en población española. Método: 960 participantes de toward North African people, stress and empathy were used to analyze the todo el territorio nacional formaron parte de la muestra. Se usaron cues- convergent and divergent validity of the Allophilia scale. Results: Confirma- tionarios sobre el prejuicio hacia los magrebíes, estrés y empatía para medir tory factor analysis showed that the items of the questionnaire fit a model la validez convergente y divergente de la escala de Alofilia. Resultados: El with five factors, corresponding to the dimensions proposed by the original análisis factorial confirmatorio puso de manifiesto que los ítems ajustaban authors (Affection, Comfort, Kinship, Engagement, Enthusiasm), and that un modelo de 5 factores que corresponden a las dimensiones propuestas they were inter-related. Cronbach’s alpha of the Allophilia scale and the por los autores originales (Afecto, Comodidad, Afinidad, Compromiso, En- five factors were high. In addition, it has been found that the different sub- tusiasmo) y que éstos están relacionados. También se hallo que los alphas scales of the Allophilia scale were related with other variables such as prej- de Cronbach de las diferentes sub-escalas, así como de la escala total, eran udice toward North African people (cognitive, emotions and behaviours), elevados. Además, se encontró que la escala de Alofilia se relacionaba con el stress (interaction, resources, identity) and empathy. Discussion: In light of prejuicio hacia los magrebíes (cognitivo, emociones y comportamientos), el these results, we conclude that the questionnaire is methodologically valid estrés (interacción, recursos e identidad) y la empatía. Discusión: A la luz de and can be used by the scientific community to measure cooperative and estos resultados se concluye que el cuestionario es metodológicamente váli- participatory intergroup behaviour as a complement to traditional measures do y que puede ser usado por la comunidad científica para medir compor- of prejudice and negative intergroup behaviours. tamientos intergrupales cooperativos y participativos y como un comple- Key words: Allophilia Scale; confirmatory factor analysis; empathy; preju- mento a las medidas tradicionales que se centran exclusivamente en el pre- dice toward North African people; stress. juicio y otras actitudes negativas. Palabras clave: Análisis factorial confirmatorio; empatía; escala de Alofilia; estrés; prejuicio hacia los magrebíes. Introduction line with this postulate. It has been shown, for instance, that stereotypes, the cognitive side of intergroup relations, much "No group is an island" was a motto frequently used by in contradiction with the popular point of view, may be pos- Henri Tafjel both in his writings (1978; 1981) and in his lec- itive, and that positive stereotypes of an out-group (for ex- tures, in a close paraphrase of the well known title of a John ample, mathematical ability of Asian American students) in- Donne's poem ("No man is an island"). Ethnicity, religion, crease recall of the superior performance of members of this sex, age, nationality, economic position and political ideolo- particular out-group (Pittinsky, Shih, & Ambady, 2000). gy, are only some of the boundaries that separate groups Affective intergroup processes are also usually seen in a from one another. Intergroup boundaries do something negative light, and, in fact, intergroup attitudes tend to be more, they constitute the foundation of people's group be- studied almost exclusively under the common category of longingness and help to define their interests and identities prejudice, as intimated by the vast amount of studies on rac- from a group position. Now, self-definition in terms of eth- ism, sexism, ageism, homophobia and a long list of other nicity (or, for that case, religion, sex, or any other group- negatively connoted terms. A good example is provided by defining characteristic) entails taking on group interests as Stürmer, Snyder, and Omoto (2005) with respect to empa- their own and the fusion of personal identity with group thy. They found that different group memberships made identity. A complementary function of group interests and empathy and helping less likely and that even in benign in- identities is to distinguish group members from other groups tergroup encounters, helping out-group members was typi- in the social context. From this perspective intergroup rela- cally inhibited by intergroup discrimination and differentia- tions appear, then, as more prone to generate conflict and tion. confrontation than harmony and cooperation. Privileging the negativity of intergroup affect biases the Psychological processes, cognitive, affective and behav- prevalent research methods of study. Indeed, standard ioural, associated to intergroup relations are postulated in measures of prejudice focus only on "factors of dislike and the literature to reflect this lack of harmony and coopera- report on changes in relative degrees of intergroup dislike" tion, despite the fact that the existent data are not entirely in despite that, at least in principle, "intergroup attitudes", as any attitude, "can range from dislike to neutrality to affinity‖. This bias brings about a faulty study of (eventual) intergroup * Correspondence address [Dirección para correspondencia]: likes in that they are seen "as shades of dislike" (Pittinsky, J. Francisco Morales, Departamento de Psicología Social y de las Organi- Montoya, Tropp, & Chein, 2007; p. 126), excluding, some- zaciones, Facultad de Psicología UNED, C/ Juan del Rosal, 10, 28040 Madrid (Spain). E-mail: [email protected] what paradoxically, the very possibility of positive intergroup - 283 - 284 José Francisco Morales and Alejandro Magallares attitudes. The assumption underlying this biased methodo- which the other group likes their group. Specifically, most logical stance, namely, that positive and negative attitudes Jewish and Arab citizens believe that most people of their are opposite ends of a unidimensional space, is, therefore, group are not liked by the other group. However, a signifi- untenable: positive and negative attitudes do not correlate cant majority of Jewish and Arab citizens say that they like negatively, they are differently activated and they predict dif- the other group. This difference between perceived attitudes ferent behaviours (Pittinsky & Simon, 2007). and own attitudes is significant both or Arab and Jewish citi- Allophilia is proposed as a way to overcome the negative zens (Pittinsky, Ratcliff, & Maruskin, 2008). bias of the study of intergroup relations. Theoretically, this A validation of the Allophilia scale in Italy was per- negative bias is an undesirable side effect of the assumption formed by Alfieri and Marta (2011) who managed to repli- of a one-dimensional model, a model that focuses exclusive- cate the factor structure of the original scale and found high ly on hate, dislike, mistrust or prejudice of out-groups. A correlations with other variables. Since no adaptation of the two-dimensional model would be more realistic, given that scale has been done to date in Spain, at least to our people can also have positive attitudes toward out-groups. knowledge, we set out to validate a Spanish-language version Then, Allophilia turns out to be a "complementary approach of the Allophilia Scale (Pittinsky et al., 2011). The adaptation (with an) ... emphasis and examinations of shades of liking - of the Allophilia Scale is a complex task that requires careful positive attitudes beyond neutrality" stemming from the planning to ensure its content maintenance, psychometric recognition that "affinity between groups can be distinct properties, factorial structure and construct validity for the from the absence of dislike" (Pittinsky et al., 2007; pp. 126- Spanish population (Muñiz, Elosua, & Hambleton, 2013). 127). Allophilia is necessary to grasp the "full range" of atti- For this reason, the goal of this research is to translate and tudes and behaviours toward out-group members (Pittinsky, validate the Allophilia Scale into Spanish to make possible Rosenthal, & Montoya, 2010). the use of this instrument by the Spanish-speaking scholarly For all these reasons, Pittinsky, Rosenthal, and Montoya community. (2011) developed the Allophilia scale. They found five com- The first stage was the items’ analysis
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