Manual De Estúdio

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Manual De Estúdio 4 AUDIO 1. Amplificadores - definições por Miguel Ratton Pre-amp É o "pré-amplificador", um amplificador de baixa potência usado para condicionar o sinal (normalmente, sinal de microfone) para um nível adequado ao mixer ou amplificador de potência. Os pré-amplificadores (ex: Ashly), geralmente possuem controles de ganho, e eventualmente ajustes de tonalidade (EQ). Existem pré- amplificadores que utilizam circuitos com válvulas (ex: Behringer MIC2200), que dão uma "coloração" diferente ao som. A característica mais importante que deve ter um pré- amplificador diz respeito ao ruído: quanto maior a relação sinal/ruído , melhor. Amp É o amplificador de potência, propriamente dito. Alguns amplificadores possuem um pré, que condiciona o sinal para o nível adequado. Um amplificador stereo doméstico, por exemplo, geralmente possui um pré-amplificador para toca-discos de vinil (embora isso esteja caindo em desuso). Os amplificadores podem ter também controles de tonalidade, balanço (esquerdo/direito) e outros recursos adicionais. Alguns têm saídas para 4 caixas, duplicando os canais do stereo. No caso de amplificadores de instrumentos - os "combo amplifiers" - a maioria é mono, e possui um pré para ajuste de nível e equalização (ex: Ibanez TA25). Muitos amps de guitarra são valvulados, pois os guitarristas preferem a distorção característica da válvula, que dá uma coloração agradável ao som da guitarra. Power Amp É um amplificador sem pré, só com o estágio de potência. Normalmente é usado em sistemas de sonorização de show (P.A. e amplificação de palco), e também em estúdios. Nesses amplificadores, só há o controle de volume de cada canal, pois o sinal já vem em nível adequado ("line"). Os amplificadores para sonorização (ex: Yamaha P3500) têm que ter muita potência, e normalmente são usados em grupos. Os amplificadores 5 de estúdio (ex: Yamaha A100a), também chamados de "amplificadores de referência" (Reference Amplifiers) têm como característica principal a resposta "plana", isto é, sem colorir o som, e por isso raramente são valvulados. Este artigo foi publicado no music-center.com.br em 2002 2. Aterramento, ruído e segurança Informação técnica para usuários de produtos de áudio profissional da Yamaha O aterramento inadequado pode criar risco mortal. Mesmo que não venha a causar perigo, os “loops de terra” são a causa mais comum de ruído (“hum”) da rede elétrica nos sistemas de áudio. Portanto, é útil aprender sobre aterramento, e usar esse conhecimento. O que é um loop de terra? Um loop de terra (“ground loop”) ocorre quando existe mais de um caminho de aterramento entre duas partes do equipamento. O caminho duplo forma o equivalente ao loop de uma antena, que muito eficientemente capta as correntes de interferência. A resistência dos terminais transformam essa corrente em flutuações de voltagem, e por causa disso a referência de terra no sistema deixa de ser estável, e o ruído aparece no sinal. Os loops de terra podem ser eliminados? Mesmo engenheiros de áudio experientes podem ter dificuldade em isolar os loops de terra. Às vezes, em equipamentos de áudio mal projetados (mesmo equipamentos caros), os loops de terra ocorrem dentro do chassis do equipamento, mesmo este possuindo entradas e saídas balanceadas. Nesse caso, pouco se pode fazer para eliminar o “hum” a menos que a fiação interna de aterramento seja refeita. Os equipamentos da Yamaha são projetados com muito cuidado em relação ao aterramento interno. Você deve evitar equipamentos de áudio profissional com conexões não balanceadas (a menos que todos os equipamentos estejam muito próximos, conectados à mesma linha da rede elétrica, e não sujeitos a campos fortes de indução da rede elétrica). Na verdade, se todas as conexões forem balanceadas e o equipamento tiver sido projetado e construído adequadamente, os loops de terra externos não induzirão ruído. Pelo fato dos equipamentos Yamaha serem menos suscetíveis a problemas com loops de terra, em geral é mais fácil e mais rápido colocá-los em operação. 6 A Fig.1 ilustra uma situação típica de loop de terra. Dois equipamentos interconectados estão ligados a tomadas de energia em lugares separados, e o terceiro pino está aterrado em cada uma delas. O caminho do aterramento das tomadas e o caminho do aterramento pela blindagem do cabo formam um loop que pode captar interferência. Se o equipamento não tiver sido bem construído, essa corrente (que age como sinal) circulando pelo aterramento atravessa caminhos que não deveriam conter qualquer sinal. Essa corrente, por sua vez, modula o potencial da fiação de sinal e produz então ruídos e “hum” que não podem ser separadas facilmente do sinal propriamente dito, no equipamento afetado. O ruído, portanto, é amplificado junto com o sinal. O que fazer para evitar os loops de terra? Existem quatro abordagens para se tratar o aterramento em sistemas de áudio: ponto único, multi-ponto, flutuante, e blindagem telescópica. Cada uma tem vantagens específicas em diferentes tipos de sistemas. A Fig.2 ilustra o aterramento por ponto único. O aterramento do chassis de cada equipamento individual é conectado ao terra da tomada; o sinal de aterramento é ligado entre os equipamentos e conectado ao terra num ponto central. Essa configuração é muito eficaz para eliminar ruídos da rede elétrica e de chaveamento, mas é mais fácil usar em instalações permanentes. O aterramento por ponto único é muito usado em instalações de estúdio, e é também eficaz em fiações de racks individuais de equipamentos. No entanto, é quase impossível implementá-lo em sistemas de sonorização complexos e portáteis. A Yamaha não recomenda esse esquema em seus equipamentos de sonorização. O aterramento multi-ponto (Fig.3) é o encontrado em equipamentos com conexões não balanceadas nos quais o aterramento é ligado ao chassis. É um esquema muito simples na prática, mas não muito confiável, particularmente se a configuração do sistema é alterada freqüentemente. 7 Os sistemas com aterramento multi-ponto que empregam circuitos balanceados com equipamentos projetados adequadamente em geral não apresentam problemas de ruído. Este esquema é adequado para a maioria dos equipamentos Yamaha. A Fig.4 mostra princípio do terra flutuante. Observe que o sinal de aterramento está completamente isolado do terra propriamente dito. este esquema é útil quando o terra contém ruído excessivo. No entanto, ele depende do estágio de entrada do equipamento rejeitar a interferência induzida nas blindagens dos cabos, e dessa forma é preciso que o circuito de entrada seja o melhor possível. A Fig.5 ilustra o princípio da blindagem telescópica. Este esquema é muito eficaz para eliminar loops de terra. Quando o ruído entra numa blindagem conectada apenas à terra, aquele ruído não pode entrar no caminho do sinal. Para implementar esse esquema é preciso ter linhas balanceadas e transformadores, uma vez que o aterramento não é compartilhado entre os equipamentos. Uma desvantagem é que os cabos podem não ser iguais, pois alguns podem ter a blindagem conectada em ambas as extremidades, e outros não, dependendo do equipamento, o que torna mais complicado a escolha dos cabos na montagem e desmontagem de sistemas portáteis. • Aqui vai um resumo das regras básicas para ajudar na escolha de um esquema de aterramento: 8 • Identifique sub-sistemas ou ambientes de equipamentos que possam estar contidos numa blindagem eletrostática que se conecta ao terra. • Conecte ao terra o aterramento de cada sub-sistema separado, num único ponto. • Garanta o máximo isolamento nas conexões entre os sub-sistemas, usando conexões balanceadas com acoplamento a transformador. O aterramento não é essencial para evitar ruído - mas a segurança é outro assunto! Um equipamento não precisa estar aterrado para evitar a entrada de ruído no sistema. A principal razão para se aterrar os equipamentos de áudio é a segurança; o aterramento adequado pode evitar choques mortais. A segunda razão para aterrar um sistema que possua equipamentos alimentados por tensão AC é que, sob determinadas condições, um aterramento adequado pode reduzir a captação de ruído externo. Ainda que o aterramento adequado nem sempre possa reduzir a captação de ruído externo, um aterramento inadequado podem piorar a captação de ruído externo. O fio de aterramento do cabo de força conecta o chassis do equipamento ao fio da tomada que está conectado ao terra da instalação elétrica do prédio. Este aterramento, exigido por normas em qualquer lugar, pode contribuir para a existência de loops de terra (veja Fig.6). Evite a tentação de cortar o 3o pino Com apenas um caminho para o aterramento, não pode haver loop de terra. Poderia haver um loop de terra com um cabo de áudio unindo um mixer a um amplificador de potência? Sim! Uma conexão de aterramento através dos cabos de força e os chassis dos dois equipamentos completa o segundo caminho. Uma forma de cortar esse loop de terra é desconectar o terra da rede em um dos equipamentos, tipicamente no amplificador de potência, usando um adaptador de dois para três pinos. Deixando o terceiro pino do adaptador não conectado faz interromper o loop de terra, mas também remove o aterramento de proteção da rede elétrica. O sistema agora 9 confia apenas no cabo de áudio para fornecer o aterramento, uma prática que pode ser arriscada. Lembre-se, esse tipo de loop de terra não causa necessariamente ruído, a menos que o equipamento possui conexões não balanceadas ou um aterramento interno inadequado. Em certas situações pode-se desconectar a blindagem do cabo de áudio em uma das extremidades (usualmente na saída), e assim eliminar o possível caminho da corrente do loop de terra. Numa linha balanceada, a blindagem não carrega sinal de áudio; ela protege contra ruídos estáticos e interferências de freqüências de radio, e continua a fazê-lo mesmo se desconectada numa das extremidades. Entretanto, não corte a blindagem de um cabo de microfone que carrega “phantom power”, pois isso cortará a alimentação do microfone.
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    Getting Started Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Creative Technology Ltd. No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, for any purpose without the written permission of Creative Technology Ltd. The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of the license agreement. It is against the law to copy the software on any other medium except as specifically allowed in the license agreement. The licensee may make one copy of the software for backup purposes. Some portions of this product’s software incorporate Sondius® sound synthesis technology. They contain one or more programs protected under international and United States copyright laws as unpublished works. They are confidential and proprietary to the Board of Trustees of The Leland Stanford Junior University. Their reproduction or disclosure, in whole or in part, or the production of derivative works therefrom without the express permission of the Board of Trustees of The Leland Stanford Junior University is prohibited. These portions are distributed by Creative Technology Ltd. through agreements between Seer Systems, Inc. and The Leland Stanford Junior University and Seer Systems, Inc. and Creative Technology Ltd. Copyright © 1992, 1996 by the Board of Trustees of The Leland Stanford Junior University. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1997 by Creative Technology Ltd. All rights reserved. Version 1.2 April 1997 Sound Blaster is a registered trademark of Creative Technology Ltd.
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