DOCSLIB.ORG

Wheat in the Eastern United States," and in Agriculture Information Bulletin No

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wheat in the Eastern United States, _ o / WHEAT -^3 in the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE • AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE • AGRICULTURE INFORMATION BULLETIN NO. 386 COVER PHOTO.—A small sheaf of wheat. This publication presents some information formerly contained in Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 250, "Wheat in the Eastern United States," and in Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 249, "Hard Red Spring and Durum Wheats: Culture and Varieties." The contributions of W. C. Shaw and R. G. Dahms in the discussions of weeds and insects are gratefully acknowledged. Also, helpful ideas and information were gleaned from many reports, only a few of which are specifically cited (see "List of References" at end of publication). Washington, D.C. Issued February 1976 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402—Price $1.45 Stock Number 00I-00CM)3458-8 Class No. A 1.75:386 2r,r'^ ,l¡„,,,i„, allowed on orders of 100 or more to one address CONTENTS Page Page Uses of wheat 1 Wild flooding 35 Kinds of wheat 1 Flooding from field laterals 36 Choosing a variety 4 The border method 36 Climate and soil for wheat 6 Sprinkler irrigation 36 Variety adaptation and commercial Tillage practices for irrigated wheat _ 37 wheat production 6 Weeds and their control 38 Region lA: Northeast 6 Perennial weeds 39 Region IS; Ohio Valley (extended) __ 6 Annual weeds 39 Region 11: Southeast 11 Cultural methods 40 Region III: Northern Plains 11 Chemical methods 41 Region IV: Central Plains (extended) 12 Precautions in the use of herbicides 41 Region V: Pacific Northwest 13 Insects 42 Region VI: California-Arizona 14 Hessian fly 42 Growing wheat in the East: Regions I Cereal leaf beetle 42 and II 14 Grasshoppers 43 Winter wheat 14 Wheat stem sawflies 43 Spring wheat (in the East) 20 Wireworms and false wireworms 43 Growing spring wheat: Region III 21 Armyworms 43 Wheat culture 21 Cutworms 44 Time and rate of seeding 21 Cinch bug 44 Tillage 22 Wheat jointworm 45 Fertilizer for spring wheat 24 Wheat stem maggot 45 Spring and winter wheat in Montana 25 Greenbug and other aphids 45 Growing winter wheat in the Central Diseases and their control 45 Plains: Region IV 26 Rusts 46 Wheat culture 26 Smuts 47 Rate, date, and method of sowing Scab 49 wheat 28 Take-all 50 Growing wheat in the Northwest: Powdery mildew 50 Region V 29 Septoria 50 Wheat production 29 Virus diseases 51 Tillage 30 Nematode disease 51 Fertilizer 31 Bacterial diseases 52 Date and rate of seeding 32 Ergot 53 Growing wheat in the Southwest: Black point 53 Region VI 33 Root and foot rots 53 Dryland culture 33 Interactions of plants and infectious Ratio of straw to grain 34 agents 54 Growing wheat with irrigation water 34 The corrugation method 35 List of references 56 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.—Distribution of the wheat acreage seeded for crop 2 Figure 2.—Adaptation regions for wheat 3 Figure 3.—^Wheat plant heights (left to right) : Tall, medium semidwarf, and midtall. Cut about 2 inches above the surface. About one-tenth actual size. Second from the left is a beardless variety; the others have beards or awns 4 Figure 4.—Average annual precipitation and elevation zones in the Plains States (regions in and IV) 12 Figure 5.—Turkey Hard Red Winter wheat. First growth in the United States in 1874; it was widely cultivated and later used as a parent in the breeding of improved varieties 12 Figure 6.—Approximate safe dates for sowing winter wheat to avoid fall infestation from Hessian fly 19 Figure 7.—Chinch bugs: Egg (upper left), nymphs, and winged adult (lower right). All greatly enlarged.) 44 Figure 8.—Black stem rust of wheat 46 Figure 9.—Loose smut of wheat: Healthy head (left) ; others diseased 46 Figure 10.—Stinking smut : Normal wheat seeds (left) ; smut balls and broken smut balls (right) 48 Figure 11.—Scab on wheat heads: Healthy (left) ; upper half killed (center) ; entire head killed (right) - 49 Figure 12.—Powdery mildew on wheat leaves 50 Figure 13.—Mosaic (soilborne) in wheat: Healthy plant (left) ; mottled and stunted (cen- ter) ; and rosetted (right) 52 Figure 14.—Development of winter wheat (region V), common infection and development times for disease-causing organisms, and infestation by Hessian fly. Broken lines indi- cate periods of slower progress 55 WHEAT IN THE UNITED STATES By L. P. REITZ, staff scientist, National Program Staff, Agricultural Research Service, U,S, Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Md, Wheat is grown commercially in 42 States of Yield per harvested acre—31.5 the Union. In 1978, 58,800,000 acres were The distribution of wheat acreage in the seeded to wheat ; of this, 53,869,000 acres were United States is shown in figure 1. Concen- harvested for grain. The average yield was trated acreages occur in the Ohio Valley, Cen- 31.7 bushels per acre, giving a total crop of tral and Northern Plains, and Pacific North- 1,705,167,000 bushels. A larger acreage was west. The leading States in approximate order harvested in 1974 (64,459,000) yielding 1,793 of acreage seeded are Kansas, North Dakota, million bushels and in 1975 (68,861,000) Oklahoma, Texas, Montana, Nebraska, Colo- yielding 2,138 million bushels (preliminary rado, Washington, South Dakota, Illinois, Mis- government estimates). These were the largest souri, Idaho, Ohio, Indiana. In order of grain national wheat crops ever recorded. The acre production, the States rank approximately as yield was about twice that generally obtained follows: Kansas, North Dakota, Montana, in the period before 1940. The 5-year averages Washington, Oklahoma, Nebraska, South Da- (1968 to 1972) for wheat in the United States kota, Illinois, Texas, Idaho, Missouri, Colorado, were as follows: Ohio, Indiana. These 14 States account for Acreage sown—54,851,000 slightly more than 85 percent of the Nation's Acreage harvested for grain—48,276,000 acreage and production of wheat. Total bushels grain produced—1,510,112,000 USES OF WHEAT Wheat is grown because it is a good cash kinds of breads, cakes, cookies, crackers, break- grain crop. It may be used for grazing live- fast cereals, and macaroni. It is also an ingre- stock, as a hay crop, or seeded to stabilize the dient in chapaties, pancakes, noodles, piecrust, soil and retard erosion. The grain is produced puddings, ice cream cones, pizza, bulgur, and mainly for human food but may be fed success- baby foods. Germ, bran, and malt are special fully to all classes of farm animals. The crop portions of the wheat grain that appear in food fits well in many rotations and can be used as a items. Wheat is used in gravies, sauces, soups, companion crop underseeded to legumes and candies, and beverages. The stalks and heads, grasses. often brightly colored, appear in floral bou- Wheat enters many food preparations. It is quets {22, ch. l).i best known as the principal ingredient in many KINDS OF WHEAT All wheat is not alike. Special uses are rec- The Official Grain Standards of the United ognized for different kinds. The place and the States defines market wheat as the grain of way each kind is grown may be entirely differ- Common wheat, Club wheat, and Durum wheat ent. Marketing practices are influenced also. Wheat can be grouped into kinds in several ^ Italic numbers in parentheses refer to items in List ways. of References, p. 56. AGRICULTURE INFORMATION BULLETIN NO. 386, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE AU WHEAT FIGURE 1.—Distribution of the wheat acreage seeded for crop. which, before the removal of the dockages, con- Wheat common Triticum species by sists of 50 percent or more of one or more of name Large grouping Small grouping these wheats and not more than 10 percent of Common wheat _T. aestivum (L.) T, aestivum L.^ other grains. This definition excludes several Thell. other grains which botanists normally call Club wheat do T, compactum wheat, or Triticum, Taxonomists do not agree Host. about the way diverse forms of Triticwm should Spelt wheat do T, spelta L. be grouped ; hence, several botanical names ap- Poulard wheat T, turgidum (L) T. turgidum L. Thell. pear in reports. To dispense with this matter Durum wheat do T, durum Desf. arbitrarily is impossible, so a list of "correct'' Emmer wheat do T. dicoccon or recognized botanical names are given in next Schrank. column by large and small grouping of forms ^ T. vulgäre Vill has also been used extensively. for the commonly encountered commercial spe- cies. There are about 15 other species. In 1969, Common wheat was grown on 92.1 When the name for the large grouping is percent, or 50,005,500 acres, of the total acre- used and only part of the forms is intended, the age (54,312,000) seeded to wheat in the United name of the subgroup should be inserted or the States.- Club wheat occupied 1.3 percent, or name of the cultivar given, for example: Tri- 705,762 acres, and Durum occupied 6.6 percent, ticum aestivum (L.) Thell. (Club group) 'Omar'. This avoids ambiguity (22, ck. 2), Over ^Data for 1969 were used because these data were the latest available when the study was started. How- 200 varieties (cultivars), each differing by one ever, these data are still valid as the relative acreage or more characteristics, are grown by farmers seeded to each kind of wheat has not changed dras- each year in the United States (23). tically since 1969. WHEAT IN THE UNITED STATES or 3,600,730 acres. Spelt and Emmer were 6.6, respectively.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Colorado Wheat Farmer
    VOL. 55, NO. 3 Summer 2013 Colorado www.coloradowheat.org Wheat Farmer OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE COLORADO WHEAT ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE Stories: Ardent Mills President’s Column Colorado Winter Wheat Harvest Smallest Since ‘06 TYS field days By Steve Beedy In my first Colorado winter wheat president’s column, production in 2013 is projected I would like to at 43,500,000 bushels, down 59 introduce myself. percent from 73,780000 bushels My name is Steve produced last year, and down 60 Beedy, and I was percent from the 10-year average born and raised crop of 71,978,000 bushels. The on a farm north of estimate for the 2013 Colorado Genoa, Colorado. winter wheat crop is based upon The farm I live on was homesteaded by my great- 1,500,000 acres being harvested grandparents in 1894 and I live in the with an average yield of 29.0 house they built in 1900. I graduated bushels per acre. This compares from Colorado State University with 2,170,000 acres harvested (CSU) with a B.S. in Farm/Ranch last year and the 10-year average management. The farm is operated of 2,122,000 acres harvested. An by my parents, Raymond and Gloria, estimated 2,200,000 acres were my brother Gary, my three sons ages planted last fall for harvest in 2013, 13, 25, and 30, and myself. We grow compared with 2,350,000 acres Hard white winter wheat harvest at Anderson Farms near Dailey this July. all dryland crops with no-till and planted for harvest in 2012 and the min-till wheat, corn, and sunflowers 10-year average of 2,395,000 acres and also have a commercial cow/calf operation.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Agricultural Research Update
    2017 Agricultural Research Update NDSU Williston Research Extension Center ************************** MSU Eastern Agricultural Research Center Serving the MonDak Region Regional Report No. 23 – December 2017 Thank you to our 2017 MonDak Ag Showcase and Agricultural Research Update Sponsors Table of Contents Off Station Cooperators 2 Weather Information 3 Spring Wheat 4 Wheat Variety Comparisons 12 Durum 13 Winter Wheat 20 Barley 24 Oats 31 Flax 34 Safflower 36 Sunflower and Carinata 38 Canola 39 Soybean 43 Corn 45 Beans 46 Lentil 48 Field Pea 53 Chickpea 60 Irrigated Alfalfa 63 Dryland Crop Performance Comparisons 64 Horticulture Program 65 Sustainable Agroecosystem for Soil Health in the Northern Great Plains 71 Effects of Cropping Sequence, Ripping, and Manure on Pipeline Reclamation 76 Comparing Tillage Systems 80 Saline Seep Reclamation Research 82 Growth and Yield of No-Till Dryland Spring Wheat in Response to N and S Fertilizations 85 2017 Integrated Pest Management Crop Scouting Results 87 2017 Spring Wheat and Durum Yield and Quality Improved by Micronutrient Zn 89 Effect of Nitrogen and Sulfur on Yield and Quality of Spring Wheat 90 Yield and Quality Responses of Spring Wheat and Durum to Nitrogen Management 91 Improving Yield and Quality of Spring Wheat and Durum by Cropping and Nitrogen Management 93 DON Accumulation in Durum Varieties 95 Effect of Planting Date and Maturity on Durum Yield and Disease 97 Planting Scabby Seed: Effect of DON on Durum Germination, Establishment of Yield 99 Irrigated Durum Fusarium Head Blight
    [Show full text]
  • From Seed to Pasta & Beyond
    Internati onal Conference FROM SEED TO PASTA & BEYOND A SUSTAINABLE DURUM WHEAT CHAIN FOR FOOD SECURITY AND HEALTHY LIVES Bologna, Italy Milan, Italy 31 May - 2 June 2015 3 June 2015 Conference Center EXPO 2015 FlyON Italian Pavillion Invited Speakers & Oral Presentati ons - Abstract - FROM SEED TO PASTA & BEYOND A Sustainable Durum Wheat Chain for Food Security and Healthy Lives INDEX INVITED SPEAKERS & ORAL PRESENTATIONS Abstracts OPENING SESSION Durum wheat breeding: an historical perspecti ve Antonio Blanco - E. Porceddu, University of Bari, Italy Industrial perspecti ves of pasta producti on wheat breeding: an historical perspecti ve Marco Silvestri, Barilla, Italy What kind of pasta for a healthy gut microbiome? Patrizia Brigidi, University of Bologna, Italy Wheat genomics & its applicati ons (Opening keynote lecture) Peter Langridge, University of Adelaide, Australia Session 1. BRIDGING DURUM AND BREAD WHEAT SCIENCE Wheat physiology in a changing climate Matt hew Reynolds, CIMMYT, El Batan, Mexico Genomics platf orms for durum wheat genomics Jorge Dubcovsky, UC Davis, USA Ph1 gene of wheat and its applicati on in durum improvement Kulvinder Gill, Washington State University, USA Improving the health value of durum wheat Domenico Lafi andra, University of Tuscia, Italy Session 2. IMPROVING DURUM PRODUCTIVITY Wheat wild relati ves and their use for the improvement of culti vated wheat Tzion Fahima, University of Haifa, Israel Mapping and cloning valuable QTLs in durum wheat Roberto Tuberosa, University of Bologna, Italy Chromosome
    [Show full text]
  • Ag Horizons Conference & Prairie Grains Conference Details Inside!
    Ag Horizons Conference & Prairie Grains Conference Details Inside! IT TAKES ENDURANCE TO WITHSTAND THE UNEXPECTED You can’t control nature. But you can plant the latest WestBred® Certified Seed varieties, built on years of research and breeding to stand strong against the season’s unknowns. WB9590 • WB9479 TAKE ON THE SEASON AT WestBred.com ® ® Page 2 PrairieWestBred Grains and Design • Nov.-Dec. and WestBred 2018 are registered trademarks of Bayer Group. ©2018 Bayer Group, All Rights Reserved. MWEST-19009_PRAIRIEGRAINS_122018-032019 PUBLISHER Minnesota Association of Wheat Growers 2600 Wheat Drive • Red Lake Falls, MN 56750 218.253.4311 • Email: [email protected] Web: www.smallgrains.org PRAIRIE GRAINS EDITORIAL Minnesota Association of Wheat Growers 2600 Wheat Drive • Red Lake Falls, MN 56750 November / December 2018 | Issue 165 Ph: 218.253.4311 • Fax: 218.253.4320 Email: [email protected] CIRCULATION Minnesota Association of Wheat Growers 2600 Wheat Drive • Red Lake Falls, MN 56750 Ph: 218.253.4311 • Fax: 218.253.4320 Email: [email protected] ADVERTISING SALES CONTENTS Marlene Dufault 2604 Wheat Drive • Red Lake Falls, MN 56750 Ph: 218.253.2074 Email: [email protected] 4 Taming the Bulls and Bears ABOUT PRAIRIE GRAINS Prairie Grains magazine is published seven times annually and delivered free of charge to members of these grower associations, and to spring wheat and 6 Now it the Time to Ask Yourself the Big Question - Why? barley producers in Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota and Montana. To subscribe or change address, please
    [Show full text]
  • Durum Wheat in Canada
    1 SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION OF DURUM WHEAT IN CANADA The purpose of the durum production manual is to promote sustainable production of durum wheat on the Canadian prairies and enable Canada to provide a consistent and increased supply of durum wheat with high quality to international and domestic markets. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction: respecting the consumer and the environment: R.M. DePauw 4 2. Durum production and consumption, a global perspective: E. Sopiwnyk 5 PLANNING 3. Variety selection to meet processing requirements and consumer preferences: R.M. DePauw and Y. Ruan 10 4. Field selection and optimum crop rotation: Y. Gan and B. McConkey 16 5. Planting date and seeding rate to optimize crop inputs: B. Beres and Z. Wang 23 6. Seed treatment to minimize crop losses: B. Beres and Z. Wang 29 7. Fertilizer management of durum wheat: 4Rs to respect the environment: R.H. McKenzie and D. Pauly 32 8. Irrigating durum to minimize damage and achieve optimum returns: R.H. McKenzie and S. Woods 41 9. Smart Farming, Big Data, GPS and precision farming as tools to achieve efficiencies. Integration of all information technologies: Big Data: R.M. DePauw 48 PEST MANAGEMENT 10. Integrated weed management to minimize yield losses: C.M. Geddes, B.D. Tidemann, T. Wolf, and E.N. Johnson 50 11. Disease management to minimize crop losses and maximize quality: R.E. Knox 58 12. Insect pest management to minimize crop losses and maximize quality: H. Catton, T. Wist, and I. Wise 63 HARVESTING TO MARKETING 13. Harvest to minimize losses: R.M.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Paper the Role of Genetic, Agronomic and Environmental
    1 Review Paper 2 The Role of Genetic, Agronomic and Environmental Factors on Grain Protein Content of 3 Tetraploid Wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) 4 5 6 Abstract 7 For commercial production of tetraploid wheat, grain protein content is considered very 8 important. As the grain received great market attention due to protein premium price paid for 9 farmers, mainly above 13% that will give about 12% of protein in the milled semolina. However, 10 this review paper stated that grain protein content of tetraploid wheat is sensitive to environmental 11 conditions pertaining before and during grain filling, crop genetics and cultural practices. This 12 and associated problems universally calls agronomic based alternative solution to ameliorate 13 protein concentration in durum wheat grain. This could be modified through manipulating seeding 14 rates, selection crop varieties, adjusting nitrogen amount and fertilization time and sowing date. 15 The decision of time of nitrogen application however should be made based on the interest of the 16 farmers. If the interest gears towards grain yield, apply nitrogen early in the season and apply the 17 fertilizer later i.e. heading for better protein concentration. 18 Keywords: seeding rate, tillage, nitrogen application, temperature, Genotype, Protein 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1. Introduction 31 The tetraploid or “durum wheat” (Triticum turgidum L.) is the second most important Triticum 32 species being cultivated throughout the world next to bread wheat for human consumption and 33 commercial production as well (Peńa et al., 2002). The commercial value and quality of durum 34 wheat for pasta and macaroni manufacturing is directly related with its grain protein and gluten 35 content.
    [Show full text]
  • RCED-95-28 Wheat Pricing: Information on Transition to New
    United States General Accounting Office GAO Report to Congressional Requesters December 1994 WHEAT PRICING Information on Transition to New Tests for Protein GAO/RCED-95-28 United States General Accounting Office GAO Washington, D.C. 20548 Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division B-258389 December 8, 1994 Congressional Requesters Protein levels in wheat are an important factor in determining hard red spring (HRS) wheat prices, particularly for HRS wheat grown in Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota. Higher protein commands higher prices in the market. Therefore, the accuracy and reliability of protein testing is of primary importance to these areas and to those who buy and sell high-protein wheat. In 1993, concerns were raised that a new technology for estimating the protein levels of wheat—the Near Infrared Transmittance (NIRT) technology—was producing estimates that were lower than those provided by an older technology. This new technology was introduced by the Federal Grain Inspection Service (FGIS)—an agency in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) that provides official inspections of grain. Inspections by laboratories other than those supervised by FGIS are known as unofficial inspections. While official inspections must meet FGIS’ standards and are used for both domestic and export sales, they are generally required for export sales. In contrast, unofficial inspections are not subject to FGIS’ standards. Unofficial inspectors can range from “in-house” graders at grain elevators and processing plants to third-party inspection agencies. Because of the above concerns, you asked us to (1) describe the pricing situation for wheat in 1993, (2) evaluate FGIS’ introduction of the NIRT technology, (3) analyze the economic impact of the NIRT technology on segments of the industry, and (4) describe recent efforts to standardize unofficial protein testing of wheat.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,339,052 B1 Schwartz (45) Date of Patent: May 17, 2016
    US009339052B1 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,339,052 B1 Schwartz (45) Date of Patent: May 17, 2016 (54) PREMIUM PET FOOD AND PROCESS FOR 4,910,038 A * 3/1990 Ducharme .................... 426,641 TS MANUFACTURE 4,997,671 A * 3/1991 Spanier ......................... 426,646 5,558,896 A 9/1996 Kobayashi 6,344,224 B1 2/2002 Bazzaro et al. (75) Inventor: Barry Schwartz, Beverly Hills, CA 6,733,263 B2 5/2004 Pope et al. (US) 6,905,703 B2 * 6/2005 Rothamel et al. ............. 424/439 7,244,460 B2 * 7/2007 Lee et al. ...................... 426,302 (73) Assignee: All-American Pet Company, Inc., 7,250,186 B2 7/2007 Pfaller et al. Beverly Hills, CA (US) 7,585,533 B2 9/2009 Fritz-Jung et al. s 2008.0003270 A1 1, 2008 Martinez (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 2008/0233228 A1 9, 2008 Lindee et al. patent is extended or adjusted under 35 OTHER PUBLICATIONS U.S.C. 154(b) by 839 days. Bonnot webpage (http://www.thebonnotco.com/Extruders), 2012.* (21) Appl. No.: 12/799,067 National Dog Food (http://web.archive.org/web/20051216061857/ http://www.nationaldogfood.com/products.html). 2005.* (22) Filed: Apr. 16, 2010 * cited by examiner (51) Int. Cl. A23K L/00 (2006.01) Primary Examiner — Viren Thakur A23K L/18 (2006.01) Assistant Examiner — Lela S Williams A23K L/10 (2006.01) (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Thomas I. Rozsa (52) U.S. Cl. CPC. A23K I/00 (2013.01); A23K I/I86 (2013.01); (57) ABSTRACT A23K 1/003 (2013.01); A23K 1/1846 (2013.01) The present invention relates to a process of creating semi (58) Field of Classification Search moist pet food, and primarily dog food and dog treats, that is CPC ..
    [Show full text]
  • Enhancing the Quality of U.S. Grain for International Trade
    Enhancing the Quality of U.S. Grain for International Trade February 1989 NTIS order #PB89-187199 ——— Recommended Citation: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Enhancing the Quality of U.S. Grain for International Trade, OTA-F-399 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1989). Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 88-600592 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402-9325 (order form can be found in the back of this report) American agriculture, long the sector of the economy considered the most productive and competitive in the world, began to show signs of declining interna- tional competitiveness in the early 1980s. Many reasons have been given for this, including the problems of the quality of U.S. grain. The quality issue is receiving renewed attention in the current world buyers’ market for grain, Some are con- cerned that as the influence of important economic variables such as the strength of the dollar and the extent of agricultural price support cause U.S. exports to be- come more price-competitive, opportunities to increase exports may be hampered by buyers’ qualms about U.S. grain quality. Complaints of overseas buyers about low-quality U.S. grain receive widespread attention. Buyers protest that they receive dirty, molded, or infested grain, or that characteristics contracted for, such as a certain protein level, were not met. Ex- porters argue that foreign buyers are using quality complaints to bargain for lower prices. Farmers and many Members of Congress point to loss of market share to prove the importance of quality.
    [Show full text]
  • PNW 578-Updated
    PNW 578 Nitrogen Management for Hard Wheat Protein Enhancement Brad Brown, Mal Westcott, Neil Christensen, Bill Pan, Jeff Stark anaging nitrogen (N) to produce both high yields and acceptable protein of Contents M hard winter or spring wheat, especially in Page high rainfall and irrigated systems, has been frus- Key Points .........................................................2 trating for Pacific Northwest (PNW) growers and Wheat Nitrogen Utilization...................................4 those who serve them in an advisory capacity.A N Uptake........................................................4 better understanding of the principles of wheat Yield and Protein Relationships...........................5 nitrogen utilization, the relationships of protein to Satisfying the N Requirements for Yield ..............6 yield and available N, and N management for hard Nitrogen and Wheat Protein ................................6 wheat should enable fieldmen, consultants, advis- Late Season N for Increasing Protein ..................7 Rate and Timing .............................................7 ers, and growers to produce high yields of hard Yield Effects...................................................8 wheat with acceptable protein more consistently. N Use Efficiency .............................................8 Land-grant programs in the Pacific Northwest Application and Irrigation Method ....................8 have conducted considerable research on N man- Planting Dates and Varieties............................9 agement for irrigated
    [Show full text]
  • High-Quality Durum Wheat in North Dakota
    A1825 Field Guide to Sustainable Production of High-quality Durum Wheat in North Dakota North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota May 2017 Introduction ............................................................1 Field Selection and Crop Rotation ...............3 Tillage and Residue Management ................5 Variety Selection ..................................................9 Planting Date and Seeding Rate ................15 Seed Treatment ..................................................17 Fertility Management ......................................19 Weed Management ..........................................25 Disease Management ......................................29 Insect Pest Management ...............................39 Drying and Storage ...........................................49 Authors Joel Ransom, Extension Agronomist Greg Endres, Area Extension Specialist/Cropping Systems Shana Forster, Director, NDSU North Central Research Extension Center Andrew Friskop, Extension Plant Pathologist David Franzen, Extension Soil Science Specialist Richard Zollinger, Extension Weed Specialist Kirk Howatt, Associate Professor, NDSU Plant Sciences Janet Knodel, Extension Entomologist Patrick Beauzay, Extension Entomologist Research Specialist Kenneth Hellevang, Extension Agricultural Engineer Cover photos and pasta photo on page 1: iStock.com urum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum Desf.) is Done of three classes of wheat commonly grown in North Dakota. Durum wheat acreage in North Dakota varies from year to year based on
    [Show full text]
  • Single Kernel Protein Variance Structure in Commercial Wheat Fields in Western Kansas
    Single Kernel Protein Variance Structure in Commercial Wheat Fields in Western Kansas Tod Bramble, Timothy J. Herrman,* Thomas Loughin, and Floyd Dowell ABSTRACT tries has increased the demand for improved wheat This research was undertaken to quantify the structure of protein quality by export customers (Dexter and Preston, 2001). variation in a commercial hard red winter (HRW) wheat (Triticum A key element of the Grain Quality Acts involves aestivum L.) production system. This information will augment our the development of rapid quality detection systems such knowledge and practices of sampling, segregating, marketing, and as the single kernel characterization system (SKCS) and varietal development to improve uniformity and end-use quality of whole kernel NIR technology. Osborne et al. (1997) HRW wheat. The allocation of kernel protein variance to specific evaluated the SKCS 4100 as a means of measuring wheat components in southwestern Kansas was performed by a hierarchical kernel weight, hardness, moisture content, and sample sampling design. Sources of variability included Field, Plot (plots uniformity and found it performed satisfactorily during within a field), Row (rows within a plot), Plant (plants within a row), Head (heads within a plant), Position (spikelets at a specific position harvest in Australia. Baker et al. (1999) developed a on a head), Spikelet (spikelets within a position), and Kernel (kernels wheat segregation strategy to be used at elevators in within a spikelet). Individual kernels (10 152) were collected from 46 which the SKCS and whole grain NIR are used to predict fields planted to one of four cultivars: Jagger, 2137, Ike, or TAM 107. a composite milling and baking yield within 60 s.
    [Show full text]