Mrvr, a Group B Streptococcus Transcription Factor That Controls Multiple Virulence Traits
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Analysis of Gene Expression Data for Gene Ontology
ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION DATA FOR GENE ONTOLOGY BASED PROTEIN FUNCTION PREDICTION A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Robert Daniel Macholan May 2011 ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION DATA FOR GENE ONTOLOGY BASED PROTEIN FUNCTION PREDICTION Robert Daniel Macholan Thesis Approved: Accepted: _______________________________ _______________________________ Advisor Department Chair Dr. Zhong-Hui Duan Dr. Chien-Chung Chan _______________________________ _______________________________ Committee Member Dean of the College Dr. Chien-Chung Chan Dr. Chand K. Midha _______________________________ _______________________________ Committee Member Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Yingcai Xiao Dr. George R. Newkome _______________________________ Date ii ABSTRACT A tremendous increase in genomic data has encouraged biologists to turn to bioinformatics in order to assist in its interpretation and processing. One of the present challenges that need to be overcome in order to understand this data more completely is the development of a reliable method to accurately predict the function of a protein from its genomic information. This study focuses on developing an effective algorithm for protein function prediction. The algorithm is based on proteins that have similar expression patterns. The similarity of the expression data is determined using a novel measure, the slope matrix. The slope matrix introduces a normalized method for the comparison of expression levels throughout a proteome. The algorithm is tested using real microarray gene expression data. Their functions are characterized using gene ontology annotations. The results of the case study indicate the protein function prediction algorithm developed is comparable to the prediction algorithms that are based on the annotations of homologous proteins. -
CYLD Is a Deubiquitinating Enzyme That Negatively Regulates NF-Kb
letters to nature 13. Schwartz, S. et al. Human–mouse alignments with BLASTZ. Genome Res 13, 103–107 (2003). necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs). Loss of the deubiquitinating 14. Schwartz, S. et al. MultiPipMaker and supporting tools: alignments and analysis of multiple genomic activity of CYLD correlates with tumorigenesis. CYLD inhibits DNA sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 3518–3524 (2003). 15.Murphy,W.J.et al. Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics. activation of NF-kB by the TNFR family members CD40, XEDAR Science 294, 2348–2351 (2001). and EDAR in a manner that depends on the deubiquitinating 16. Poux, C., Van Rheede, T., Madsen, O. & de Jong, W. W. Sequence gaps join mice and men: activity of CYLD. Downregulation of CYLD by RNA-mediated phylogenetic evidence from deletions in two proteins. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19, 2035–2037 (2002). 17. Huelsenbeck, J. P., Larget, B. & Swofford, D. A compound Poisson process for relaxing the molecular interference augments both basal and CD40-mediated activation clock. Genetics 154, 1879–1892 (2000). of NF-kB. The inhibition of NF-kBactivationbyCYLDis 18. Cooper, G. M. et al. Quantitative estimates of sequence divergence for comparative analyses of mediated, at least in part, by the deubiquitination and inacti- mammalian genomes. Genome Res. 13, 813–820 (2003). vation of TNFR-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) and, to a lesser 19. Siepel, A. & Haussler, D. Proc. 7th Annual Int. Conf. Research in Computational Molecular Biology (ACM, New York, 2003). extent, TRAF6. These results indicate that CYLD is a negative 20. Hardison, R. C. et al. Covariation in frequencies of substitution, deletion, transposition, and regulator of the cytokine-mediated activation of NF-kB that is recombination during eutherian evolution. -
A Drosophila Ortholog of the Human Cylindromatosis Tumor Suppressor
RESEARCH ARTICLE 2605 Development 134, 2605-2614 (2007) doi:10.1242/dev.02859 A Drosophila ortholog of the human cylindromatosis tumor suppressor gene regulates triglyceride content and antibacterial defense Theodore Tsichritzis1, Peer C. Gaentzsch3, Stylianos Kosmidis2, Anthony E. Brown3, Efthimios M. Skoulakis2, Petros Ligoxygakis3,* and George Mosialos1,4,* The cylindromatosis (CYLD) gene is mutated in human tumors of skin appendages. It encodes a deubiquitylating enzyme (CYLD) that is a negative regulator of the NF-B and JNK signaling pathways, in vitro. However, the tissue-specific function and regulation of CYLD in vivo are poorly understood. We established a genetically tractable animal model to initiate a systematic investigation of these issues by characterizing an ortholog of CYLD in Drosophila. Drosophila CYLD is broadly expressed during development and, in adult animals, is localized in the fat body, ovaries, testes, digestive tract and specific areas of the nervous system. We demonstrate that the protein product of Drosophila CYLD (CYLD), like its mammalian counterpart, is a deubiquitylating enzyme. Impairment of CYLD expression is associated with altered fat body morphology in adult flies, increased triglyceride levels and increased survival under starvation conditions. Furthermore, flies with compromised CYLD expression exhibited reduced resistance to bacterial infections. All mutant phenotypes described were reversible upon conditional expression of CYLD transgenes. Our results implicate CYLD in a broad range of functions associated with fat homeostasis and host defence in Drosophila. KEY WORDS: Cylindromatosis, Drosophila, Fat body, Host defense, NF-kappaB INTRODUCTION disease and it is required for the proper development of T Familial cylindromatosis is an autosomal-dominant predisposition lymphocytes in mice (Costello et al., 2005; Reiley et al., 2006). -
Deubiquitinases in Cancer: New Functions and Therapeutic Options
Oncogene (2012) 31, 2373–2388 & 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0950-9232/12 www.nature.com/onc REVIEW Deubiquitinases in cancer: new functions and therapeutic options JM Fraile1, V Quesada1, D Rodrı´guez, JMP Freije and C Lo´pez-Otı´n Departamento de Bioquı´mica y Biologı´a Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncologı´a, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain Deubiquitinases (DUBs) have fundamental roles in the Hunter, 2010). Consistent with the functional relevance ubiquitin system through their ability to specifically of proteases in these processes, alterations in their deconjugate ubiquitin from targeted proteins. The human structure or in the mechanisms controlling their genome encodes at least 98 DUBs, which can be grouped spatiotemporal expression patterns and activities cause into 6 families, reflecting the need for specificity in diverse pathologies such as arthritis, neurodegenerative their function. The activity of these enzymes affects the alterations, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Accord- turnover rate, activation, recycling and localization ingly, many proteases are an important focus of of multiple proteins, which in turn is essential for attention for the pharmaceutical industry either as drug cell homeostasis, protein stability and a wide range of targets or as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers signaling pathways. Consistent with this, altered DUB (Turk, 2006; Drag and Salvesen, 2010). function has been related to several diseases, including The recent availability of the genome sequence cancer. Thus, multiple DUBs have been classified as of different organisms has facilitated the identification oncogenes or tumor suppressors because of their regula- of their entire protease repertoire, which has been tory functions on the activity of other proteins involved in defined as degradome (Lopez-Otin and Overall, 2002). -
Proteomic Analysis of Thioredoxin-Targeted Proteins in Escherichia Coli
Proteomic analysis of thioredoxin-targeted proteins in Escherichia coli Jaya K. Kumar, Stanley Tabor, and Charles C. Richardson* Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 Contributed by Charles C. Richardson, December 29, 2003 Thioredoxin, a ubiquitous and evolutionarily conserved protein, mod- inactivates the apoptosis signaling kinase-1 (ASK-1) (18). This ulates the structure and activity of proteins involved in a spectrum of mode of regulation is incumbent on stringent protein interac- processes, such as gene expression, apoptosis, and the oxidative tions, because these thioredoxin-linked proteins do not contain stress response. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory cysteines. thioredoxin-linked Escherichia coli proteome by using tandem affinity To identify the regulatory pathways in which thioredoxin partic- purification and nanospray microcapillary tandem mass spectrome- ipates, we have characterized the thioredoxin-associated E. coli try. We have identified a total of 80 proteins associated with thiore- proteome. A genomic tandem affinity purification (TAP) tag (19) doxin, implicating the involvement of thioredoxin in at least 26 was appended to thioredoxin, and proteins associated with TAP- distinct cellular processes that include transcription regulation, cell tagged thioredoxin were identified by MS. division, energy transduction, and several biosynthetic pathways. We also found a number of proteins associated with thioredoxin that Methods either participate directly (SodA, HPI, and AhpC) or have key regula- TAP Tagging of trxA. The DNA sequence encoding the TAP tory functions (Fur and AcnB) in the detoxification of the cell. Tran- cassette from plasmid pFA6a-CTAP (20) was fused to the C scription factors NusG, OmpR, and RcsB, not considered to be under terminus of the sequence encoding thioredoxin in plasmid redox control, are also associated with thioredoxin. -
Global Analysis of Chaperone Effects Using a Reconstituted Cell-Free Translation System
Global analysis of chaperone effects using a reconstituted cell-free translation system Tatsuya Niwaa, Takashi Kanamorib,1, Takuya Uedab,2, and Hideki Taguchia,2 aDepartment of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan; and bDepartment of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan Edited by George H. Lorimer, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, and approved April 19, 2012 (received for review January 25, 2012) Protein folding is often hampered by protein aggregation, which can three chaperone systems are known to act cooperatively: TF and be prevented by a variety of chaperones in the cell. A dataset that DnaK exhibit overlapping cotranslational roles in vivo (13–15). evaluates which chaperones are effective for aggregation-prone Overexpression of DnaK/DnaJ and GroEL/GroES in E. coli proteins would provide an invaluable resource not only for un- rpoH mutant cells, which are deficient in heat-shock proteins, derstanding the roles of chaperones, but also for broader applications prevents aggregation of newly translated proteins (16). GroEL is in protein science and engineering. Therefore, we comprehensively believed to be involved in folding after the polypeptides are re- evaluated the effects of the major Escherichia coli chaperones, trigger leased from the ribosome, although the possible cotranslational factor, DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE, and GroEL/GroES, on ∼800 aggregation- involvement of GroEL has also been reported (17–20). prone cytosolic E. coli proteins, using a reconstituted chaperone-free Over the past two decades many efforts have been focused on translation system. -
Uncovering Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-Like Signaling Networks Alfred C
REVIEW pubs.acs.org/CR Uncovering Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like Signaling Networks Alfred C. O. Vertegaal* Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands CONTENTS 8. Crosstalk between Post-Translational Modifications 7934 1. Introduction 7923 8.1. Crosstalk between Phosphorylation and 1.1. Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like Proteins 7924 Ubiquitylation 7934 1.2. Quantitative Proteomics 7924 8.2. Phosphorylation-Dependent SUMOylation 7935 8.3. Competition between Different Lysine 1.3. Setting the Scenery: Mass Spectrometry Modifications 7935 Based Investigation of Phosphorylation 8.4. Crosstalk between SUMOylation and the and Acetylation 7925 UbiquitinÀProteasome System 7935 2. Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like Protein Purification 9. Conclusions and Future Perspectives 7935 Approaches 7925 Author Information 7935 2.1. Epitope-Tagged Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like Biography 7935 Proteins 7925 Acknowledgment 7936 2.2. Traps Based on Ubiquitin- and Ubiquitin-like References 7936 Binding Domains 7926 2.3. Antibody-Based Purification of Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like Proteins 7926 1. INTRODUCTION 2.4. Challenges and Pitfalls 7926 Proteomes are significantly more complex than genomes 2.5. Summary 7926 and transcriptomes due to protein processing and extensive 3. Ubiquitin Proteomics 7927 post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins. Hundreds ff fi 3.1. Proteomic Studies Employing Tagged of di erent modi cations exist. Release 66 of the RESID database1 (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/RESID/) contains 559 dif- Ubiquitin 7927 ferent modifications, including small chemical modifications 3.2. Ubiquitin Binding Domains 7927 such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and methylation and mod- 3.3. Anti-Ubiquitin Antibodies 7927 ification by small proteins, including ubiquitin and ubiquitin- 3.4. -
XIAO-DISSERTATION-2015.Pdf
CELLULAR AND PROCESS ENGINEERING TO IMPROVE MAMMALIAN MEMBRANE PROTEIN EXPRESSION By Su Xiao A dissertation is submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland May 2015 © 2015 Su Xiao All Rights Reserved Abstract Improving the expression level of recombinant mammalian proteins has been pursued for production of commercial biotherapeutics in industry, as well as for biomedical studies in academia, as an adequate supply of correctly folded proteins is a prerequisite for all structure and function studies. Presented in this dissertation are different strategies to improve protein functional expression level, especially for membrane proteins. The model protein is neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1), a hard-to- express G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). GPCRs are integral membrane proteins playing a central role in cell signaling and are targets for most of the medicines sold worldwide. Obtaining adequate functional GPCRs has been a bottleneck in their structure studies because the expression of these proteins from mammalian cells is very low. The first strategy is the adoption of mammalian inducible expression system. A stable and inducible T-REx-293 cell line overexpressing an engineered rat NTSR1 was constructed. 2.5 million Functional copies of NTSR1 per cell were detected on plasma membrane, which is 167 fold improvement comparing to NTSR1 constitutive expression. The second strategy is production process development including suspension culture adaptation and induction parameter optimization. A further 3.5 fold improvement was achieved and approximately 1 milligram of purified functional NTSR1 per liter suspension culture was obtained. This was comparable yield to the transient baculovirus- insect cell system. -
A Systematic Analysis of Nuclear Heat Shock Protein 90 (Hsp90) Reveals A
Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology und Epigenetics Freiburg im Breisgau A systematic analysis of nuclear Heat Shock Protein 90 (Hsp90) reveals a novel transcriptional regulatory role mediated by its interaction with Host Cell Factor-1 (HCF-1) Inaugural-Dissertation to obtain the Doctoral Degree Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau presented by Aneliya Antonova born in Bulgaria Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany March 2019 Dekanin: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Driever Promotionsvorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Andreas Hiltbrunner Betreuer der Arbeit: Referent: Dr. Ritwick Sawarkar Koreferent: Prof. Dr. Rudolf Grosschedl Drittprüfer: Prof. Dr. Andreas Hecht Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: 27.05.2019 ii AFFIDAVIT I herewith declare that I have prepared the present work without any unallowed help from third parties and without the use of any aids beyond those given. All data and concepts taken either directly or indirectly from other sources are so indicated along with a notation of the source. In particular I have not made use of any paid assistance from exchange or consulting services (doctoral degree advisors or other persons). No one has received remuneration from me either directly or indirectly for work which is related to the content of the present dissertation. The work has not been submitted in this country or abroad to any other examination board in this or similar form. The provisions of the doctoral degree examination procedure of the faculty of Biology of the University of Freiburg are known to me. In particular I am aware that before the awarding of the final doctoral degree I am not entitled to use the title of Dr. -
(51) International Patent Classification: Declarations Under Rule 4.17
l ( (51) International Patent Classification: Declarations under Rule 4.17: A61K 31/55 (2006.01) A61K 45/06 (2006.01) — as to applicant's entitlement to apply for and be granted a A61K 39/00 (2006.01) A61P 35/00 (2006.01) patent (Rule 4.17(H)) (21) International Application Number: — as to the applicant's entitlement to claim the priority of the PCT/IB20 19/057 160 earlier application (Rule 4.17(iii)) (22) International Filing Date: Published: 26 August 2019 (26.08.2019) — with international search report (Art. 21(3)) — before the expiration of the time limit for amending the (25) Filing Language: English claims and to be republished in the event of receipt of (26) Publication Language: English amendments (Rule 48.2(h)) — in black and white; the international application as filed (30) Priority Data: contained color or greyscale and is available for download 62/724,190 29 August 2018 (29.08.2018) US from PATENTSCOPE 62/837,346 23 April 2019 (23.04.2019) US (71) Applicant: GLAXOSMITHKLINE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT LIMITED [GB/GB]; 980 Great West Road, Brentford, Middlesex TW8 9GS (GB). (72) Inventors: ANBARI, Jill Marinis; 1250 South Col- legeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426 (US). REILLY, Michael; 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426 (US). MAHAJAN, Mukesh K.; 1250 South Col¬ legeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426 (US). RATHI, Chetan; 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426 (US). (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of national protection available) : AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DJ, DK, DM, DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JO, JP, KE, KG, KH, KN, KP, KR, KW, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. -
Supplementary Table S4. FGA Co-Expressed Gene List in LUAD
Supplementary Table S4. FGA co-expressed gene list in LUAD tumors Symbol R Locus Description FGG 0.919 4q28 fibrinogen gamma chain FGL1 0.635 8p22 fibrinogen-like 1 SLC7A2 0.536 8p22 solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 2 DUSP4 0.521 8p12-p11 dual specificity phosphatase 4 HAL 0.51 12q22-q24.1histidine ammonia-lyase PDE4D 0.499 5q12 phosphodiesterase 4D, cAMP-specific FURIN 0.497 15q26.1 furin (paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme) CPS1 0.49 2q35 carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1, mitochondrial TESC 0.478 12q24.22 tescalcin INHA 0.465 2q35 inhibin, alpha S100P 0.461 4p16 S100 calcium binding protein P VPS37A 0.447 8p22 vacuolar protein sorting 37 homolog A (S. cerevisiae) SLC16A14 0.447 2q36.3 solute carrier family 16, member 14 PPARGC1A 0.443 4p15.1 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 alpha SIK1 0.435 21q22.3 salt-inducible kinase 1 IRS2 0.434 13q34 insulin receptor substrate 2 RND1 0.433 12q12 Rho family GTPase 1 HGD 0.433 3q13.33 homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase PTP4A1 0.432 6q12 protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA, member 1 C8orf4 0.428 8p11.2 chromosome 8 open reading frame 4 DDC 0.427 7p12.2 dopa decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase) TACC2 0.427 10q26 transforming, acidic coiled-coil containing protein 2 MUC13 0.422 3q21.2 mucin 13, cell surface associated C5 0.412 9q33-q34 complement component 5 NR4A2 0.412 2q22-q23 nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 2 EYS 0.411 6q12 eyes shut homolog (Drosophila) GPX2 0.406 14q24.1 glutathione peroxidase -
Exploring Intrinsically Disordered Proteins in Chlamydomonas
www.nature.com/scientificreports Correction: Author Correction OPEN Exploring intrinsically disordered proteins in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Received: 4 January 2018 Yizhi Zhang1, Hélène Launay 1, Antoine Schramm2, Régine Lebrun3 & Brigitte Gontero 1 Accepted: 26 March 2018 The content of intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) is related to organism complexity, evolution, and Published: xx xx xxxx regulation. In the Plantae, despite their high complexity, experimental investigation of IDP content is lacking. We identifed by mass spectrometry 682 heat-resistant proteins from the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Using a phosphoproteome database, we found that 331 of these proteins are targets of phosphorylation. We analyzed the fexibility propensity of the heat-resistant proteins and their specifc features as well as those of predicted IDPs from the same organism. Their mean percentage of disorder was about 20%. Most of the IDPs (~70%) were addressed to other compartments than mitochondrion and chloroplast. Their amino acid composition was biased compared to other classic IDPs. Their molecular functions were diverse; the predominant ones were nucleic acid binding and unfolded protein binding and the less abundant one was catalytic activity. The most represented proteins were ribosomal proteins, proteins associated to fagella, chaperones and histones. We also found CP12, the only experimental IDP from C. reinhardtii that is referenced in disordered protein database. This is the frst experimental investigation of IDPs in C. reinhardtii that also combines in silico analysis. Some biologically active proteins have no well-defned tertiary structure in their native state and are known as intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) while other proteins possess structural elements with some disordered (fexible) regions (IDRs)1–3.