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IJ.S. Rif Oftorno1o,R TJ S.EP.PRTL1TT OF L2I CULTT.JE M2JUL-OF BRDEETLE COL'TTIWL I ii: I rmE PORESTS I I 1 F. P.K E E N I ssocictCtoo10-it IJ.S.rif oftorno1o,r I I March, 1927 I MA'TUAL OF BARTLE CONTROL I in PIE I Contents I Page TRODt3OTION - - - - - - 1 .7hat Forest. Insects Do 2 Classes f Infestation I &idemjc Infestation Epidemic Infestation What Trees Are Affected. Distjngujshjn' the Infested Trees-- - Important Barkoringiemies of Commercial Western Pines- - - - 6 Recogijzin,the Important Western Tree-Killing Beetles- - - - 8 Western Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis Lec.)- - - - 9 Mountain P14e Beetle (Dend.roctonus monticolac Hopk.)- - - - 9 Black lUlls Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosac Hopk.)- - -- 10 I Jeffrey Pine Beetle (Dendroc-tonus jeffreyi Hopk.) 10 graver Beetles (Ips app.) 10 Pine Flatheaded. Borers (Melanophila spp.) 10 Rccoiizing an Increase in Infestation 11 I PPVTI OF BftR3TLE IDTI Cs 11 I DETECTION OF BAREwI EPIDCS 12 The Preliminary Reconnaissance Estimatjn the Barkbeetle Damage - 13 I Rcportjn the Barkbeotle Conditions 14 The Estimation Survey - - Topographic Vicv:1ni 14 Sample Strip Counting 15 I Sample Plot Marking - -16 Strip Cruise 17 Topaphjc Craisin 18 I Circular Acre 19 Size of Cray; for Survey 7ork- - - 19 Acracy of Survey Dta 20 I Compilation of 5.e1d Notes 21 Preparationf Reports 22 SUPPRESSION OF BARKBTLE EPIDCS 22 I What Arc the Chances of Succcs 22 Then Are Direct Suppression MethodsWarranted? 24 Suppression Methods 25 I Control Through Logging Through Burning Slabs 26 Through Submerging the Logs -26 I Through Removing Infested Materiala Siifficiit Distance- - 27 I I I The BarkLuinjng L:ethod. 27 Consists of- - -- 27 I Applicable to 27 Details of the Method. 23 Pellin 1 Limb in 26 - ,,?iliig 28 Peelin" 29 I Brush DisDosal, Burning 29 Size of Treating Crew z) Effectiveness of the Metlp& 31 I Rate of Treating 31 The Peeling Method. 32 Applicob1e to I Consists of- - - -32 Details of the Method. - - 32 Felling -32 I jm'in: 32 Pee1in- -32 Brush Disposal 33 1 Size of Treatin' Crew .tffectiveness - - - 3 Rate oTreatin' -----33 Peeling d..Sreading of Bark 34 I The Solar Heat Method 34 Applicable to 34 Consists of 35 I Trap Trees 35 Spotting - - -36 Topographic Spotting I Strip Spotting 36 Size of Spotting Crew 37 Selecting the Trees to be Treated 33 Marking the Infested Trees-- -. - 39 I Rate of Spotting 39 Working Seasons 40 Cost of Suppression Work 43 THE ORG-ANIZATION OF A PROJECT 44 Camp Qrganizat ion -45 Size of Camps 45 Location of Camps 46 Equipping of Camps 47 General Camp Equipment -47 Spotters' Equipment 48 'Treating Crew Equipment 49 Camp Personnel 50 Wages 52 Subsistence - 52 Trcnsprtat in 53 3rrniicat i n 53 Some Athr.inistrative Suggestions 54 e I Records 1 Trcatjn Records 55 Tree Data Card. 55 55 Spottin3ndTreating Lists- I Compa3sr1a1' sPlats 56 56 AdministrativeProdi.ctjon Reco Ci'etr or Caap rds------------------- 1 Production. Rocord.. 56 Weeklr Prores Report -- - Pioress Iap 57 Cost ecords 57 Volirnë and BarkSurface Tables- 57 I 58 APPENDIX Chart I. Rateof Spottjn 2. Qen Seasonsfor Barkbeet1Cj.tro.i I Table 1. Môasu.romaits forConstri.ctjoof-Biltmore Rule I Total Bark Surface 3rk for Iac1Djaetor and Iloijit Surface byMiddle 1)i.einott..andLo.Lenths Comparative Costsof Si.ivey Mtho I : tome Smp1eSur'reys. Snotrin-' Jtccuracr and Co5t 6:Comarat1ve Costs .of. 7. Control Methods Atual Cost of SomeTypical Control Projts I (a) Tlesternpine eet1ein 7e stem yellàrpine (D}3lack Hills beetlein uIestrn yello7Jjne (c Mountain pine beetii in lod:opolc pine (.) Mountainpine betlin sugar pine I Eq.uiprnent Lists Subsistence Sup-lyLists Sanplo Forms I SpI ReportOutlines Reorj Preliminary Reconnaissanceof Infested Forest Areas I Annual Forest InsectReport Reports of Baritheetle Infested Areas Estimation Survcdñd&ei1ination of 1 - tbscjucntReports on Examiaation of Infested Areas U I 1Yorkin P1n'for B.rkbeet1eControl Projects Reports ofSeasonal Work ofControl Projects Reports oiReu1t,s of Contr)l Projects Sample CruisthForms 1. Spottf Record 2. SectIon Plat 3. TôvinshjPlat Sample CbntrolForms Proc Data Cards TreatinG Redord - 3. Treating Plat 4. Daily ProgressReport 5. Weekly Prooss.Report I I MUAL OF BJIBI3TLE CONThQL IN ISti PIIE FORESTS Introd.uct ion In the last few years the aestction of a la±ge vo1ime of timber through the agency of barkbeetles has forcibly brought home to foresters and timber owners the reallzation that insects - are One- of the very serious enemies of pine forests. As-a rciixlt, more and more attention is being given to the prevention dcontrcl Off forest inseót losses.Since 1905, when the. fir't cOntrol .work-,was-conducted against the Black Hills beetle in South Dakota, a large nuber of projects directed toward the control of western barkbeot1cshave -beei1 carried on. In the last few years the sizedumbe± of such projéts have notably increased, and. each:-decdO witnesses tei -expetditures. in this work. On. cccountof the inportnce of the prbbl.e, and. in view of -the jroablyeater expenditures in the ra-tue,there is distinct need for a sumrcation of past experiences in ordr that the mistakes that have been made tháy in the future be aoidd and the most efficient methods of tothy irnprove The purpose of this.manual, therefore, is to summarize the present information on brkbeetle control, in ordtoasist the foresters and timber owners in their fight ag.inst these pests. Its field is limited to the problems as they existinthe virgin pine forests of the wostrn United States and. to the control of barkbee-tles ircbrrnecjal tjmber'standb.The protection cf indi- vidual trees around s-ui rner homes±'in rocreationrl areas is not considered, since this proolus a specialized. one, rsqnring entirely different methods of trthiën. 1- - Basis The information containd in this manual is based upon the exDerienc. received in "the school of, hard: mocks" by the men of the Forest Service, timber protective agencies, and the Bureau ofitomolor in the conduct of.bakbeetlcontrol projects in- volving the treatment of over a hidred million board feet of' jn_ fested timber, at a cost of nearly half a million dollars. -1- I Besid.e the writer's own experihec in d.irecting the wcrk of the Southern Oregon-Ncrthern California Project from 1922 to 125 arid, the treatment of nearly fifty million feet of infested. timber with an expenditure of l5ODGO, and the Kaibab Control Project during 1924 and. 1925with an expenditure of over %C.,000, he has. had. access to the reports of other workers in the Th.ireau of Entomology and. the Forest Service, covering a large number of cther projects in different parts of the Vest that have been car- ried. on during the past twenty years and. previous to 1926. At the I present time, probably the largest control project ever undertaken is under way in the Big Hole Basin of western Montana, directed. toward the control of a mountain pine beetle invasion of the lodge- I pole stands lying along the Continental Divide. This work isUn- der the supervision of Mr. JO. Evend.en, and. undoubtedly some im- proveents in our present methods will be c.eveloped. during the I progress of this work.. Published information dealing with this subject is very limited.While there are a great nuxber of books, bulletins, pa- I pers and articles that touch upon the forest insect problems of the western United States, very few of these go into the practical de- tails of carrying on control work. Dr. Hopkins' bulletin on "The I Barkbeetles of the genus Dendroctonus" (Bu1.83,US.D.A.,Bur.Ent.) covers the methods in a general way. A mimeographed co.trolT manual prepared in ll4 by Mr. Ralph Hopping.'or i..se in District 5, U.S. I Forest Service, was the first detailed. treatise on the practical application of barkbeetle control m;ures, and was freely con- sulted in the preparation of the present work. I What Forest Insects Do Forest insects are one of the destructive agencies that I are continually at work in every forest. Some of them act 'as scavengers to destroy old, weak and useless trees and make room for new ones. Put others do much more than this, killing the I healthy and strong and, from men's standpoint, the most valuable part of the timber stand, viz., the mature trees with their large volume of high-quality timber. I Contrary to popular opinion, the destruction of forest trees by insects is not of recent origin. AJ.1 the species of im- portance in our viestern forests are indigenous to this country and. I have been present in our forests for yn.riy ages. Recently a flat- headed borer was found in a redwood.. tree where it had attacked. a fire scar, been imbedded. in the pitch and then covered. by twelve I hundred years of ring growth. The same species is found. attacking redwood today. I -2- I I I Clasoos of Infestatj-r Tho to iotation, the rassjve ressive, 1a7o beentoroa royoctive2y and tho a- "epi'ic-dc infestrition". "end.c.jc iifestationtand I n1ec In the areatE,the 1SS I the EJow of wester-n Pine tiberthrough ut contininus -rrk'f i:1soctthrin'onde-ijc ccnditjc5 of infetatin ircator than that perlo:UcaI ei.1e:ric. cascci by the torespectaruJ.ar tion ac'nts t The yearly t.lifrc. this te ofieta- I fro.3% to ..5%f the stand, asco :are.I with an averae annual fire Jossof fr. .1% to..2%of the stand. I tal of such loserims intoiflioris of feet. The t- Hc'ever, we findthat very frequently insects, diseaseand fire are the lOsses fro: estrowth; an-i d nt more than covor bthe ncral for- co-ital.
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