UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DOS VALES DO JEQUITINHONHA E MUCURI Programa De Pós Graduação Em Ciência Florestal

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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DOS VALES DO JEQUITINHONHA E MUCURI Programa De Pós Graduação Em Ciência Florestal UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DOS VALES DO JEQUITINHONHA E MUCURI Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência Florestal Any Caroliny Pinto Rodrigues PERFIL DE EXPRESSÃO GÊNICA EM HÍBRIDOS DE Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla AFETADOS PELO DISTÚRBIO FISIOLÓGICO DO EUCALIPTO (DFE) Diamantina 2020 Any Caroliny Pinto Rodrigues PERFIL DE EXPRESSÃO GÊNICA EM HÍBRIDOS DE Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla AFETADOS PELO DISTÚRBIO FISIOLÓGICO DO EUCALIPTO (DFE) Tese apresentada à Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência Florestal, área de concentração em Recursos Florestais, para obtenção do título de “Doutor”. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcelo Luiz de Laia Diamantina 2020 Aos meus pais e ao meu irmão por tudo que representam em minha vida e, de maneira mais especial, pelos últimos meses! Dedico com amor e gratidão! AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a Deus por ter sempre iluminado e guiado o meu caminho, por ter me dado fé e coragem para seguir a caminhada. Aos meus pais, Marly e Joaquim, os grandes mestres da minha vida! Agradeço o amor, apoio, incentivo e confiança incondicionais. Ao meu irmão, Thiago, que é o meu companheiro, cúmplice e melhor amigo. Agradeço por tornar sempre os meus dias mais alegres e por ter sido força quando eu mais precisei. À minha cunhada, por todo o suporte, força, ajuda e carinho que foram essenciais. A toda a minha família, em especial meus tios Marley, Flávio, Jorge e Mara, que são minha grande fonte de inspiração. A meus eternos amigos Laís (Grazy) e Luiz Paulo (Peré) que foram e são verdadeiros anjos em minha vida. À Ana pelo laço de amizade sinceiro e verdadeiro que construímos nesta caminhada. Ao professor Marcelo Luiz de Laia pela oportunidade de realizar o mestrado e doutorado, pela confiança, orientação, incentivo, paciência e pelos valiosos ensinamentos. À banca examinadora, Janaína Fernandes Gonçalves, Karina Carnielli Zamprogno, Rodrigo Neves Graça, Helton Maycon Lourenço e Edival Angelo Zauza, pela efetiva contribuição ao trabalho. À toda equipe do Laboratório de Genética e Biotecnologia Florestal, especial ao Tarcísio, Tamira, Renata e Farley pela significativa contribuição durante o desenvolvimento da pesquisa. À empresa VERACEL pelo apoio, fomento e colaboração com a pesquisa. À Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM) pelo suporte financeiro e possibilidade de realização desta pesquisa. Ao Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência Florestal pela oportunidade de trabalho. A todos os professores e funcionários da Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri por toda assistência, ensinamentos e aprendizado. A todos os amigos e colegas que fiz em Diamantina pelos eternos laços de amizade e pelos maravilhosos momentos vividos. À bela Diamantina, por me acolher tão bem durante todos esses anos, meus sinceros agradecimentos! Aos essenciais e antigos e eternos amigos por estarem sempre comigo, mesmo existindo a distância. E, por fim, a todos que de alguma maneira contribuíram para a concretização deste trabalho. Minha eterna gratidão! RESUMO No início dos anos 2000 o Distúrbio Fisiológico do Eucalipto (DFE) passou a ser relatado como o principal responsável pela redução da produtividade em plantios comerciais de eucalipto localizados nos litorais do Espírito Santo e da Bahia. Os sintomas causados por essa desordem fisiológica incluem perda da dominância apical, trincamento de casca e emissão de brotações adventícias ao longo do tronco, comprometendo o crescimento e a produtividade, podendo levar a morte de genótipos muito suscetíveis. A hipótese prevalente é de que o DFE é causado por fatores abióticos e que o padrão de expressão de genes implicados em vias metabólicas seja responsável pela resposta de resistência ou suscetibilidade. Patra tanto, analisou-se o padrão de expressão gênica total em folhas de plantas com sintomas e em plantas sem sintomas de três clones de eucalipto. A tecnologia utilizada para detectar e quantificar os transcritos foi RNA-Seq na plataforma Illumina HiSeq 4000 paired-end. O sequenciamento resultou em 14,00 G de bases brutas, 13,60 G de bases limpas que compreendem 46,3 milhões de sequências brutas e 45,4 milhões de sequências limpas. Após o processo de mapeamento dos reads no genoma do eucalipto, pode-se observar que a porcentagem de mapeamento foi maior que 95%. Uma análise mais refinada do processo de mapeamento mostra que acima de 50% dos reads mapeados ocorreram em regiões anotadas, em torno de 6 a 7% não foram mapeados, entre 6 e 8% foram alinhados em múltiplos locais, 4% foram alinhados em região não anotada e 30%, aproximadamente, foram ambíguos, impedindo o correto alinhamento. Foram obtidos 2.819 exons diferencialmente expressos (DEG) entre plantas com sintomas e plantas sem sintomas. Desse total, 1.265 (44,87%) foram induzidos e 1.554 (55,13%) foram reprimidos nas plantas com sintomas de DFE. A classificação desses exons quanto a possíveis funções. Assim, 1.064 exons diferencialmente expressos possuem similaridade com genes catalogados no NCBI. Alguns desses DEG compõem vias bioquímicas/metabólicas/biossíntese implicadas com estresse abiótico. Esses dados estão descritos e serão relacionados com a literatura disponível. Palavras-Chave: Expressão Gênica; Distúrbio Fisiológico do Eucalipto (DFE); Doença Abiótica; Genômica Florestal; RNA-Seq; Estresse Abiótico. ABSTRACT In the early 2000s, the Physiological Disturbance of the Eucalyptus (DFE) started to be reported as the main responsible for the reduction of productivity in commercial eucalyptus plantations located on the coast of Espírito Santo and Bahia. Symptoms caused by this physiological disorder include loss of apical dominance, cracking of the bark and the emission of adventitious shoots along the trunk, compromising growth and productivity, which can lead to the death of very susceptible genotypes. The prevailing hypothesis is that DFE is caused by abiotic factors and that the pattern of expression of genes involved in metabolic pathways is responsible for the response of resistance or susceptibility. So much, the pattern of total gene expression was analyzed in leaves of plants with symptoms and in plants without symptoms of three clones of eucalyptus. The technology used to detect and quantify the transcripts was RNA-Seq on the Illumina HiSeq 4000 paired-end platform. The sequencing resulted in 14.00 G of crude bases, 13.60 G of crude bases that comprise 46.3 million crude strings and 45.4 million of clean strings. After the reading mapping process in the eucalyptus genome, it can be seen that the mapping percentage was greater than 95%. A more refined analysis of the mapping process shows that over 50% of the mapped reads occurred in annotated regions, around 6 to 7% were not mapped, between 6 and 8% were aligned in multiple locations, 4% were aligned in the region not noted and approximately 30% were ambiguous, preventing correct alignment. 2,819 differentially expressed exons (DEG) were obtained between plants with symptoms and plants without symptoms. Of this total, 1,265 (44.87%) were induced and 1,554 (55.13%) were suppressed in plants with symptoms of DFE. The classification of these exons for possible functions. Thus, 1,064 differentially expressed exons have similarity with genes cataloged in the NCBI. Some of these DEGs comprise biochemical / metabolic / biosynthesis pathways involved with abiotic stress. These data are described and will be related to the available literature. Keywords: Gene Expression; Eucalyptus Physiological Disorder (DFE); Abiotic disease; Forest Genomics; RNA-Seq; Abiotic Stress. SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO GERAL ................................................................................................... 11 2 HIPÓTESE ........................................................................................................................ 12 3 OBJETIVOS ...................................................................................................................... 12 4 REVISÃO DE LITERATURA .......................................................................................... 13 4.1 Florestas plantadas e o eucalipto ........................................................................... 13 4.2 Caracterização do Problema: Distúrbio Fisiológico do Eucalipto (DFE) ............. 15 4.3 Respostas moleculares de plantas aos estresses abióticos ..................................... 18 4.4 Sequenciamento do Transcritoma: RNA-seq e as Novas Tecnologias de Sequenciamento ............................................................................................................... 22 4.5 Plataforma de Sequenciamento Illumina HiSeq 4000 ........................................... 30 5 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS ............................................................................................... 32 5.1 Material vegetal ..................................................................................................... 32 5.2 Extração de RNA Total ......................................................................................... 38 5.3 Sequenciamento do RNA ...................................................................................... 44 5.4 Análise dos resultados do sequenciamento ........................................................... 44 6 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO ....................................................................................... 47 6.1 Qualidade do material genético extraído ..............................................................
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