Yes for the Yugosphere, No for Yugoslavia a Case

CEU eTD Collection

A CASE STUDY OF DOMESTIC MUSIC AND IDENTITY IN IDENTITY AND MUSIC DOMESTIC OF STUDY A CASE YES FOR THE YUGOSPHERE THE YES FOR Infulfillment of the partial Advisor: Professor Pogonyi Szabolcs SERBIA AND CROATIA AND SERBIA Nationalism Studies Program CentralEuropeanUniversity Budapest, Hungary MastersArts of Enikő Farkas Submitted to 2014

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ABSTRACT i

e aim of transmitting Yugoslavism. Young Young Yugoslavism. transmitting of aim e

ed with Yugonostalgia. However, However, Yugonostalgia. with ed Serbia and Croatia. Croatia. and Serbia - CEU eTD Collection Nationali the inspiration.havemy of been staff and faculty the supervisor, mythat they thank colleagues wouldlike to my I help also and support. for Studies their to Program you thank say to like would I

A CKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

sm sm CEU eTD Collection 3 THEEMPIRICALRESEARCH 2 APPROACHINGIDENTITY AND MUSIC 1 INTRODUCTION TABLEOF CONTENTS 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY 6 APPENDIX 2 5 APPENDIX 1 4 CONCLUSIONS 3.2 Linguistic identity 3.2 Linguistic linguisticlanguage,music’3.1 A ‘Our our community: 2.3 Methodology 2.2 Hypotheses 2.1 Research question note1.5 Aidentity on inmusicidentity1.4 Popularnational and Croati inmusicidentity1.3 Popularnational and Serbia music1.2 Popularin Yugoslavia 1.1 3.7 A regional supranational identity: the Yugoslav identity3.7 AYugoslavidentity: regional the supranational 3.6 Yugonostalgia 3.5 The Yugosphere concept not3.4 Theislanguage when exception: enough 3.3 Musiclanguage and 2.3.5. Research limits2.3.5. Research 2.3.4. Stages of analysis 2.3.3. Theinterviews structure of 2.3.2. The sample group2.3.1. Methodologicalfocusinterviewsintroduction to Popularidentity national culture and

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made, native) music in Serbia and Croatia, and this definition’s implications thisdefinition’s and Croatia, and in Serbia music native)made, with the definition of domestic (in Serbian and Croatian: domaća Croatian: and Serbian (in domestic of definition the with former 3

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Music and Politics and Music Streetalso National Identity, Popular Culture and Everyday Life Everyday and Culture Popular Identity, National Banal Nationalism Banal habitus

argues that a certain area of popular culture, music, is inseparable frominseparablemusic, is culture, of popular certain area a that argues . Billig argues that nationalism cannot only take the form of social social of form the take only cannot nationalism that argues Billig . . John Wiley & Sons, 2 Sons, . Wiley & John

. London: Sage Publications Ltd, 1995. Publications Sage London: 6

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mited because they have boundaries which also mark the beginning of other nations, and and nations, other of beginning the mark also which boundaries have they because mited Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger. Ranger. Terence and Hobsbawm Eric

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The Invention of Tradition Invention The - called Yugosphere is, as Judah argues, Judah as is, Yugosphere called - capitalism and the development of technologies technologies of development the and capitalism 6

te rgn n Sra f Nationalism of Spread and Origin the n . Cambridge University Press, 2012. Press, University . Cambridge continuity is usually artificial usuallyis continuity singer Severina or the Exit Exit the or Severina singer former 10

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Baker, 2006 Baker, “The Baker. Catherine In musical figures. of the perception the on largely based varied of refusal degree The p.240. 2006, Lindstrom, in nostalgia reflective and Restorative "Yugonostalgia: Lindstrom. Nicole 2009 Judah, Tihomir Loza. “Yugoslavia: Rising from the Ashes.” Ashes.” the from Rising “Yugoslavia: Loza. Tihomir

Yugoslav states, regardless of their nationalregardlessYugoslav belonging. their states, of former

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Andrew Dean Vuletić, 2007., p.85. 2007., Vuletić, oy rhr Wsen esen n mdr: akn pop Balkan modern: and eastern Western, Archer. Rory rld War, political themes were encouraged in the music industry by the Yugoslav state. state. Yugoslav the by industry music the in encouraged were themes political War, rld Popular music in YugoslaviaPopularmusicin Vuletić 1989: Young People and Social Change After the Fall of the Berlin Wall Berlin of the Fall After the Change Social and People Young 1989:

Wachtel - . Chapter 8. The socialist star: Yugoslavia, Cold War politics and the Eurovision Song Contest. InContest. Song Eurovision the and Coldpolitics War Yugoslavia, star: socialist 8. The Chapter . uolv iaie comm ‘imagined Yugoslav gate, 832007., gate, - ethnic audience, also hosting ethnic per also audience, .

Making a nation, breaking a nation. Literature and cultural politics in Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia. in politics cultural and Literature nation. a breaking nation, a Making

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was was CEU eTD Collection of Slobodan Milošević. This was a logical step towards further strengthening their power as as power their strengthening further towards step logical a was This Milošević. Slobodan of regime the were destroyed by alternatives cultural all other while stations radio television and audienc largest the with genre the had become Neofolk instrumentalized. and popularized were cultures marginal and marginalized were era prewar the of cultures popular argues, Gordy as Serbia, in 1990s the during Then, 1.3 towardsregime. the orientation their indicated also which music, neofolk preferred generally youth rural The centers. urban the to limited largely was popularity rock’s Yugo However, copies. 500,000 o some when 1980s the was music rock of era This over. himhis them politics. praised and balladsin even rock the andstrategy 1960s off paid win could he toleration, by that hoped but musicians and music rock of Tito realize ZagrebSarajevo, alsoLjubljana, and Skopje. but and Belgrade, the especially Federation, of republics the the of capitals Yugo were centers rock of 24 23 108 1999., Press, University State Pennsylvania The Park: 22 p.111. 1994., ed. P., 21 between continuity artificialthem. up built and battle, Kosovo the of heroes to leaders current the comparedneofolk Agitpropwell. lyricsas theirthrough willingly this expressed andthey neofolk. was genre favored whose population rural the among was base biggest their whereas politics, their of weauthoritiesthe

Ibid, 112. Ibid, 103 Ibid, D Eric Sabrina P.Ramet. P.Ramet. Sabrina Popular 24 okn te tt: ok ui ad oiis n atr Erp ad Russia and Europe Eastern in Politics and Music Rock State: the Rocking

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Craig Calhoun. Calhoun. Craig p.38. 1995, Billig, 1989. In Wesley, Rading: Addison E. J. Mindfulness. Langer, E Fox. Jon ’identity.’” „Beyond 2000. Cooper. Frederic and Brubaker Rogers ahrn Bak Catherine ahrn Bkr 20. Te ocp o Trook n rai: nlso/xlso i te osrcin of Construction the in Inclusion/exclusion Croatia: in Turbofolk of Concept “The 2007. Baker. Catherine et hne ubfl rpeet eeyhn ta i te ‘Other.’ the is that everything represents turbofolk hence ient; A note onA note identity environment, that they operate mindlessly, rather than mindfully. than rather mindlessly, operate they that environment, nationhood. reminders ‘flag,’ …[T]hese or remind, constantly which life, of routines in embedded is identity] [national Nationalities Papers Nationalities and Cynthia Miller Cynthia and 43 er. “When Seve Met Bregović: Folklore, Turbofolk and the Boundaries of Croatian Musical Musical Croatian of Boundaries the and Turbofolk Folklore, Bregović: Met Seve “When er. Nationalism

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, or ‘flaggings,’ are so numerous and they are such a familiar part of the social social of the part a familiar are such they and numerous are so , or ‘flaggings,’

. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. Press, of Minnesota University MN: . Minneapolis,

36, no. 4 (2008): 741 (2008): 36,4 no. aini Frain Icuinad xlso i eta ad atr Europe Eastern and Central in Exclusion and Inclusion Formation: in Nation - Idriss. 2008. „Everyday nationhood.” nationhood.” „Everyday 2008. Idriss.

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Billig, 1995, p.38 1995, Billig, Thomas t Were “Who Hodson. Randy and Massey, Garth Sekulic, Dusko Vesna nal identities and the Yugoslav supranational identity. National identity is ‘in established is established ‘in identity. identity National Yugoslav supranational theidentitiesnal and former

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Yugoslav Territory: A Historical Perspective on on Perspective Historical A Territory: Yugoslav

4, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 409 1, 1998): (July 34, no. he Yugoslavs? Failed Sources of a Common a of Sources Failed Yugoslavs? he reneurs. Journal of European Public Poli Public European of Journal concentrate the analysis part, I part, analysis the chapter, following the In ces. 59, no. 1 (February 1994): 83. 83. 1994): (February 1 no. 59, 44 - up of Yugoslavia can be be can Yugoslavia of up

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whom it is it whom CEU eTD Collection public discourses on Austrian national identity and praise the method because they were ‘able were ‘able they method because the andidentity praise national Austrian public on discourses methodused this etidentities. everyday al. Wodak ethnicity and on information collect to used mostly are groups focus studies, nationalism of field the In focusmissedlatecomersinterviewwhothethegroup.for two originally planned o alsoI Serbia,in interviewbutgroup focus one conducted only Croatia,I methods. other with combined be can also and own their on used be can groups Focus data. produce to them use to also and interactions group observe to researcher the enables Morgan. to referring by interviews groupfocus of definition thenarrows methodsand three these betweendifference topicpredet certain ona participants ofnumber a amongdiscussion ‘a as group discussion andinterviews group groups, focus treat Lamnek, of definition the following al., et Wodak Zagreb,Croatia. c I hypothesis, my test to In order 2.3.1. 2.3 62 61 60 59 58 al. et Ruth 57 of variety the mentioned, topics the on focuses c]omparison that so [… groups other with take researcher the that suggest Potter and Puchta fieldsgainedinrecently. popularity social other sciences of quite also have they but well as mediaresearch and marketing in method qualitative used widely “constructed or are negotiated, “nation” and shaped jointly as such concepts important of meanings how into insights powerful gain to

Flick, 2006, p.197. 2006, Flick, p.107. al., 2009, et Wodak p.197. 2006, Flick, R. Krueger. A. L.and D. Morgan. Flick. Uwe Siegfried Lamnek. Lamnek. Siegfried Methodology Methodologicalinterviews groupto focus introduction The Discursive Construction of National Identity of National Construction Discursive The An Introduction to Qualitative Research Qualitative to Introduction An ermined by a moderator…, which serves to collect information.’ collectto serves which moderator…, a by ermined

Qualitative Sozialforschung Band 2: Methoden und Techniken. Techniken. und Methoden 2: Band Sozialforschung Qualitative

sMra rus te anavnaeo hs ehd s ht i that is method this of advantage main the argues, Morgan As

The Focus Group Kit Group Focus The onducted focus groups interviews in Belgrade, Serbia, and and Serbia, Belgrade, ininterviews groups focus onducted . London: SAGE, 2006, p.197. 2006, SAGE, . London: 18 ,drn h interview.’ the during ”,

. Thousand O . Thousand . Edinburgh University Press, 2009., Press, University . Edinburgh

‘the single group as a unit and compare it it compare and unit a as group single ‘the akes: SAGE, 1998, p.12. 1998, SAGE, akes:

to learnmore semi the to about 62

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Michael Q. Patton Patton Q. Michael Ibid, p.122. p.199. 2006, Flick, ssue of sampling has come up during my research several times: while case sampling, I I sampling, casewhile times: severalmy research upduring comehas samplingof ssue The sampleThe

Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. Methods. Evaluation and Research Qualitative

lar music was produced. When it comes to nationality, I was was I nationality, to comes it When produced. was music lar e discussion in each group.’in e discussion each

lgrade and Zagreb between the ages of 18 and 28 so that so and 28 the ofZagreb 18 ages lgrade between and 19

nality, and the number of years spent in spentyears ofnumber thenality, and 63 London: SAGE, 2002. SAGE, London:

This isThishow with Serbian the I dealt 64

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Steinar Kvale. Kvale. Steinar Irving Seidman. Seidman. Irving Stages . 2nd ed. New York: Teachers College Press, 1998., p.68. 1998., Press, College York: Teachers . New ed. 2nd

of analysis InterViews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing Research Qualitative to Introduction An InterViews: Interviewing as Qualitative Research: A Guide for Resear for Guide A Research: Qualitative as Interviewing heir own group and also in the peer group from the other country in the case incase the country other fromthegroup inpeer the also group andheir own -

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chers in Education and the Social the and Education in chers . SAGE Publications, 1996. . SAGE Publications,

69 former

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CEU eTD Collection researcher needs to treat the cases involved as a series of case studies. A studies. description ofinvolvedneeds case aresearcher series theto as treat cases multiis a which hasFlick theoretic coding the developed procedure of diagrams. flow as co such aids visual of and use metaphors the also and quantifications occasional with techniques, different of combination exploto tries and philosophy hermeneutical on based isinterview the interpretationof The complete. story the makes meaningthat a and dimensions, social and temporal with narration of form the on topics.these emphasis ofquantification an has categorization while themes main and units meaning natural for looks condensation of method The methods. hoc ad and interpretation, structuring, narrative meanin the of analysis the to approaches main five listsfindings Kvale researchthat answerto questions. the There to ways are come several problem,findings the would be too diverging. otherwise the transcrip of to analysis comes the 72 71 70 couldgroup’s also differences the within the and Serbian Croatian contrast answers. preservin while way, This respondents. the of opinions different the of because contradictions occasional the with cases single ascountries groups. and cases between comparisons make to researcher struct thematic This presented. be also should the question to research relevant are that mentioned topics central The form. short a in content its up sums and interview the from statement a is that motto a including them, of each about produced

Flick, 2006, p.307. 2006, Flick, 1996, p.187 Kvale, Silverman. David ndensation I identifiedndensationmainmeaningsIinterview and shortened the texts. re meanings that are not directly apparent in the text. Finally, ad hoc methods are a a are methods hoc ad text.Finally, the in apparent directly not are that meanings re Doing qualitative research. A Practical Handbook A Practical research. qualitative Doing

- 209.

According to narrative structuring, interviews can be seen as a a as seen be can interviews structuring,narrative toAccording tion, Silverman suggests that the researcher focus on one focus on one researcher that the suggests Silverman tion, 22 g the diversity of opinions within the group, I I group, the within opinions of diversity the g g of interviews: condensation, categorization, categorization, interviews:condensation, of g

70 71

. Sage, London, 2007., p.29. London, . Sage, sn Kaes em, through terms, Kvale’s Using 72

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Ibid, p.12. Ibid Ibid, p.199 Philipp Mayring. “On Generalization in Qualitatively Oriented Research.” Research.” Oriented Qualitatively in Generalization “On Mayring. Philipp

se of the differences in the dynamics of the different groups. There can also arise arise also can There groups. different the of dynamics the in differences the of se Researchlimits

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CEU eTD Collection Pavle Ilić and Croatian Dalibor Brozović both supported the Croatian linguistic secessionism, secessionism, linguistic Croatian supported the Brozović both Dalibor andPavle Croatian Ilić o 1970s the fromYugoslavia Yugoslavia. of the break since separate ones languages as these which treat and Serbia policies Croatia of cons their languages, different than dialects Serbo of languages successor the that agreed respondents the While not.stateswhether ofinterviewees ethnicity theyof of regardless Yugoslavia, the the share or per includes that music domestic of definition inclusive and spoken. language of area the to connected Serbian clearly and Croatian for the and music, of domesticity both the for maincriterion Thus, the is language respondents intelligible. mutual are languages successor as w on language the to referring by it defined mostly and language the to name one givingfrom domestic. is it understand, and speak Societies Politics & European East 78 Serbian." 77 ininmixedVojvodinathe Krajina region and Serbia Croatia. betw differentiate to inorder markers ethnicas defined theyethnicidentity and boundaries. that way a such in manipulated were differences dialectical while focus the political considerable had especially ‘ethnic’ study regional dialects, instead motivation: dialects, of Their emerge. to started has republic member Serbian the of territorythe fromoutside dialects in Serbian interest time, same the At Croatianswift. tolanguagetheir parallel as in Serbian Croatia adopt that Serbs with clausenaturally, the Ilić,

hich Robert D. Greenberg. "The politics of dialects among Serbs, Croats, and Muslims in the the in Muslims and Croats, Serbs, among dialects of politics "The Greenberg. D. Robert Federal the in politics "Language Greenberg. D. Robert former Slavic review Slavic

Yugoslavia was based or just explained it as the language everyone understandslanguage everyone asit the just explainedwas Yugoslavia or based 77

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(2000): 625 (2000):

- 10, no. 10,3 no. Serbian country, the of dialectologists leading two the nwards, 640., p.625. 640., 78

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(1996): 393 (1996): ’ Similarly to the Serbian informants, they stayed away away stayed they informants, Serbian the to Similarly ’ - p f Serbo of up

Yugoslavia where Serbo where Yugoslavia 25 ent is in sharp contradiction to the language language the to contradiction sharp in is ent - een ethnic Serbs and Croats both in ethnically inethnically both Croats and Serbs ethnic een 415, 415, p.405.

Republic of Yugoslavia: The crisis over the future of future the over crisis The Yugoslavia: of Republic - rain a satd eae erir In earlier. decades started had Croatian

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Billig, 1995, p.42. 1995, Billig, Greenberg. D Robert Greenberg, 2000, p.625 2000, Greenberg, p.625. 2000, Greenberg, 80 n variant while the latter is characteristic for Montenegrins and Serbs from outside outside from Serbs and Montenegrins for characteristic is latter the while variant n

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Language and Identity in the Balkans : Serbo Balkans : in the Identity and Language erbian as the continuation of Serbo of continuation the as erbian -

626. ency used by the fascist Croatian state during the Second World World Second the during state Croatian fascist the by used ency

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- – 764.,. p.756. 764.,. "otse msuiiis dsore o te oe f rain combata Croatian of role the on discourses masculinities: "Contested . 1995)." 1995)." c i tesm ya hc a hgl oee i tepes Ltr he Later, press. the in covered highly was which year same the in ice - koncert However, statements. political their to attention pay not do they s, s political, their perception also changes. ‘If the song is about hating is about song ‘If the changes. also their perception s political, Gender Dynamics and Post and Dynamics Gender ukić. "Virtual homeland? Reading the music on offer on a particular web web a particular on offer music on the Reading homeland? "Virtual ukić. –

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8, no. 1 (2005): 44 8, (2005): 1 no.

r male singers from Croatia and Herzegovina. The The Herzegovina. and Croatia from singers male r andthreat with then to a Serbs: continues 117 - areni.

36 - on (h itgait ae o Herzegovina) for name integralist (the Bosna

- Conflict Reconstruction Conflict 116 - 84.

- 62. in Baker, 2009, 46.p. 2009, Baker, in 62. http://www.svet.rs/najnovije 114

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CEU eTD Collection 3.5 an instance for areisitThompson, themusic,theyeven though said domestic and Croatia praise songs whose artists to comes it When domestic. music that call Croatia. not would or they that speculate Croats only could about they Therefore views negative expressed who musicians of heard never have anti their as long per the of activity or politicalopinions domestic of category theinto falls everythingalmost respondents my Serbian to up,according sumTo the war. during Croatia leave to had who Serbs those to message a as understood be linescan These 120 dial minor with language same the speak all Montenegrins and Bosnians of region the is Yugosphere the that argues Judah the of countries the in relationships and dynamics different of interplay like more a project, as seen it be cannot also but Yugoslavia rebuilding goalinvolvethe of notnot newnotitthe is On Yugoslavia. contrary, reconstituting aonly does aimed at a project paper 2009 his in Judah LongDead. Timis ‘Yugoslavia by introduced was which Yugosphere the is Yugoslavia mentality trai other added they on, Later language. on based all of first was about talked respondents my community imagined The

My own translation own My The YugosphereThe concept

.’ The concept that describes this kind of community in the successor states of of states successor the in community of kind this describes that concept The .’ music as long as it is in Serbo in is it as long as music - Serbian views are not expressed in their songs. their in expressed not are views Serbian

Our hand will reach you even inOur Serbia! even handwill reach you Hear aga volunteers, Serbian it, L i Yugosphere thealready telling:is titleThe Yugosphere.’the ve

s sc a ‘ as such ts, former - Croatian or in one of its successor languages. The The languages. successor its of one in or Croatian omn history common 37 s does not have an effect on their perception as as perception their on effect havean not does s

former ng of četniks, ng of y all expressed they despise

Yugoslavia where ‘Serbs, Croats, Croats, ‘Serbs, where Yugoslavia ’ ‘ ,’ 120 cnmc ties economic

My Croatia My

f ti ormer cia variations’ ectical - Serbian such as as such Serbian ’ r ‘ or ,’ ns respondents respondents ns

Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia. h same the him.

an an CEU eTD Collection cross. Therefore my third hypothesis is confirmed: there is an imagined community incommunity imaginedis an there ishypothesisconfirmed: my third Thereforecross. haveto borderstheyare if there even frommeansabroad, comingno by are cultural products mu Croatian or justSerbian than moremeaning elsewhere. from comes Foreign was: ‘ followingmusic the country their from music on them thought groups’ of the up One summed expressed. Serbia and Croatia from both interviewees what exactly is This samemightneighbors.’ regard they way other not do who n do people Yugoslavia, remember young including people, of majority vast ‘the that and ‘foreign’ less is insidefrom comes thatwhat argue does he Yugosphere, thehomogeneity withintalkabout homogeneou a is semiosphere ‘a which to according Lotman, of theory semiosphere the recalls concept this that notes Mazzucchelli being restored.’ are 1990s theduring linksbroken economicmore evermonth, passingevery‘with and where 123 vir 122 121 regional are There industry. ma entirely almostis car programming whose TV thePink as such televisionchannels in notably most again, whole a as region the treat There examples.the fromthe of countries both numerous companies several with exchanges economic he of Yugospehere: importance Judah’s the of demonstrates aspects main the of one is trade precisely more Economy, cultural,ties. and economic my to according Yugoslavia tual space of the Web Yugosphere." Yugosphere." Web of the space tual

Judah, 2009, p.12. Judah, 2009, Judah, rnec Mzucel. Wa rmis f uolva Fo te epltcl pc o Ygsai t the to Yugoslavia of space geopolitical the From Yugoslavia? of remains "What Mazzucchelli. Francesco p.3. 121

What comes from comes from What

ot regards other parts of the of parts regards other ot

history, common on based is it and respondents, ’ There was no argument in any of the groups about domestic domestic groups about the of inany noargument wasThere ’ Social Science Information Science Social s cultural universe.’ cultural s former 38 123

sic and they all agreed that agreed all they and sic

Yugoslavia is certainly not foreign music. music. Yugoslaviais foreign not certainly former

51, no. 4 (2012): 631 (2012): 51,4 no. former

Yugoslavia and from outside who who from outside andYugoslavia 122 oetc ui,ad foreign and music, domestic ,

While Judah himself does not himselfdoes Judah While Yugoslavia as ‘abroad’ in the ‘abroad’ as Yugoslavia - 648., p.632. former rketed for the the for rketed and

Yugoslav Yugoslav political, political, f ormer are are

CEU eTD Collection means resolved, but continued to affect the reception of transnational music despite the the despite musicopening transnational of reception the affect to continued but resolved, means no wereby period earlier this during observedidentity of increase. ‘tensions However, quick hasconsumption and productionBothtransnational market.transnational a of in terms audience their see Yugoslavia of states successor the from artists nowadaysseveral that well fro Severina as war,such the after gained popularity musicianswho and stadiums, inpacked perform also Ex per of spaces former cultural national him, to According market. transnational a on product popular that scene region. the in everywhere popularity its preserved versa. vice wholeregion. 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 intervieweesfondmusicallisteDinothemytheyand said were style but all of of Merlin a to go theywhen especially th though even that admitted informants Serbian some music, of kind this to listen Croatian not While to outside. claimed interviewees also for known are they that something region, their of product respon Serbian and Croatian

- Judah, 2009, p.7 Judah, 2006 Baker, 7 2009, Judah, A kafana is a typical Serbian bar or Serbian bar a typical is kafana A Ibid 2009, p.7 Judah, 2012 Archer, former Yugoslav pop and rock icons, for instance Lepa Brena, Hari Mata Hari and Dino Merlin Merlin Dino and Hari Mata Hari Brena, Lepa instance for icons, rock and pop Yugoslav

- uolva ae necps ih the with intercepts have Yugoslavia up of national mediaupnational of spaces.’ s belong to it. tos belong 125 this musical style has become from an instrument of nationalist mobilization a a mobilization nationalist of instrument an from become has style musical this m Croatia, sing to packed audiences everywhere as well. as everywhere audiences packed to sing Croatia, m

124

n f h mi ilsrtrpit s ui: o isac,trook ui has music turbofolk instance, for music: is point illustrator main the of One - 9.

- - Serbian channels, such as TV Pink, were available on satellite insatellitewere Croatia,TV andsuchSerbian Pink, as on available channels, 9. 9.

y id h ult f ubfl ely o, hyocsoal lse o it, to listen occasionally they low, really turbofolk of quality the find ey 127

kafana

dents both mentioned turbofolk as the best known cultural cultural known best the as turbofolk mentioned both dents

club where NCFM is played. is NCFM where club . 130 129

Lepa Brena was also mentioned in Serbia, as well aswell as in Serbia, mentioned also wasBrena Lepa 39

ubfl see n mn ex many and scene turbofolk 126

Arch

er also argues about the turbofolkthe about argues also er 128

Baker sums up veryup Baker sums - Yugoslav Yugoslav seen a a seen n it to CEU eTD Collection regime. the towards orientation and identity of indicator important an already was taste and variant, musical popular the was music neofolk the Yugoslavia, of parts rural the in while centers, do its However, own. their than other republics in popular more oftenvery were bandsthese and Pula,such as towns in other also Sarajevo,but inurban Belgrade,Zagreb,alsothe capital, Ljubljana, of especially the and developed, centers punk theLocal in Europe.music theorgazamwere andlisted one bands best clubs of as and Belgrade in Akademija club students’ the instance, for recognized:internationally was scene rock Yugoslav The copies. 500,000 in sold albums so had they towns,and and cities 60 inaround country the allover toured bands regularly haditsmost Thetherock of when the the and peak roll popular Yugoslav at culture end 1980s genresfromthe two each be other. separated cannot turbof and rock Yugo between choice clear a make to tended respondents ‘ it, put respondents the oneof As rock.version,Yugo Yugoslav its andespecially rock, was dailybasis almost onan 132 131 ‘ as it see generallybut events or views political to it connectnot do They bands.these of concert a goto even occasionally they orcommuting, Internet the on songs, rock Yugo to listen regularly they countries: fromboth interviewees my lifeof everyday the in present be to seems rock Yugo become the best Neofolk,associat destroyed. were argues, Gordy as alternatives political and media with along alternatives, Neofolkinstrumentalized. andpopularized

Ibid, 103 Ibid, Gordy, 1999., 108 1999., Gordy, 131 - 105. D uring the 1990s in Ser in 1990s the uring

- selling genreselling ed with the rural population who were also the supporters of Milošević, had Milošević,of supporters the werealso who population rural thewith ed - 110.p.

o js sml cno lv wtot uo rock Yugo without live cannot simply just you .

132

bia,

Yugo rock Yugo was played on radios and television while cultural cultural while televisionand radios on playedwas 40

iatshr rmie t ete urban the be to remained sphere minant agnlzdad agnl utrs were cultures marginal and marginalized enjoyable, good quality music but it has it but music quality good enjoyable, , on radio, downloaded tracks while while tracks downloaded radio, on , - o gop Električni group pop olk, the history of of history the olk, .’ Even though though Even .’

musical scenes scenes musical me CEU eTD Collection undesirable words more visiblemorewords undesirable the made only actually album the on lyrics the of part this covered they way the However, Yugoslavia. leave to wanted who people about singing for band the criticized censors The laterwasunsuccessfully censored: that passage following the contained Day) (Republic Republike Dan song 1987 Forbidden) pušenje Zabranjeno abroad. luck one’s find and country the leave to wish the is relevant again, or felt still, was it respondents Yugo and in rock that appeared main topic The nowadays in only not is way:‘ this phenomenonthe summed themof one and rockYugo aspectof social this times in everywhere have also we issues with politics with do to nothing 135 134 133 of highly spoke also respondents My Serbian problems. and political upon social for touching issues. post is From social musicnotfromYugoisthetheform of rock countries only youngsters,musicnotmanyisYugo domestic and this rock. m NCFM quality lyrics. sarcastic hisin culture idiot ‘the as who, Amadeus

Ibid 111 1994, Ramet, Gordy, 1999,Gordy, p.116.

.’

our language but also talks about the same fears and worries we have have we worries and fears same the about talks also but language our - usic with low aesthetic value has remained popular and they fear that for for that fear they and popular remained has value aesthetic low with usic 112.

a notandthatthe there do old people dream dream, thatlifeis different, somewhere meItthatsome bothers think people nd wait forndwaittheirleave. they passports can so

wa of Yu of - 135 Dubioza Kolektiv respondentsmusicians,my praised Croatian r rapper,’ peasant savant . 133

goslavia This is what my Croatian informants also worried about:bad informants worried also my Croatian is Thiswhat

Another artist who was mentioned several times is Ramboistimesmentioned several was whoAnother artist former ‘ ,’ socially engaged,’ engaged,’ socially 41

Yugoslavia

134

rtczd h nook n turbofolk and neofolk the criticized .’ My informants stressed several several stressed informants My .’

former and ‘ and

relevant because it deals deals it because relevant

Yugoslavia that engages that engages Yugoslavia

’s (Smoking (Smoking ’s it it CEU eTD Collection Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and the wor the and (BiH) Herzegovina and Bosnia of abbreviation the with wordplay a is also it but to’ likewould ‘Imeans title The criticizes. the that Herzegovina and Bosnia in system Dayton the – meanthey what alsobut language understand the onlynot do I becausedomestic more much typical not o trends follow global they Croatian, in andsing or Rozga are Jelena Croatians ‘ followingway: the upthis summed them of future.One and problems Croatia than band domestic a asmore KolektivDubioza see they that saidrespondents MyCroatians does not dis prejudice a promoting for known is Kolektiv Dubioza band. Bosnian this 138 137 136 st to opportunitythe fromboth Herzegovina and Bosnia ofcitizens Croat or ‘non discriminatory excludes that law’ electoral the and Constitution Bosnia’s challenged within provisions successfully Roma ethnic an and Jew Bosnian ‘a Rights, Hu ofEuropean Court the beforecaseHerzegovina and v.Bosnia Finciand Sejdić Inthe referstocase the of Sejdić and Finci:

the situations they sing about are more than familiar.’ than more are about sing they situations the

My My uncivilized. and savage, meaning primitive, Bosniaks, term for a derogative is balije) (plural: word balije The

own translation own transla own n per or special or tinguish on thereligion: tinguish basis of ethnicity onor former tion

s whose music is not at all concerned with the region’s social and political political and region’sthe social with not all concerned at musicis whose s štrajk) u All (Svi in strike song ,the from for us. At the same time Dubioza comes from Bosnia but I see them as them see I Bosniabut from Dubiozacomes time same the At us. for Andwere Sejdić and Fenci constitutional. Ilivedin wish that peace Palestinians Bosniaks, meThatsomeoneinbox of the puts Nationalisttrends ‘Ithe am eternal of sick

balije 136 d ‘would’ (bih) which sound the same. The song song The same. the sound which (bih) ‘would’ d

or Turks.’

137 On uiz Kolektiv Dubioza

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138 even though Severina though even

and for president president for and re oit that society free og oi BiH Volio song - Bosniak, Serb Serb Bosniak, f pop that are popthat f man

CEU eTD Collection As already explained, music is a crucial part of the Yugosphere concept.Yugosphere the ofpart crucial amusic is explained, already As nationalistcriticalforgettingYugoslavtheforcedreactionthethe to ofby past, agend and ambivalent an is Yugonostalgia, reflexive form, latter The state. Yugoslav the of ideal R present. the than better to be appears past Yugoslavism the because and past forlonging Yugoslav the a sort of ‘restorative’ and ‘reflective.’ with associated fantasies for and SFRY the for nostalgiais YugonostalgiaYugoslavia, states of successor the of region ties the within ismaintaining Yugonostalgia.YugosphereWhile economic the restoring and cultural about or itsfeatu TheYugospehere, especially because of cultural concept of 3.6 inrepresentedthe political and democratic process.’ be and participateto abilityhamperstheir seriously Peoples, ofHouse the toelection for and 144 143 142 141 Zeitschrift wissenschaftliche Est/Eine du Centre Europe/L'Europe Herzegovina.” 140 bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=4b9e17b92 and 139 itsper music, of thiskind interpretsaudiencemusic.’the the which in ways different the or balladeers these of intentions the ascertain to impossible, not if difficult, is ‘it that admits She ideology. Titoist on based are that ago years 40 from stadiu fill still Čolić Balaševićor as such thatartists Sheargues culture. everyday the remember to helps it as Yugonostalgia of site common a also is it that

Lindstrom, 2006 Lindstrom, 2009 Judah, p.239. 2006, Lindstrom, Boym. Svetlana Nicole Lindstrom. "Yugonostalgia: Restorative and reflective nostalgia in nostalgia reflective and Restorative "Yugonostalgia: Lindstrom. Nicole Bosnia Finciv. and Sejdic Herzegovina: and Bosnia in PoliticalParticipation and Discrimination | “Refworld Yugonostalgia

The Future of Nostalgia of Future The , p.240.

estorative Yugonostalgia can go as far as the feeling of nostalgia for the the for nostalgia of feeling the as far as go can Yugonostalgia estorative

former Refworld 141

144

Both concepts can be applied to Yugonostalgia. The The Yugonostalgia. to be applied Both concepts can s and fans Yugonostalgic based solely on the fact that these these factthat the on solely based Yugonostalgic fans and s . Last accessed May 30,2014. May accessed Last .

This Mrh 2 2010. 12, March . . New York: Basic Books, 2001. Books, Basic York: . New

ishermostshe argument: the of point calls problematic it. 140 43

om ifrnits w frs f nostalgia, of forms two differentiates Boym 139

32, no. 32,1 no.

- 2 (2006): 231 (2006): 2

ms when they sing their hits their sing they when ms former res, is often confused with isres, with confused often http://www.refworld.org/cgi

Y 143 ugoslavia." ugoslavia." - 242., p. 233. p. 242.,

Lindstromargues East Central East a. former

142

is - CEU eTD Collection imaginednotwas community confirmed. nostalgic about hypothesis fourthmy why is instance.for This EU accession the war and the countries: debates about commonfate their of not Yugoslavia. have to these they something for longing be ‘ cannot experienced. and nostalgic feel cannot they that wa have. can the generation parents’ our that from something is Yugonostalgia even not Yugoslavia, from memories any have don’t experience? even not did Iperiod However, state the per M different politi a in now, understood are they how on information no having popular, remained have songs interpretationcanhavethea different of music the of listeners that account into take to fail musiciansand lyricsof and of politicians aims the look at only often that science political and studies cultural of considerationsmany This context. historical original its musicputs the and politics between distinction to occasional and selectiveness connect not do usually and terms in political means music the from what about deeply performances think not of do but case music the the enjoy they in Yugoslavia, especially often, Very to. listen they songs the messagesof political the about veryselective are they that clearit made respondents My s o m rsodns eual lse t Člć Balašević, Čolić, to listen regularly respondents my of ost former

or talked about Yugoslav identity such as Lepa Brena’s song from the in the from songBrena’s Lepa as such identityYugoslav about talked or s who started their career in the SFRY and had songs that supported the ideology of ideology of the that supported had songs in and the SFRY their started career who s they all denied they would be Yugonostalgic.‘ wouldbe they denied all they We enjoy the music, the lyrics, maybe also a conc a also maybe lyrics, the music, the enjoy We and context. cultural cal ’ They explained that the political ties of the region for them mean the the mean them for region the of ties political the that explained They ’ ,’ one of my Croatian respondents asked. Another added: ‘ added:Another asked. respondentsmy Croatian of one ,’

same texts.same

44 feelings for Yugoslavism and Yugoslavia as an an as Yugoslavia and Yugoslavismfor feelings

How could I be nostalgic for a time a for nostalgic be I could How ert but we do not connect connect not do we but ert ’ My interviewees agreed agreed interviewees My ’ ea Brena, Lepa … hrfr I think I therefore r… into perspective the the perspective into troduction. and other other and

f ormer I

CEU eTD Collection Most respondents agreed that they had first heard Yugoslav music from their parents who had whofrom parents musicheard their Yugoslav hadfirst they respondentsMost that agreed ‘ responded: immediately country. one ‘ it, put respondents Serbian the of As one region. the to special connection Croatia and f Apart music. Serbia of from domesticity the for interviewees mentioned the criterion important most the was Language 3.7 commercial it.myrelations and/or torespondents’ nationalistic/populist both ‘for manipulate purposes.’ to used are identity Yugoslav politicsYugonostalgia, of the that through makesinteresting point anHowever, she in youth about nothing to close reveal livedfindings her so Yugoslavia during that concert generation to a of members talked asked also only she and However, exhibitions. sides Yugonostalgic both at look to tried Volčić Isar. p.197. 2011., Raj SAGE, Yudhishthir and K., Helmut Anheier, 145 successorstat spirit.Yugoslav ‘ had th continued Severalrespondents usedfindthe per to songs Internet other or usually they more,for look to wanted orsomething liked they music.If this know to getting reg stations radio agreed, Serbs and Croats both as Also,years. younger their musicof the them showed

aa očć “hpe 15. “Chapter Volčić. Zala A regional YugoslavAidentity supranational the identity: h sm hsoy sm cmo clua hrtg, n [] h sm mnaiy the mentality: same the […] and heritage, cultural common some history, same the 145 ularly feature songs from the time of Yugoslavia, and it is another source of of source another is it and Yugoslavia, of time the from songs feature ularly hncnrne wt h fc ta h hmef ee lvd n uolva he Yugoslavia, in lived never himself he that fact the with confronted When ’

es of es In the next chapter, I look at the Yugoslav supr Yugoslav the at look I chapter, next the In ’ They explained this as a sense of belonging together among the people of the the together theThey of this as among of people ’ a sense belonging explained

former but

Post in the community’ sort‘imagined a about talkedThey Yugoslavia.

my parents did and they acquainted me with Yugoslav music. Yugoslav with me acquainted they and did parents my -

oils Rcletos Iett ad eoy in Memory and Identity Recollections: Socialist eir train of thought from belonging to one country to having to country one fromto belonging thought of train eir utrs n Goaiain Hrtg, eoy n Identity and Memory Heritage, Globalization: and Cultures former 45

s. rom language, they talked about a sort of of sort a about talked they language, rom

anational identity and examineand identity anational

- goers and visitors of of visitors and goers Former Serbia and Croatia. Croatia. and Serbia we were, after all, all, were, after we

uolva” In Yugoslavia.” ’ . CEU eTD Collection Smith, in his summarizing piece on European identity, shows how it can come into conflict conflict into come can it how shows identity, European on piece summarizinghis in Smith, feelingsother of supranational belonging explain to used be can models these but identity European to related written been has model.Most branches growing the and cake’ ‘marble the identities, nested of that identities, in for connection, this of complexity the capture to try that self between relationship the on debate nation the with identification ongoing an been has There continent. their thei transborder,or country theit within be region, their nearest settlement, their with themselves identify can one levels: several on possible is identification Regional mycapturetheinterviewees. situation sketched by co the of models different the examine shortly I subchapter, this In Yugoslavia. since prevailed lot. a share we ‘d products: many cultural wellextent as as certain a to politics and history shares and language same the speaks that sense Andersonian 148 55 pp. 1992), (January 147 2003), pp.487 (August 146 regional self a alreadya ‘contain’ German can instance,self For perception. people’s to belongingsaccording next the inside one dolls, Matruska Russian or circles concentric ‘as imagined be can which model identities nested individuals.identityof the ofsituationality the accept weif minimized be canconflict conflicts Yugoslav over then and War Gulf the over foreignpolicy over disarray in were […] Europe of states the ‘when happened it as identity national with -

Thomas Ris D. Anthony xsec o ntoa ad urntoa iette and identities supranational and national of existence se, 2003, p. 490. 2003, p. se,

Risse Smith . „T ’ These comments suggest that there is a sort of supranational identity that has thatidentity supranational sortofis a there Thesesuggestthat ’ comments he Euro Between National and European Identity.” Journal of European Public Policy 10:4 10:4 Policy Public European of Journal Identity.” European and National Between Euro he . „National Identity and the Idea of European Unity.” International Affairs Vol. 68, No. 1 No. Vol.68, Affairs International Unity.” of European Idea the and Identity „National . - -

76. 505.

148 -

state and supranational communities. There are several models several are There communities. supranational and state sget ta t that suggests ’

as well. as omestic is not only Serbian: we were one were we Serbian: is only not omestic 46 - identification, while it is nested in the person’s in person’s nestedis the itidentification,while

ee s heacy ewe te different the between hierarchy a is here

stance the concept of conflicting conflicting of concept the stance not do models these that argue - identification as a Spaniard or or Spaniarda identificationas .’ He also argues that this this that argues also He .’ r country, or even even or country, r country, country, 147

The 146 -

CEU eTD Collection hs mdl cmlmn ec ohr n cret ah other’s each correct and other each complement models These However,territory the about or be said cannot religion. same popular. still are that Yugoslavia of products and heritage cultural the or language shared Serb a being of branches logic,certain this Along sense. religious or territorial, of cultural, linguistic, in branches either European, certain are identity model, national branches’ ‘growing the to According fully. other each from identit Yugoslav sort of having a and also or Croat a Serb identifyingas impossible. is separation full their and coexist identity national and identity European that instance for other. influence each into blend and identity of components thattheincorporates different the possibility model ‘marbleThe cake’ Yugoslav,in self that mean would this research, one. European the support identities local more another, or way M DiezEuropeanness. 152 753 pp. 24(2001), Studies Racial Ethnic and 151 150 c2003. Press, University N.J. Princeton : Princeton, Kingdom. 149 Yugoslavia. self ‘European’ reported also them of some religion, mentioned never they while and ‘Croatian,’ identity, national their with answered also informants Croatian The ‘European.’ or ‘Orthodox’ ‘Serbian,’ with answered self of levels different their and belonging fromself away stayedalways others. than popular more are them of some work, empirical

Smith, 1992 Smith, 491. 2003, p. Risse, Juan Díez Medrano. Framing Europe: Attitudes to European Integration in Germany, Spain, and the United the and Spain, Germany, in Integration European to Attitudes Europe: Framing Medrano. Díez Juan íz ern, un n Pua utee. „Neste Guttierez. Paula and Juan Medrano, Díez 151 Nevertheless, they expressed some sort of community and solidarity with other other with solidarity and community of sort some expressed they Nevertheless,

other words, feelingYugoslavnational suggests words,other belongings. several

f e rnlt ti mdl o h Ygsa cs, ht ol ma ta self that mean would that case, Yugoslav the to model this translate we If

edrano’s book Framing Europe gives several examples on how, in one inone how, on givesexamples several Europe Framing book edrano’s - identifying as Yugoslavs. When we discussed their feelings of of feelings their discussed we When Yugoslavs. identifyingas - 150 - i - dentification. dentification. identifying as a Serb or a Croat is nested in being a a being in nested is Croat a or Serb a as identifying 758.

The metaphoric name of the concept vividly illustratesvividly concept name the of metaphoric The

- identifica 47 ” Spain. in identitiy European and national identities: d

For them, Yugoslavs could only exist on on exist only could Yugoslavs them, For

or a Croat are Yugoslav, for instance the the instance for Yugoslav, are Croat a or tion, several of my Serbian respondents respondents Serbian my of severaltion,

However, my interviewees interviewees my However, flaws and weaknesses. In In weaknesses. and flaws 149

n h cnet f my of context the In y cannot be separated separated y be cannot

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APPENDIX 2 i

sol:

Čuvam noć odbudnih Čuvam p ušenje:RepublikeDan

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CEU eTD Collection Croatia sinceCroatia 1991 Catherine. Baker, of Boundaries the and Turbofolk Folklore,Croatian Identity.” Musical Bregović: Met Seve “When Catherine. Baker, Yugoslav 1999 Music, Popular P “The Catherine. Baker, in Europe andEastern Central InIdentity.” NationalMusicalof Construction Baker, central andeastern Europe identity.”In musicalnational construction of Catherine. Baker, Same, Only He’s Not Here’?” inPost Change Political and Music “Popular Baker,Catherine. Wall In Rory.Archer, the Balkans.” Co Turbofolk “Assessing Rory. Archer, Nationalism Benedict. Anderson, 7 Calhoun, Cr States Kelly Birgitta, Helen Busch, In and context.” Yugoslav the in Boundaries and “Language Ranko: Bugarski, Bugarski, R 47. ’identity.’”„Beyond 2000. Cooper. andFrederic Rogers Brubaker, Boym, Svetlana. Reality BetweenSociological Countryside’the of ‘Revenge The Wars: “Yugoslav Xavier.Bougarel, Billig,Michael. Review Bakić BIBLIOGRAPHY Carmen. Leccardi, . Council of Europe, of. Council 2012. - . MultilingualMatters, 2004. adn Mlc. Nsig Orie “Nesting Milica. Hayden,

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Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of of Spread and Origin the on Reflections Communities: Imagined 1989: Young People and People Young 1989:

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– Theory and Society and Theory 207. – – 764. 59.

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. Pluto Pluto . - CEU eTD Collection Puchta,Jonathan Claudia, and Potter. “Language vs. Nationalism” Balkanin Societies. Western “”Language Jovanović. and Language between and Pred National Spasić InIdentity.” Ivana Relation the Miloš towards Attitudes the in Divisions and Cosmopolitanism”: Vladan Pavlović, Patton, Michael Q. Morgan,R.L. D. A. and Krueger. Europe Review East of Balasević." Djordje of Music Political: Passionately "(Com) Brana. Mijatovic, of (2012): space 631 geopolitical the From Yugoslavia? toYugoslavia the of remains "What Francesco. Mazzucchelli, SocialSozialforschung/ Qualitative Research Forum: “OnMayring, in Philipp. nostalgia reflective and 32, no. 1 Restorative "Yugonostalgia: Yugoslavia." Nicole. Lindstrom, 1989. Siegfried. Lamnek, Langer,AddisonE.Mindfulness.Rading: J. Wesley,1989 Publications, 1996. Steinar. Kvale, Socialand the Sciences Seidman, Irving. War’(1991 ‘Homeland Reconstruction the during combatants Croatian of role the on discourses masculinities: "Contested Michaela.Schäuble, Public Policy Risse, Routledge, 2002. V.. Ljerka Rasmussen, Russia I Self and „Shake,Rattle, P.. Sabrina Ramet, n Ramet, Sabrina P., ed. P., Sabrina Ramet,

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