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Implementation of Inductive Charging Technologies in Electric Vehicles International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 119 No. 12 2018, 10053-10061 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu Special Issue ijpam.eu IMPLEMENTATION OF INDUCTIVE CHARGING TECHNOLOGIES IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES Rohit kumar1, E.Raja2 and P.Amit kumar3 1, 3 B.Tech Student, 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Automobile Engineering, BIHER, BIST, Bharath University, Chennai, India. [email protected] Abstract— Wireless charging is a technology of generation devices featured with built-in wireless charging transmitting power through an air gap to electrical capability. IMS Research envisioned that wireless charging devices for the purpose of energy replenishment. The would be a 4.5 billion market by 2016[17-24]. recent progress in wireless charging techniques and Pike Research estimated that wireless powered development of commercial products have provided a products will triple by 2020 to a 15 billion market. promising alternative way to address the energy Compared to traditional charging with cord, wireless bottleneck of conventionally portable battery-powered charging introduces many benefits as follows[25-29]. devices. However, the incorporation of wireless charging Firstly, it improves user-friendliness as the into the existing wireless communication systems also hassle from connecting cables is removed. brings along a series of challenging issues with regard to Different brands and different models of devices implementation, scheduling, and power management. In can also use the same charger[30-36]. this article, we present a comprehensive overview of Secondly, it renders the design and fabrication wireless charging techniques, the developments in of much smaller devices without the attachment technical standards, and their recent advances in network of batteries. applications. In particular, with regard to network Thirdly, it provides better product durability applications, we review the static charger scheduling (e.g., waterproof and dustproof) for contact-free strategies, mobile charger dispatch strategies and wireless devices. charger deployment strategies. Additionally, we discuss Fourthly, it enhances flexibility, especially for open issues and challenges in implementing wireless the devices for which replacing their batteries or charging technologies. Finally, we envision some practical connecting cables for charging is costly, future network applications of wireless charging. hazardous, or infeasible (e.g., body implanted sensors)[37-45]. I. INTRODUCTION Fifthly, wireless charging can provide power Wireless charging, also known as wireless power requested by charging devices in an on-demand transfer, is the technology that enables a power source to fashion and thus are more flexible and energy- transmit electromagnetic energy to an electrical load across efficient[46-50]. an air gap[1-6], without interconnecting cords. This Nevertheless, normally wireless charging incurs higher technology is attracting a wide range of applications, from implementation cost compared to wire charging. First, a low-power tooth brush to high-power electric vehicles wireless charger needs to be installed as a replacement of because of its convenience and better user experience. traditional charging cord. Second, a mobile device requires Nowadays[7-11], wireless charging is rapidly evolving from implantation of a wireless power receiver. Moreover, as theories toward standard features on commercial products, wireless chargers often produce more heat than that of wired especially mobile phones and portable smart devices. In chargers, additional cost on crafting material may be 2014, many leading smartphone manufacturers, such as incurred[51-56]. The development of wireless charging Samsung[12-16], Apple and Huawei, began to release new- technologies is advancing toward two major directions, i.e., 10053 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue inductive wireless charging (or radio frequency (RF) based FCC- Federal Communications Commission wireless charging) and non-radiative wireless charging (or EV- Electric vehicle coupling-based wireless charging). Radiative wireless PHEV- Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging adopts electromagnetic waves, typically RF waves LED- Light-emitting diode or microwaves, as a medium to deliver energy in a form of WRSN- Wireless renewable sensor network radiation. The energy is transferred based on the electric field AM-Amplitude modulated of an electromagnetic wave, which is radiative. Due to the GSM- Global System for Mobile Communications safety issues raised by RF exposure, radiative wireless WBAN- Wireless body area network charging usually operates in a low power region. For AC- Alternating current example, Omni-directional RF radiation is only suitable for DC- Direct current sensor node applications with up to 10mW power SISO- Single-input single-output consumption alternatively, nonradioactive wireless charging MISO- Multi-input single-output is based on the coupling of the magnetic-field between two SIMO- Single-input multi-output coils within the distance of the coils’ dimension for energy MIMO- Multi-input multi-output transmission. PTU- Power transmitter unit As the magnetic field of an electromagnetic wave PRU- Power receiver unit attenuates much faster than the electric field, the power ISM- Industrial Scientific Medical transfer distance is largely limited. Due to safety BLE- Bluetooth low energy implementation, non-radiative wireless charging has been E-AP- Energy access point widely used in our daily appliances (e.g., from toothbrush to D-AP- Data access point electric vehicle charger by far. H-AP- Hybrid access point II. HISTORY AND COMMERCIALIZATION AWGN- Additive white Gaussian noise TDMA- Time division multiple access This section provides an overview of the development history CSI- Channel state information of wireless charging research as well as some recent SNR- Signal to noise ratio commercialization. a brief history and major milestones of SHC- Shortest Hamiltonian cycle wireless charging technology. TSP- Traveling Salesman’s Problem LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. NP- Non-deterministic polynomial-time Abbreviation Description LP- Linear programming RF- Radio Frequency NLP- non-linear programming WPCN- Wireless powered communication networks MINLP- Mixed-integer nonlinear programming SPS -Solar Power Satellite MILP- Mixed integer linear programming WPC- Wireless Power Consortium QoM- Quality of Monitoring PMA- Power Matters Alliance PSO- Particle swarm optimization A4WP- Alliance for Wireless Power WISP- Wireless identification and sensing platform IPT -Inductive power transfer ILP- Integer linear programming RFID- Radio Frequency Identification CMOS- Complementary metal oxide semiconductor SWIPT- Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer Theoretic Foundation 10054 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue The study of electromagnetism originates from 1819 Figure to transfer electrical energy without cords through the when H. C. Oersted discovered that electric current generates Ionosphere. However, due to technology limitation (e.g., low a magnetic field around it. Then, Ampere’s Law, Biot- system efficiency due to large-scale electric field), the idea Savart’s Law and Faraday’s Law were derived to model some has not been widely further developed and commercialized. basic property of magnetic field. They are followed by the Later, during 1920s and 1930s, magnetrons were invented to Maxwell’s equations introduced in 1864 to characterize how convert electricity into microwaves, which enable wireless electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by each power transfer over long distance. However, there was no other. Later, in 1873, the publication of J. C. Maxwell’s book method to convert microwaves back to electricity. Therefore, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism unified the study of the development of wireless charging was abandoned. electricity and magnetism. Since then, electricity and It was until 1964, whenW. C. Brown, who is magnetism are known to be regulated by the same force. regarded as the principal engineer of practical wireless These historic progress established the modern theoretic charging, realized the conversion of microwaves to electricity foundation of electromagnetism. through a rectenna. Brown demonstrated the practicality of microwave power transfer by powering a model helicopter, Technical breakthroughs and Research Projects demonstrated in Figure, which inspired the following The history has witnessed a series of important research in microwave powered airplanes during 1980s and technical breakthroughs, going along with two major research 1990s in Japan and Canada. In 1975, Brown beamed 30kW lines on electric field and magnetic field. In 1888, H. R. Herts over a distance of 1 mile at 84% with Venus Site of JPLs used oscillator connected with induction coils to transmit Goldstone Facility, shown in Figure. Solar power satellite electricity over a tiny gap. This first confirmed the existence (SPS), introduced in 1968, is another driving force for long- of electromagnetic radiation experimentally. Nikola Tesla, distance microwave power transfer. the founder of alternating current electricity, was the first to The concept is to place a large SPS in geostationary conduct experiments of wireless power transfer based on Earth orbit to collect sunlight energy, and transmit the energy microwave technology. back to the Earth through electromagnetic
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