Digital Agenda for Norway in Brief Key Priorities in the ICT Policy

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BestillingBestilling av avpublikasjoner publikasjoner Meld. St. 27 (2015–2016) Meld. St. 27 (2015–2016) Internett:DepartementenesOffentligeInternett:DepartementenesOffentlige www.publikasjoner.dep.no institusjoner: www.publikasjoner.dep.no institusjoner: sikkerhets- sikkerhets- og ogserviceorganisasjon serviceorganisasjon DepartementenesOffentligeBestillingDepartementenesOffentligeBestilling av institusjoner: av publikasjonerinstitusjoner: publikasjoner sikkerhets- sikkerhets- og ogserviceorganisasjon serviceorganisasjon Meld. St. 27 (2015–2016) Meld. St. 27 (2015–2016) BestillingE-post:Internett:BestillingE-post:Internett: [email protected] [email protected] www.publikasjoner.dep.noavpublikasjoner publikasjoner E-post:Internett:DepartementenesOffentligeE-post:Internett:DepartementenesOffentlige [email protected] www.publikasjoner.dep.no [email protected]: www.publikasjoner.dep.no institusjoner: sikkerhets- sikkerhets- og ogserviceorganisasjon serviceorganisasjon OffentligeTelefon:OffentligeTelefon: 22 institusjoner: 2224 institusjoner: 2400 00 00 Telefon:E-post:Internett:DepartementenesTelefon:E-post:Internett:Departementenes [email protected] 22 [email protected] 2224 www.publikasjoner.dep.no 2400 00 sikkerhets- 00 sikkerhets- og ogserviceorganisasjon serviceorganisasjon Internett:DepartementenesOffentligeInternett:DepartementenesOffentlige www.publikasjoner.dep.no institusjoner: www.publikasjoner.dep.no institusjoner: sikkerhets- sikkerhets- og ogserviceorganisasjon serviceorganisasjon PrivatTelefon:E-post:PrivatTelefon:E-post: sektor: [email protected] 22sektor: [email protected] 2224 2400 00 00 Telefon:E-post:Internett:DepartementenesTelefon:E-post:Internett:Departementenes [email protected] 22 [email protected] 2224 www.publikasjoner.dep.no 2400 00 sikkerhets- 00 sikkerhets- og ogserviceorganisasjon serviceorganisasjon Internett:PrivatInternett:Privat sektor: sektor: www.publikasjoner.dep.nowww.fagbokforlaget.no/offpub www.publikasjoner.dep.nowww.fagbokforlaget.no/offpub PrivatTelefon:E-post:PrivatTelefon:E-post: sektor: [email protected] 22sektor: [email protected] 2224 2400 00 00 E-post:Internett:E-post:Internett: [email protected]@fagbokforlaget.no www.fagbokforlaget.no/[email protected]@fagbokforlaget.no www.fagbokforlaget.no/offpub Internett:PrivatTelefon:Internett:PrivatTelefon: sektor: 22sektor: www.fagbokforlaget.no/offpub 2224 www.fagbokforlaget.no/offpub 2400 00 00 Telefon:E-post:Telefon:E-post: [email protected] 2255 [email protected] 22552438 24380066 0066 00 Norwegian Ministry Telefon:E-post:Internett:PrivatTelefon:E-post:Internett:Privat sektor: [email protected] 55sektor: www.fagbokforlaget.no/[email protected] 5538 www.fagbokforlaget.no/offpub 3866 6600 00 English translation Internett:PrivatInternett:Privat sektor: sektor: www.fagbokforlaget.no/offpub www.fagbokforlaget.no/offpub of Local Government PublikasjoneneTelefon:E-post:PublikasjoneneTelefon:E-post: [email protected] 55 [email protected] 5538 3866 er 6600 ogsåer 00 også tilgjengelige tilgjengelige på på E-post:Internett:PrivatE-post:Internett:Privat sektor: [email protected] sektor: www.fagbokforlaget.no/[email protected] www.fagbokforlaget.no/offpub www.regjeringen.noPublikasjoneneTelefon:www.regjeringen.noPublikasjoneneTelefon: 55 5538 3866 er 6600 ogsåer 00 også tilgjengelige tilgjengelige på på and ModernisationMeld.Meld. St. St. 27 27 E-post:Internett:E-post:Internett: [email protected] www.fagbokforlaget.no/[email protected] www.fagbokforlaget.no/offpub www.regjeringen.noPublikasjoneneTelefon:www.regjeringen.noPublikasjoneneTelefon: 55 5538 3866 er 6600 ogsåer 00 også tilgjengelige tilgjengelige på på Meld.Meld. St. St. 27 27 E-post:E-post: [email protected] [email protected] www.regjeringen.noPublikasjoneneTelefon:www.regjeringen.noPublikasjoneneTelefon: 55 5538 3866 er 6600 ogsåer 00 også tilgjengelige tilgjengelige på på Meld.Meld.(2015–2016)(2015–2016) St. St. 27 27 IllustrasjonerIllustrasjoner forside forside og ogdelforsider: delforsider: Kord Kord AS AS www.regjeringen.noPublikasjoneneTelefon:www.regjeringen.noPublikasjoneneTelefon: 55 5538 3866 er 6600 ogsåer 00 også tilgjengelige tilgjengelige på på Meld.Meld.(2015–2016)(2015–2016) St. St. 27 27 IllustrasjonerIllustrasjoner forside forside og ogdelforsider: delforsider: Kord Kord AS AS www.regjeringen.noPublikasjonenewww.regjeringen.noPublikasjonene er ogsåer også tilgjengelige tilgjengelige på på Meld.Meld.(2015–2016)(2015–2016) St. St. 27 27 IllustrasjonerIllustrasjoner forside forside og ogdelforsider: delforsider: Kord Kord AS AS MeldingMelding til til Stortinget Stortinget www.regjeringen.noPublikasjoneneTrykk:www.regjeringen.noPublikasjoneneTrykk: 07 07Aurskog Aurskog er ogsåer AS også AS – tilgjengelige 04/2016 – tilgjengelige 04/2016 på på Meld.Meld.(2015–2016)(2015–2016) St. St. 27 27 Trykk:IllustrasjonerTrykk:Illustrasjoner 07 07Aurskog Aurskog forside forside AS og AS – og delforsider:04/2016 – delforsider:04/2016 Kord Kord AS AS MeldingMelding til til Stortinget Stortinget www.regjeringen.nowww.regjeringen.no Digital agenda for Norge Digital agenda for Norge Meld.Meld.(2015–2016)(2015–2016) St. St. 27 27 Trykk:IllustrasjonerTrykk:Illustrasjoner 07 07Aurskog Aurskog forside forside AS og AS – og delforsider:04/2016 – delforsider:04/2016 Kord Kord AS AS MeldingMelding til til Stortinget Stortinget Digital agenda for Norge Digital agenda for Norge (2015–2016)(2015–2016) Trykk:IllustrasjonerTrykk:Illustrasjoner 07 07Aurskog Aurskog forside forside AS og AS – og delforsider:04/2016 – delforsider:04/2016 Kord Kord AS AS Meld. St. 27 (2015–2016)MeldingMelding Report to til thetil Stortinget StortingetStorting (white paper) MER MER Digital agenda for Norge Digital agenda for Norge (2015–2016)(2015–2016) JØ JØKE KE IllustrasjonerIL IllustrasjonerIL T T forside forside og ogdelforsider: delforsider: Kord Kord AS AS MeldingMelding til til Stortinget Stortinget Trykk:M Trykk:M 07 07Aurskog Aurskog AS AS – 04/2016 – 04/2016 E E Digital agenda for Norge Digital agenda for Norge JØM JRØKME RKE IL IL T T MeldingMelding til til Stortinget Stortinget Trykk:M Trykk:M 07 07Aurskog Aurskog AS AS – 04/2016 – 04/2016 E E Digital agenda for Norge Digital agenda for Norge JØM JRØKME RKE IL IL T T MeldingMelding til til Stortinget Stortinget Trykk:M Trykk:M 07 07Aurskog Aurskog AS AS – 04/2016 – 04/2016

Digital agenda for Norge Digital agenda for Norge DigitalDigital agenda agenda for for Norge Norge 2 2ØMERØKMERK 4 J 4 J E E 1 IL 1 IL T 9 T 9 M M 37 37

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1 Key priorities in the ICT policy 6 2 Development trends and challenges 7 3 The contribution of ICT to the economy 9 3.1 Features of ICT 9 3.2 The ICT industry 9 3.3 Outlook 9 4 Norway’s digital performance 11 4.1 Digital life 11 4.2 ICT usage in industry 12 5 Digitisation of public services 13 5.1 Strong growth in use of the common login solution 13 5.2 Widespread use of electronic services in business and industry 13 5.3 From consent to opt-out: citizens are ready 14 5.4 Tax returns 15 5.5 Digital services in the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration 15 5.6 Helsenorge.no: Quality-assured health information 16 5.7 Electronic prescription service 16 5.8 Brønnøysund Register Centre: Digital registry services 16 5.9 A-ordningen: One electronic message, three national agencies 18 5.10 New public digital services 19 6 International comparisons 20 6.1 EU 20 6.2 UN rankings 21 7 The white paper in brief 23 7.1 Part I Background: Development, trends and international comparisons 23 7.2 Part II ICT policy for a user-centric and efficient public administration 23 7.3 Part III ICT policy for value creation and inclusion 24 7.4 Part IV National plan for electronic communication: Electronic communication for increased productivity and a simpler everyday life 25 8 Key measures presented in the white paper 28 8.1 Part II ICT policy for a user-centric and efficient public administration 28 8.2 Part III ICT policy for value creation and inclusion 29 8.3 Part IV National plan for electronic communication: Electronic communication for increased productivity and a simpler everyday life 31

Introduction

A simpler everyday life and increased productivity Digitisation is a cross-sectoral issue The Government holds high ambitions for modern- The purpose of this white paper is to present the ising, simplifying and improving the public sector, Government’s policy on how Norway can exploit while private citizens and business and industry are ICT in the best interests of society. expecting solutions that will simplify everyday life. The ICT policy must be based on the major, real By using ICT and taking full advantage of the op- challenges the public and private sectors are facing portunities that digitisation offers, we can achieve with respect to productivity, restructuring and ra- both these goals. tionalisation. Digitisation implies challenges which individual In light of this, the Government’s ICT policy has sectors cannot resolve alone. The Government two main objectives: therefore sees the need to raise cross-sectoral digi- –– A user-centric and efficient public administration tisation issues for which a national, coordinated ap- –– Value creation and inclusion proach will bring added value to society. 6 Digital agenda for Norway in brief Key priorities in the ICT policy

1 Key priorities in the ICT policy

The Government has set five key priorities that IV. Effective digitisation of the public sector give the policy direction and highlight which areas Public digitisation projects shall be planned and should be focused on going forward. implemented professionally and in a way that re- duces complexity and risk so that benefits are I. A user-centric focus realised. The market shall be used where appro- priate. Central and local government and the dif- The users (inhabitants, public and private enter- ferent sectors shall use common solutions to meet prises and the voluntary sector) and their needs common needs. Common solutions shall be used shall be the starting point. Users shall perceive to create effective, user-friendly digital services for public services as seamless and integrated, regard- the whole of the public sector. Interoperability with less of which public agency provides them. Public European solutions shall be facilitated. administration shall reuse information instead of repeatedly asking users for information they have already provided. V. Sound data protection and information security Data protection and information security shall be II. ICT constitutes a significant input fact for innovation integrated elements of the development and use of and productivity ICT. Citizens shall, as far as possible, have control over their own data. Processing of personal data Efficient use of ICT strengthens industry’s com- shall be based on sound proportionality consider- petitive ability and increases society’s overall pro- ations according to purpose. Information security ductivity. This is a precondition for financing future and ICT security are preconditions for maintaining welfare services. The Government wants to make confidence in digital solutions. Information securi- it easier for business and industry and wider soci- ty shall be maintained using a risk-based approach ety to exploit the opportunities that digitisation of- based on updated threat and vulnerability assess- fers. The authorities shall accommodate increased ments, and shall be monitored by a sound system digital innovation by adapting regulations, creating of internal controls. favourable framework conditions, removing obsta- cles to digitisation, and facilitating a world-class infrastructure providing high-quality electronic communication networks and services. Norway shall participate in Europe’s digital single market.

III. Strengthened digital competence and inclusion From primary education up through all life phas- es, digital competence shall be improved to ensure inclusion to and confidence in digital solutions. Digital services shall be easy to understand and to use. Advanced ICT competence and ICT research constitute fundamental preconditions for the digitisation of Norway. Digital agenda for Norway in brief 7 Development trends and challenges

2 Development trends and challenges

Over the past 20 years, the internet and digitisa- The development of big data is possible due to tion have fundamentally changed society. Initially the increasing capacity of computers and networks a technology for a small group of specialists, digital and to the vast stream of data flowing from all devices technology is now a universal technology and plat- connected to the internet. New analytical methods form for communication that permeates all areas of lead to new insights and business opportunities at society and the economy. the same time as they challenge data protection in The internet gained 50 million users in the first new ways. three years as a commercial network. Today it has Personal data has become a new means of pay- around 3 billion users, and is the world’s most im- ment online. Many users seem to accept this de- portant arena for communication, with a vast poten- velopment in exchange for ‘free’ access to social tial market. The internet is connected not only to platforms and other services. people, but also to ‘things’, sensors, different types Cloud services are becoming the dominant of equipment, and even clothing, hence the con- method for delivering ICT services, particularly to cept ‘the internet of things’, a fast-growing global consumers and businesses, and the public sector is network of 15 million devices. following suit. The scalability and the pay-as-you-go Another important driving force for the growth model can be good solutions for ICT buyers look- of internet users is the high use of mobile phones. ing for cost-effective solutions. According to the Economist1, in 2015 around half of Climate change is one of the major challenges the world’s adult population owned a smartphone. the world faces today. Developing and using new This proportion is expected to rise to 80 per cent technology is a precondition for achieving climate by 2020. This means that 80 per cent of the global goals, both nationally and globally. ICT offers im- population are potential users of the internet, with portant opportunities to help reduce greenhouse all the possibilities and challenges this brings with gas emissions and improve the environment. For it. Other estimates2 suggest that 90 per cent of the example, smart use of digital technology can pro- global population aged over six will own a mobile vide more efficient ways of exploiting resources phone by 2020. Simultaneously, the global mobile and consuming energy. network is being developed to have the capacity to The dramatic growth of social media is another deliver data traffic increasingly faster. important trend. By extension, we have the shar- Widespread availability of high-capacity broad- ing economy and popular services such as the ac- band facilitates convergence of different media. commodation service Airbnb and the taxi app Uber. Audiovisual media (audio and video), conventional Revenues from the global sharing economy are esti- broadcasting, and a whole host of other digital ser- mated at NOK 40 billion and are said to be growing vices are merging together. by 25 per cent annually. The sharing economy often Simultaneously, ICT-based innovation is form- represents a competitive challenge for established ing the basis for automation that lead to some jobs businesses, but it also offers users more choice and disappearing and new ones being created. This sit- represents a significant opportunity for innovation uation also presents opportunities. The Productivity and new jobs. Commission3 points out that automation of case Net-based platforms (such as Google, Facebook processing and the possibility for communication and Amazon) are playing increasingly important between IT systems may affect how public-sector social and economic roles. The sheer size of these tasks are organised and designed in the future. platforms give their owners significantly dominant positions and influence on the competitive conditions for other service providers on the internet. This situation poses challenges for regulatory au- 1 Planet of the phones. The Economist. 28. February 2015. 2 Ericsson Mobility Report. Ericsson. November 2014. thorities, as does the fact that these platforms are 3 The Productivity Commission was appointed by the Govern- used all over the world. ment in 2014 to investigate the causes of weaker productivity The issue of net neutrality concerns challenges growth, and to promote concrete proposals that can strengt- hen productivity and growth potential in the Norwegian related to non-discrimination of communication and economy. content distribution online. This is a topic that be- 8 Digital agenda for Norway in brief Development trends and challenges

comes increasingly relevant in line with the grow- wegian continental shelf is impeding economic ing trend of media convergence when around 150 growth. The decline has been exacerbated by the websites (such as Netflix and YouTube) account sharp drop in oil price. Unemployment has risen, for most of the traffic. particularly in the counties associated with the oil Most critical infrastructure and functions today sector. This also has consequences for other indus- are digitised. The level of complexity and inter- tries. Although the oil sector will remain an impor- dependence of ICT systems is constantly rising. tant sector in the Norwegian economy, over time This is creating new types of vulnerabilities to be Norway will have to restructure to more knowl- managed. These challenges are exacerbated by a edge-based industries. Meanwhile, productivity growing gap between the supply and the demand growth has fallen. The crisis involving asylum-seek- of advanced ICT competence. ers and refugees is putting our restructuring and The priorities stated in the national ICT policy productivity abilities to the test. Economic chal- are affected by international trends. ICT policy lenges are being faced all over the world. Technol- therefore constitutes an important area for interna- ogy development could help resolve these types of tional cooperation. Norway’s efforts are particular- challenges. If we are to achieve this, we need to find ly directed at the EU, OECD and Nordic coopera- new ways of working, processing information and tion. In Europe there is consensus that many of the resolving tasks. major challenges in ICT policy are common ones and can best be resolved together. One example Box 2.1 Blockchain is EU’s efforts to promote a digital single market in Europe. The blockchain protocol is a method of securely Technological developments create organisa- transferring value over the internet. The meth- tional and governance challenges, but also oppor- od was developed to support a digital currency, tunities. Technological development and digitisa- the Bitcoin, but can also be used in many other tion of the public sector drive administrative and areas such as finance, insurance, public adminis- service development. Digitisation changes the tration, contract law and administration of copy- relationship between public service providers and right. A key feature of blockchain technology is the public in many ways, such as the emergence of that it can ensure confidence in digital transac- new forms of collaboration. Changes in information tions through the use of advanced cryptographic flows challenge established areas of responsibility methods without having to rely on a third party. between agencies and sectors and create govern- Further expansion of this technology depends ance challenges. on a number of regulatory and policy challenges The Norwegian economy is facing significant being resolved, including regulation in the areas challenges. The decrease in demand from the Nor- of finance, tax policy and crime prevention. Digital agenda for Norway in brief 9 The contribution of ICT to the economy

3 The contribution of ICT to the economy

3.1 Features of ICT photography and file-sharing services. On the other hand, the products and the taking and sharing of Information and communication technology (ICT) pictures have become virtually free for consumers. has some distinctive features.4 First, ICT is often The contribution by photography-services related referred to as a general-purpose technology in the to GDP has most likely declined, while their use sense that the technology can be applied to many has increased dramatically and services to consumers different purposes. Other examples of this are elec- are now far better and cheaper than before. tricity, the internal-combustion engine and biotech- nology. Second, ICT benefits are network benefits, meaning that the usefulness of the benefits increases 3.2 The ICT industry proportionally with the number of users. Third, ICT can be used to produce digital benefits that Given the significance of digitisation, it is important cannot be produced in any other way. Such benefits to emphasise that Norway has a thriving ICT indus- can be reproduced without generating additional try delivering goods and services that support digi- costs. These features of ICT mean that integrating tisation in both the public and private sectors. ICT into the economy can lead to substantial pro- Compared with other industries, the ICT indus- ductivity benefits. try has experienced dramatic productivity growth. Many studies have looked at the significance In 2013 the industry accounted for 4.9 per cent of of ICT for economic value creation. Althou