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The Role of CDC25C in Cell Cycle Regulation and Clinical Cancer Therapy

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The Role of CDC25C in Cell Cycle Regulation and Clinical Cancer Therapy Liu et al. Cancer Cell Int (2020) 20:213 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-020-01304-w Cancer Cell International REVIEW Open Access The role of CDC25C in cell cycle regulation and clinical cancer therapy: a systematic review Kai Liu1†, Minying Zheng1†, Rui Lu2, Jiaxing Du1, Qi Zhao1, Zugui Li1, Yuwei Li3 and Shiwu Zhang1* Abstract One of the most prominent features of tumor cells is uncontrolled cell proliferation caused by an abnormal cell cycle, and the abnormal expression of cell cycle-related proteins gives tumor cells their invasive, metastatic, drug-resistance, and anti-apoptotic abilities. Recently, an increasing number of cell cycle-associated proteins have become the candi- date biomarkers for early diagnosis of malignant tumors and potential targets for cancer therapies. As an important cell cycle regulatory protein, Cell Division Cycle 25C (CDC25C) participates in regulating G2/M progression and in mediating DNA damage repair. CDC25C is a cyclin of the specifc phosphatase family that activates the cyclin B1/ CDK1 complex in cells for entering mitosis and regulates G2/M progression and plays an important role in checkpoint protein regulation in case of DNA damage, which can ensure accurate DNA information transmission to the daughter cells. The regulation of CDC25C in the cell cycle is afected by multiple signaling pathways, such as cyclin B1/CDK1, PLK1/Aurora A, ATR/CHK1, ATM/CHK2, CHK2/ERK, Wee1/Myt1, p53/Pin1, and ASK1/JNK-/38. Recently, it has evident that changes in the expression of CDC25C are closely related to tumorigenesis and tumor development and can be used as a potential target for cancer treatment. This review summarizes the role of CDC25C phosphatase in regulating cell cycle. Based on the role of CDC25 family proteins in the development of tumors, it will become a hot target for a new generation of cancer treatments. Keywords: CDC25C, Cell cycle, G2/M progression, DNA damage, Cancer Background characterized by cell cycle disorders and irregularities, According to the GLOBOCAN 2018 global cancer mor- such as deletions, overexpression, or mutations in pro- bidity and mortality estimates, the number of new can- teins that control this process. cer cases and deaths was 11.8 million and 9.6 million, Te dual-specifcity phosphatase cell division cycle- respectively. Tese numbers are growing rapidly, and 25C (CDC25C) plays an important role in the regula- cancer will be the frst and most important issue in every tion of serine/threonine kinase activity involved in cell country, and the most important obstacle to increase life cycle. CDC25C can promote mitotic cell G2/M transi- expectancy [1]. Terefore, understanding the mechanism tion by triggering cyclin-dependent kinase-1 (CDK1) of tumorigenesis is greatly helpful in inhibiting tumo- dephosphorylation to activate the cyclin B1/CDK1 com- rigenesis, slowing down the development of tumors, and plex [2]. Te downregulation of CDC25C induces cell early diagnosis of tumors. Although each type of cancer cycle arrest in G2/M phase in response to DNA damage can be caused by a variety of factors, the majority are via p53-mediated signal transduction, and its abnormal expression is associated with cancer initiation, develop- ment, metastasis, occurrence and poor prognosis. Many *Correspondence: [email protected] †Kai Liu and Minying Zheng equally contributed to the paper studies have shown that CDC25C is highly expressed in 1 Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, lung [3, 4], liver [5], gastric [6], bladder [7], prostate [8, 9], People’s Republic of China esophageal [10], and colorectal cancers [11] and in acute Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s) 2020. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creat iveco mmons .org/publi cdoma in/ zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Liu et al. Cancer Cell Int (2020) 20:213 Page 2 of 16 myeloid leukemia [12], correlated to poor prognosis and Cell cycle regulation of CDC25A and CDC25B low survival rates. Investigating the underlying mecha- CDC25A is mainly localized in the nucleus, and controls nisms of CDC25C in cancer initiation and progression G1/S progression by dephosphorylation-dependent inac- may provide a new insight into the diagnosis and treat- tivation of Cyclin E/CDK2 and Cyclin D/CDK4-6; G2 ment of human tumors. phase progression by dephosphorylation of CDK1 and activation of cyclin B1/CDK1 complex is a limiting step Structure of CDC25 family [19]. CDC25B is considered to be the “initiator” phos- CDC25A, CDC25B, and CDC25C are three subtypes of phatase and is located in the nucleus during interphase, the CDC25 phosphatase family, the molecular weight but shuttles back and forth between the cytoplasm and between 53 and 65 kDa, and with chain lengths of 524, nucleus during entire cell cycle. It translocate to the cyto- 580, and 473 amino acids, respectively. Te human plasm during the G2 phase and activates the cyclin B1/ CDC25 protein family structure has a conserved cata- CDK1 complex [16], and then re-enters the nucleus to lytic domain and a regulatory domain. Te latter can be initiate mitosis [20]. divided into the N-terminal and the C-terminal regula- tory domains [13]. In the N-terminal regulatory domain, Phosphatase activity and subcellular location which has phosphorylation and ubiquitination site that of CDC25C regulate phosphatase activity, there are large diferences between the three isoforms: sequence similarity is less Te phosphorylation activity of CDC25C during inter- than 25% and they vary in length [14]. Tere are sites phase is low and localize in the cytoplasm. Te cyto- that regulate phosphatase activity, stability, and their plasmic localization depends on CDC25C amino acid interaction with other proteins and modifcations to sequence 201–258, which contains specifc binding sites these sites involve normal cell cycle control and check- with 14-3-3 protein. Te combination of 14-3-3 and point response signals [5]. At the same time, the N-ter- CDC25C can make CDC25C location in the cytoplasm minal region contains the nuclear localization sequence [16]. Terefore, CDC25C is regulated by 14-3-3 pro- (NLS) and the nuclear export sequence (NES), which tein by means of chelating in the cytoplasm [16]. It has determine the subcellular localization of CDC25 phos- also been reported that phosphorylation of CDC25C on phatase [13]. Te C-terminal regulatory domain has 60% Ser216 and Ser287 at the interphase prevents its activa- identity between isoforms, contains a catalytic site for tion and promotes cytoplasmic location by binding to phosphatase, and is capable of dephosphorylating pro- 14-3-3 protein [21]. tein substrates as rapidly as full-length proteins [15]. At During interphase, CDC25C shuttles from the cyto- present, X-ray crystallography has helped us understand plasm to the nucleus. Te localization of CDC25C during the structure of the catalytic domains of CDC25A and the cell cycle is afected, to a certain extent, by altera- CDC25B. Tese results proposed that the catalytic site tions in the rate of import and export [20]. Boutros et al. of CDC25B can bind to oxygen anions, unlike CDC25A. confrmed that NES sequence in CDC25C regulated the Te C-terminal region also presents signifcant confor- location of cytoplasm and nucleus. When Ser191 and mational diversities [16]. Ser198 in NES were phosphorylated, it could facilitate CDC25 phosphatase is part of the tyrosine phos- nuclear translocation of CDC25C [22]. phatase family and its core region contains the charac- teristic motif HCX5R and a catalytic aspartate residue. In C-(X)5-R, H represents the highly conserved histi- Physiological function of CDC25C dine residue, C represents a catalytic cysteine, and X5 is CDC25C is a representative bispecifc phosphatase which a ring composed of 5 residues. All of the amide hydro- hydrolyzes Tyr and Ser/Tr phosphate [13]. Although gens are associated with the phosphate of the substrate. CDC25A and CDC25B activate the cell cycle cyclin B1/ R is arginine, which is needful for phosphorylating amino CDK1 complex, CDC25C is in charge of promoting and acid binding with matrices [17, 18]. Te overall folding maintaining complete cyclin B1/CDK1 activation, and of CDC25 is diferent from that of other tyrosine phos- ultimately determines the G2 checkpoint [23]. CDC25C phatases; however, the active site loop can be superim- acts on the CDK1 Tr14 and Tyr15 residues, dephospho- posed on the active sites of a variety of other tyrosine rylating them, and activating this complex into mitosis phosphatases. A key feature of CDC25 is that its active [16]. Dephosphorylation of CDK1 regulated by CDC25C site is fat, with no distinct grooves for binding proteins and nuclear entry of the cyclin B1/CDK1 complex are or small molecule substrates, which is consistent with key mechanisms regulating the initiation of cell division. lack of activity or specifcity for peptide substrates [15], When CDC25C activity is inhibited, the activity of the suggesting a broad interaction.
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