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Cruikshank Through E THROUGH THE EYES OF STRANGERS: A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF LAND USE HISTORY IN THE YUKON DURING THE LATE NINETEENTH CFNTURY REPORT TO THE YUKON TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT AND THE YUKON ARCHIVES. Jul1e Cruikshank February 1974. INDEX Page I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 - 1 11. THE lAND AN D THE RESOURCES ..................................................................... 11 1 Geography and Geographical Divisions ..................................... II 1 Resources ..•.•.•..• .................................................................... 11 3 Moose and caribou .............................................................. 11 4 Fish ..................................................................................... 11 10 Fur Animals .......................................................................... 11 12 Birds. ......................................................................... 11 14 Edible Plants ........................................................... 11 14 HI. AN OUTUNE OF PREHISTORY ...................................................... III 1 A. Southwe st Yukon ............................................................ III 2 B. Yukon River .•.•• ............................................................ III 3 C. South ea st Yukon ........................................................... • III 3 D. Northwest yukon ............................................... Il! 3 IV. THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF CHANGE BEFORE THE GOLDRUSH: THE FUR TRADE. .................................... IV 1 V. THE PEOPLE AND THE lAND •.••.•.••.••... ..................... V 1 Linguistic and Territorial Divisions ....................... V 2 A. Southwest Yukon •.•.••• ........................... V 4 1. Southern Tutchone V 8 (a) Alsek - Tatshenshini ..................... V -8 (b) White - River - Kluane ..................... V 17 (c) Aishihik Hutshi •..•• V 21 (d) Kusawa Lake Takhini River .............. V 25 (e) Lake Laberge White horse V 26 2. Tagish •••.•• .............................. V 29 3. Inland Tlingit ,. ............................ V 32 (Summary) .... ,. ............................. V - 35 B. Yukon River .• V 36 Reports of Settlements on the Yukon .............. V - 36 1. Tutchone ......•.•.•...•......•........•.• V- 40 INDEX (po 2 ) page Bo (cont) (a) Carrnacks - Little Salmon 000000000 000 •••••• 0 V - 41 (b) Fort Selkirk ••• 0 •••••••••••••••••• 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 • • • V - 43 (c) Lower Stewart River 0 •• 000 •• 0 •••• 00 •• 0 '000000 V - 45 2.Han ...................................... V-4S (a) Klondike River o ••• 0 0 0 000 0 0 .0. 0 •• 0 0 000 o. o. • V - 45 (Summary) ...•.•........•...•......•.•.•.•• V - 49 C. The Eastern Yukon ....................•......•.• V - so 1. Ka ska .. • . • • . • . • . • • . • . • • . • • . V - 50 (a) Upper Liard Drainage and Frances Lake .•. 0. • V-50 2. Tutchone . V-53 (a) Pelly and Ross Rivers •.•••.•••••••••..•• 0 • • V-53 (b) Upper Macmillan River •..• 0 •• 0 •• 0 0 • 0 • 0 ••• 00 V-56 (c) Stewart River •••••.•.•. 0 • 0 •• 0 • 0 0 • 0 • 0 • 0 0 0 • • V - 57 (Summary) ..•................•....•..•....•• V-59 D. The Peel and Porcupine River Drainages ••.•••• 0 • • • • • V-59 1. Kutchin: (a) Peel River (Tetl1t ) Kutchin o .•• 0 ••••• 0 •••••• V - 60 (b) Porcupine (Tukkuth ) River Kutchin •.• 0 •••••• V - 64 (c) Crow River (Vunta ) Kutchin •••••••••••••••• V - 66 (Summary) •....•..••..•..•.........•..•.•.• V - 68 VI. IMPACT OF CHANGES ON SUBSISTENCE ACTIVITIES AND . I.A.ND USE: A SUMMARY ...•.........•................•......••..• VI - 1 VII. CONCLUSION: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK • . • • . • • . • • . • . • . • • . • . • . • . • . • • . • . • . • VII - 1 A. Limitations of Written Records. • • . • . • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • VII - 1 B. Summary of Land Use. • • . • . • • . • • . • . •• • • • • • • • • • • VII - 3 C. Recommendations for Future Work. • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • VII - 8 APPENDIX I EMERGENCE OF VILIAGES IN THE PRESENT CENTURY •••••••• 1 INDEX (p;. 3 ) Page APPENDIX I (cont ) Burwash ,. ...... " ...................................... 1 Champagne •.....•......•.......•. ~ •••.••.•.•••••.•.••• 2 Carcross ...•.........•....••.•.•......••..•••..••..••. 3 Carmacks ... .. ...........•....••....•......•..•.•.. 4 Dawson City and Moosehide ••.•..•..•.•.••.••••••••••••• 6 Ma yo ..•... , .•••..•..•.•..•.•.••.•..•.•.••.•..•••..•.• 7 Old Crow ............................................. 9 Ross River . ~ ............•...................•..•....... 11 Fort Selkirk and Pelly Crossing •..••..•.••.•••..•.•...•••. 12 Teslin ............................................... 14 Whlte horse .........•...•.............................. 15 Watson Lake ........................•.....•......••.•. 16 APPENDIX II ANNOTATED BIBUOGRAPHY OF SROUCES USED MAPS Map#1 Geographical Divisions •••.•.•.••..•.•.••.•.••••••••••• II 1 (a) Map#2 Some Early Trading Posts and Indian Camps ••..••••.•..•. N 1 (a) Map#3 Linguistic Divisions in the Yukon ••....•..•••.•..••..••• V 3 (a) Map#4 Map by Tl1ngit Chief Kohklux, 1869 (Davidson, 1901 ) •••• V 6 (a) I - 1 I. INTRODUCTION This report was written under contract to the Territorial Government through the Yukon Archives. The terms of reference included spending three months compiling a summary of what has been written about Yukon Indian history and land use up until the early decades of this century. Sources used include over a hundred books, papers, documents, theses and reports which are now available in the Yukon Archives. It was agreed that this report would be made freely available in the Archives to any groups or individuals interested in reading it. Any value of this report will be for people interested in general outlines of Yukon Indian history as it has been recorded in scattered documents. The information in written accounts is often fragmentary and ambiguous, and while such accounts suggest important questions for research, they seldom provide conclusive answers. Hopefully the report may provide a starting point for development of oral histories in the villages. Such local histories may go far beyond information recorded by travellers in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and by anthropologists more recently. I - 2 This paper starts with the assumption that Indian people used the land extensively in the Yukon. It attempts to document this by looking at where early camps and trails were recorded, and by looking at seasonal cycles of movement, native trade networks, economic activities and so on. The report concentrates on land use rather than on concepts of land ownership for several reasons. In the first place there is very little documentation of aboriginal concepts of land ownership in the Yukon and much of what has been written is not very reliable. Secondly, any attempt to describe concepts of ownership would have to revolve around detailed descriptions of kinship - moieties, clans, descent, and areas to which specific descent groups expressed • rights of use'. It is an extremely complicated system which goes far beyond land use. * Thirdly, it is unlikely that anyone living today really understands aboriginal concepts of land owner - ship, so greatly did the fur trade modify patterns of land use after the 1850' s. The earliest written accounts take us back only as far as the 1850' sand indications are that considerable readjustments of population were occurring at that time. The sources used here have a number of obvious limitations but they are useful once these limitations are recogniZed. First, they were all written by • strangers' - Europeans who at best recorded information as exactly as they could from Indian people, and at worst made their own judgements on the basis of very limited information. Early Europeans visited for a number of reasons and wrote for a number of purposes. Seldom were the Native people their main concern. Most of them followed waterways instead of overland routes, visited only in summer, and often speculated when they lacked facts. Consequently the reliability and completeness of some accounts is questionable. * Dr. Catharine McClellan's forthcoming book, My Old People Say,discusses this for the southwest Yukon. (Bulletin, National Museum of Canada, in press). I - 3 Certain judgements about the accuracy of these accounts have been made 1n this report. Reports by early fur traders are often second hand but in some cases they provide the best information available. Traders generally stayed in the area for some years. They had a valid interest in knOwing exactly where Indian people were, where they were trading, and where the best trapping grounds were. Since their reports were seldom intended for publication, there is less tendency to exaggerate than in some other accounts. Reports from military expeditions made by the United States government took special care to locate settlements as accurately as possible, since their main objective was to pinpoint potentially 'hostile' Native groups (see Schwatka, Allen). Other reports came from employees of the Western Telegraph Company, Dall and Whymper, during an. abortive attempt to build a cable via Siberia; only information about people trading to Fort Yu.kon is used from their report.s because they never travelled upriver from there. The surveyor William Ogllvie, on a trip to locate the international boundary, and the geologist George Da:wson, who went down river as far as Fort Selkirk, both gave brief but careful early accounts. Northwest Mounted Police patro~ reports and Anglican
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