Chilea a Taяctic Scie Ce Prоgraм 2OI9—202O
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The Antarctic Treaty System And
The Antarctic Treaty System and Law During the first half of the 20th century a series of territorial claims were made to parts of Antarctica, including New Zealand's claim to the Ross Dependency in 1923. These claims created significant international political tension over Antarctica which was compounded by military activities in the region by several nations during the Second World War. These tensions were eased by the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-58, the first substantial multi-national programme of scientific research in Antarctica. The IGY was pivotal not only in recognising the scientific value of Antarctica, but also in promoting co- operation among nations active in the region. The outstanding success of the IGY led to a series of negotiations to find a solution to the political disputes surrounding the continent. The outcome to these negotiations was the Antarctic Treaty. The Antarctic Treaty The Antarctic Treaty was signed in Washington on 1 December 1959 by the twelve nations that had been active during the IGY (Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States and USSR). It entered into force on 23 June 1961. The Treaty, which applies to all land and ice-shelves south of 60° South latitude, is remarkably short for an international agreement – just 14 articles long. The twelve nations that adopted the Treaty in 1959 recognised that "it is in the interests of all mankind that Antarctica shall continue forever to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and shall not become the scene or object of international discord". -
Report of Contributions
The 8th International Ice Drill Symposium Report of Contributions https://indico.nbi.ku.dk/e/1121 The 8th Internati … / Report of Contributions Impurities effect on borehole closu … Contribution ID: 2 Type: Poster Impurities effect on borehole closure rate in ice sheet Monday, 30 September 2019 17:56 (4 minutes) Understanding ice sheet dynamics is of high interest to predict the future ice sheet response in times of changing climate, and is also crucial to estimate borehole closure rate during accessing ice sheet especially by deep ice core drilling. Impurities in ice is one of the most influential factors on mechanical properties of ice and causes localized enhanced deformation. High concentrations of impurities is the main driver for development of strong crystal prefrred orientation, fine grain sizes and for decreasing pressure melting point, which favors the borehole clousre rate signaficantly particularly when ice temperature is above -10 ℃. While the control mechanism of impurities on ice deformation rate is still remains much unclear. Thus, we propose to investigate various species and concentrations of impurities effect on ice creep rate between -15 ℃ to -5 ℃ using bubble free, labratory-made polycrystalline ice obtained by isotropic freezing method, in order to figure out the critical species and concentrations of impurities on borehole closure rate. Primary author: HONG, Jialin (Polar Research Center, Jilin University, Changchun, China) Co-authors: Prof. TALALAY, Pavel (Jilin University); Mr SYSOEV, Mihail (Polar Research Center, -
Download Preprint
Ross and Siegert: Lake Ellsworth englacial layers and basal melting 1 1 THIS IS AN EARTHARXIV PREPRINT OF AN ARTICLE SUBMITTED FOR 2 PUBLICATION TO THE ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY 3 Basal melt over Subglacial Lake Ellsworth and it catchment: insights from englacial layering 1 2 4 Ross, N. , Siegert, M. , 1 5 School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, 6 UK 2 7 Grantham Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK Annals of Glaciology 61(81) 2019 2 8 Basal melting over Subglacial Lake Ellsworth and its 9 catchment: insights from englacial layering 1 2 10 Neil ROSS, Martin SIEGERT, 1 11 School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 2 12 Grantham Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK 13 Correspondence: Neil Ross <[email protected]> 14 ABSTRACT. Deep-water ‘stable’ subglacial lakes likely contain microbial life 15 adapted in isolation to extreme environmental conditions. How water is sup- 16 plied into a subglacial lake, and how water outflows, is important for under- 17 standing these conditions. Isochronal radio-echo layers have been used to infer 18 where melting occurs above Lake Vostok and Lake Concordia in East Antarc- 19 tica but have not been used more widely. We examine englacial layers above 20 and around Lake Ellsworth, West Antarctica, to establish where the ice sheet 21 is ‘drawn down’ towards the bed and, thus, experiences melting. Layer draw- 22 down is focused over and around the NW parts of the lake as ice, flowing 23 obliquely to the lake axis, becomes afloat. -
Basal Melting Over Subglacial Lake Ellsworth and Its Catchment: Insights from Englacial Layering
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Newcastle University E-Prints Annals of Glaciology Basal melting over Subglacial Lake Ellsworth and its catchment: insights from englacial layering Neil Ross1 and Martin Siegert2 Paper 1School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK and 2Grantham Cite this article: Ross N, Siegert M (2020). Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK Basal melting over Subglacial Lake Ellsworth and its catchment: insights from englacial layering. Annals of Glaciology 1–8. https:// Abstract doi.org/10.1017/aog.2020.50 Deep-water ‘stable’ subglacial lakes likely contain microbial life adapted in isolation to extreme Received: 24 July 2019 environmental conditions. How water is supplied into a subglacial lake, and how water outflows, Revised: 15 June 2020 is important for understanding these conditions. Isochronal radio-echo layers have been used to Accepted: 16 June 2020 infer where melting occurs above Lake Vostok and Lake Concordia in East Antarctica but have not been used more widely. We examine englacial layers above and around Lake Ellsworth, West Key words: ‘ ’ Antarctic glaciology; basal melt; radio-echo Antarctica, to establish where the ice sheet is drawn down towards the bed and, thus, experiences sounding; subglacial lakes melting. Layer drawdown is focused over and around the northwest parts of the lake as ice, flow- ing obliquely to the lake axis becomes afloat. Drawdown can be explained by a combination of Author for correspondence: basal melting and the Weertman effect, at the transition from grounded to floating ice. We evalu- Neil Ross, E-mail: [email protected] ate the importance of these processes on englacial layering over Lake Ellsworth and discuss impli- cations for water circulation and sediment deposition. -
Antarctic Treaty Handbook: Tourism
TOURISM AND OTHER NON-GOVERNMENTAL ACTIVITIES Introductory note Commercial tourism Until 1966 virtually all expeditions to the Antarctic had been organized by governments or had some measure of governmental backing. In that year there appeared in Antarctica for the first time a commercially organized, ship-borne tourist expedition. In subsequent years commercial tourism increased, using ships and aircraft. The area most frequently visited by sea was the Antarctic Peninsula. Regular airborne tourism began in 1977 and developed using long range passenger aircraft flying from Australia and New Zealand. Almost all of these flights overflew parts of Antarctica and returned home without landing. Airborne tourism diminished considerably following the tragic crash on Mount Erebus, Ross Island, on 28 November 1979 with the loss of 257 lives. Non-governmental non-tourist expeditions Such expeditions also began to appear in the Antarctic in 1966. The preparedness of such expeditions has varied; the consequent requests for assistance from governmental expeditions have sometimes caused disruption to scientific programs. A major aim of the consideration engendered by these expeditions within the Treaty fora has been to encourage such private expeditions to be adequately prepared and fully self-sufficient. Antarctic Treaty Recommendations XXI: Resolution 3 (1997) Standard Form for Advance Notification and Post-Visit Reporting on Tourism and Non-Governmental Activities in Antarctica The Representatives, Recalling Resolution 3 (1995) which agreed that there would be an advantage in standardized reporting of information on tourism and non-governmental activity in Antarctica; Noting that Attachment A to Recommendation 1 (1994) outlines the requirements for Advance Notice of tourism and non-governmental activities, and that Resolution 3 (1995) outlines requirements for post-activity reports; Recalling that Parties agreed at ATCM XX to trial a standard form for Advance Notification and Post-Visit Reporting during the 1996/97 Antarctic season. -
BEAMISH Initial Environmental Evaluation
BEAMISH Initial Environmental Evaluation BAS Environment9/30/2016 Office September 2016 1 Contents Non-Technical Summary ..................................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 7 1.1. Background to Project ......................................................................................................... 7 1.2. Statutory Requirements ...................................................................................................... 7 1.3. Purpose and Scope of Document ........................................................................................ 8 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................ 9 2.1. Project Overview ................................................................................................................. 9 2.2. Project Schedule ............................................................................................................... 10 2.3. Description of the Project ................................................................................................. 13 2.3.1. Hot water drilling, Ice and Sediment Cores .................................................................. 13 2.3.2. Bore hole Instruments ................................................................................................. -
Joint Conference of the History EG and Humanities and Social Sciences
Joint conference of the History EG and Humanities and Social Sciences EG "Antarctic Wilderness: Perspectives from History, the Humanities and the Social Sciences" Colorado State University, Fort Collins (USA), 20 - 23 May 2015 A joint conference of the History Expert Group and the Humanities and Social Sciences Expert Group on "Antarctic Wilderness: Perspectives from History, the Humanities and the Social Sciences" was held at Colorado State University in Fort Collins (USA) on 20-23 May 2015. On Wednesday (20 May) we started with an excursion to the Rocky Mountain National Park close to Estes. A hike of two hours took us along a former golf course that had been remodelled as a natural plain, and served as a fitting site for a discussion with park staff on “comparative wilderness” given the different connotations of that term in isolated Antarctica and comparatively accessible Colorado. After our return to Fort Collins we met a group of members of APECS (Association of Polar Early Career Scientists), with whom we had a tour through the New Belgium Brewery. The evening concluded with a screening of the film “Nightfall on Gaia” by the anthropologist Juan Francisco Salazar (Australia), which provides an insight into current social interactions on King George Island and connections to the natural and political complexities of the sixth continent. The conference itself was opened by on Thursday (21 May) by Diana Wall, head of the School of Global Environmental Sustainability at the Colorado State University (CSU). Andres Zarankin (Brazil) opened the first session on narratives and counter narratives from Antarctica with his talk on sealers, marginality, and official narratives in Antarctic history. -
2019 Weddell Sea Expedition
Initial Environmental Evaluation SA Agulhas II in sea ice. Image: Johan Viljoen 1 Submitted to the Polar Regions Department, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, as part of an application for a permit / approval under the UK Antarctic Act 1994. Submitted by: Mr. Oliver Plunket Director Maritime Archaeology Consultants Switzerland AG c/o: Maritime Archaeology Consultants Switzerland AG Baarerstrasse 8, Zug, 6300, Switzerland Final version submitted: September 2018 IEE Prepared by: Dr. Neil Gilbert Director Constantia Consulting Ltd. Christchurch New Zealand 2 Table of contents Table of contents ________________________________________________________________ 3 List of Figures ___________________________________________________________________ 6 List of Tables ___________________________________________________________________ 8 Non-Technical Summary __________________________________________________________ 9 1. Introduction _________________________________________________________________ 18 2. Environmental Impact Assessment Process ________________________________________ 20 2.1 International Requirements ________________________________________________________ 20 2.2 National Requirements ____________________________________________________________ 21 2.3 Applicable ATCM Measures and Resolutions __________________________________________ 22 2.3.1 Non-governmental activities and general operations in Antarctica _______________________________ 22 2.3.2 Scientific research in Antarctica __________________________________________________________ -
The Antarctic Treaty
The Antarctic Treaty Measures adopted at the Thirty-ninth Consultative Meeting held at Santiago, Chile 23 May – 1 June 2016 Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty November 2017 Cm 9542 © Crown copyright 2017 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available at www.gov.uk/government/publications Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at Treaty Section, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, King Charles Street, London, SW1A 2AH ISBN 978-1-5286-0126-9 CCS1117441642 11/17 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum Printed in the UK by the APS Group on behalf of the Controller of Her Majestyʼs Stationery Office MEASURES ADOPTED AT THE THIRTY-NINTH ANTARCTIC TREATY CONSULTATIVE MEETING Santiago, Chile 23 May – 1 June 2016 The Measures1 adopted at the Thirty-ninth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting are reproduced below from the Final Report of the Meeting. In accordance with Article IX, paragraph 4, of the Antarctic Treaty, the Measures adopted at Consultative Meetings become effective upon approval by all Contracting Parties whose representatives were entitled to participate in the meeting at which they were adopted (i.e. all the Consultative Parties). The full text of the Final Report of the Meeting, including the Decisions and Resolutions adopted at that Meeting and colour copies of the maps found in this command paper, is available on the website of the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat at www.ats.aq/documents. -
Miguel Ángel Salazar Urrutia
PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE VALPARAÍSO CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS DE ASISTENCIA LEGISLATIVA ACTORES NO ESTATALES EN LA ANTÁRTICA. UNA APROXIMACIÓN A LAS RELACIONES TRANSNACIONALES Y SUS IMPLICANCIAS EN CHILE COMO PAÍS ANTÁRTICO. POR MIGUEL ÁNGEL SALAZAR URRUTIA Trabajo Final de Graduación para optar al Grado de Magíster en Relaciones Internacionales. Profesor Guía: Mg. Mauricio Burgos Quezada Mayo 2018 Dedicado a todos aquellos que se sienten responsables por el mundo y su destino. MSU. iii AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi compañera de vida Élodie, por su incondicional apoyo y por darme ánimo en los momentos difíciles. A mis padres y hermanos por su apoyo incondicional. Al Profesor Mauricio Burgos, por su guía, apoyo y entrega en el logro de este Trabajo Final de Graduación. Al CEAL, por su ayuda entregada en el primer año del programa. Me ayudaron a empezar. A la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, por apoyar mis estudios en el segundo año. Me ayudaron a terminar. A mis compañer@s de curso que hoy son mis amig@s, y que hicieron de estos dos años y tanto de estudio, una de las más lindas etapas de mi carrera. Nunca olvidaré nuestras conversaciones. iv ÍNDICE índice de cuadro y tablas .......................................................................................... viii Glosario de términos. .................................................................................................. ix Cuadro de Abreviaturas .......................................................................................... xii Resumen ................................................................................................................... -
Guidance for Visitors to the Antarctic
Guidance for Visitors to the Antarctic Activities in the Antarctic are governed by the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 and associated agreements, referred to collectively as the Antarctic Treaty system. The Treaty established Antarctica as a zone of peace and science. In 1991, the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties adopted the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, which designates the Antarctic as a natural reserve. The Protocol sets out environmental principles, procedures and obligations for the comprehensive protection of the Antarctic environment, and its dependent and associated ecosystems. The Consultative Parties have agreed that, pending its entry into force, as far as possible and in accordance with their legal system, the provisions of the Protocol should be applied as appropriate. The Environmental Protocol applies to tourism and non-governmental activities as well as governmental activities in the Antarctic Treaty Area. It is intended to ensure that these activities do not have adverse impacts on the Antarctic environment, or on its scientific and aesthetic values. This Guidance for Visitors to the Antarctic is intended to ensure that all visitors are aware of, and are therefore able to comply with, the Treaty and the Protocol. Visitors are, of course, bound by national laws and regulations applicable to activities in the Antarctic. A) PROTECT ANTARCTIC WILDLIFE Taking or harmful interference with Antarctic wildlife is prohibited except in accordance with a permit issued by a national authority. 1) Do not use aircraft, vessels, small boats, or other means of transport in ways that disturb wildlife, either at sea or on land. 2) Do not feed, touch, or handle birds or seals, or approach or photograph them in ways that cause them to alter their behavior. -
US-NZ Partnership in Antarctica
US-NZ Partnership in Antarctica New Zealand Embassy 10 Apr 2015 Mr. Peter Beggs Dr. Kelly Kenison Falkner Chief Executive Director, Polar Programs & USAP Antarctica New Zealand National Science Foundation Mt. Victoria Wellington, NZ Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd, Jr. Antarctic Treaty System US & NZ are among 12 original signatories of Treaty • Treaty signed 1959, entered into force 1961, reaffirmed for 50 more years 2011 United Kingdom • All territorial claims held in Norway abeyance Argentina • Reserved for peaceful uses • Commitment to Chile environmental protection and Australia scientific research • 50 Member Nations; 29 are consultative parties with an France “Active Science Program” New • Consensus based Treaty Zealand measures implemented through domestic law Antarctica New Zealand The New Zealand Antarctic Institute Act: To develop, maintain and execute New Zealand activities in Antarctica, in particular the Ross Dependency To enhance the quality of New Zealand scientific research To cooperate with other (Antarctic) organisations within and outside New Zealand • Permanent presence at Scott Base • Logistics support • National Antarctic Program co- operation • Science coordination • Environmental management • Support to Ministry of Foreign Affairs on Antarctic Treaty matters • Outreach and education Scope of USAP Logistics System Christchurch – Antarctica Historic Context The sea port of Christchurch, Lyttelton was the final stop over for early Antarctic Expeditions The British National Antarctic Expedition ship, the Discovery,