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Biology of Chrysomelidae Series Entomologica BIOLOGY OF CHRYSOMELIDAE SERIES ENTOMOLOGICA EDITOR K.A. SPENCER VOLUME 42 BIOLOGY OF CHRYSOMELIDAE Edited by P. JOLIVET, E. PETITPIERRE and T.H. HSIAO KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHTI BOSTON I LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Biology of Chrysornelidae. (Series entomologica ; v. 42) Includes index. 1. Chrysomelidae. 1. Joli vet, Pierre, 1922- II. Petitpierre, E. (Eduard) III. Hsiao, T. H. (Ting H.) IV. Series. QL596.C5B53 1988 595.76'4 88-9325 ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7896-2 e-ISBN: 978-94-009-3105-3 001: 10.1007/978-94-009-3105-3 Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates the publishing programmes of D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands. All rights reserved. © 1988 by Kluwer Academic Publishers Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1988 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. Contents Preface XXI Foreword xxiii PART 1. TROPHIC SELECTION 1. FOOD HABITS AND FOOD SELECTION OF CHRYSOMELIDAE. BIONOMIC AND EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES 1 Pierre Jolivet 1. Introduction 1 2. Food selection among the subfamilies 2 2.1. Section Eupoda 3 2.1.1. Sagrinae 3 2.1.2. Aulacoscelinae 4 2.1.3. Orsodacninae 4 2.1.4. Zeugophorinae 5 2.1.5. Donaciinae 5 2.1.6. Megalopodinae 6 2.1.7. Criocerinae 6 2.1.8. Synetinae 7 2.2. Section Camptosoma 8 2.2.1. Clytrinae 8 2.2.2. Cryptocephalinae 8 2.2.3. Chlamisinae 8 2.3. Section Cyclica 9 2.3.1. Lamprosomatinae 9 2.3.2. Megascelinae 9 2.3.3. Eumolpinae 9 2.4. Section Trichostoma 9 VI 2.4.1. Chrysomelinae 9 2.4.2. Galerucinae 11 2.4.3. Alticinae 12 2.5 Section Cryptostoma 13 2.5.1. Hispinae 13 2.5.2. Cassidinae 14 3. Economic importance 15 4. Evolutionary perspectives 15 5. Concluding remarks 20 2. CRUCIFER-FEEDING CHRYSOMELIDAE: MECHANISMS OF HOST PLANT FINDING AND ACCEPTANCE 25 Jens Kist Nielsen 1. Introduction 25 2. Distribution of crucifer feeding within Chrysomelidae 25 3. Chemicals from the Cruciferae influencing insect behaviour and performance 26 4. Factors affecting suitability of plants 28 5. Factors influencing acceptability of plants 28 6. Behaviour involved in host plant acceptance 29 7. Habitat finding 29 8. Host plant finding 31 9. Examining the plant and initiation of feeding 32 10. Feeding and oviposition 33 11. Host plant specificity 35 12. Concluding remarks 36 3. FEEDING STIMULANTS OF LEAF BEETLES 41 Kazuhiro Matsuda 1. Introduction 41 2. The role of chemicals in the feeding behaviour of phytophagous insects 41 3. The feeding stimulants of leaf beetles 42 3.l. Volatile secondary plant substances 42 3.2. Primary plant substances (nutrient chemicals) 43 3.3. Non-volatile secondary plant substances 44 3.3.1. Cucurbitaceae-feeding leaf beetles 44 3.3.2. Cruciferae-feeding leaf beetles 47 3.3.3. Polygonaceae-feeding leaf beetles 48 3.3.4. Colorado potato beetle 49 3.3.5. Other leaf beetles 50 4. The role of secondary plant substances in the feeding behaviour of leaf beetles 51 VII 4. HOST PLANTS AND DEFENSE MECHANISMS IN OEDIONYCHINA (ALTICINAE) 57 Alpina Begossi and Woodruff W. Benson 1. Introduction 57 2. Host-plant relationships 58 3. Laboratory feeding preferences 62 4. Anti-predator adaptations 63 5. Mimicry 66 5. LEAF-BEETLE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN AN AMAZONIAN RAINFOREST CANOPY 73 Brian D. Farrell and Terry L. Erwin 1. Introduction 73 2. Field methods 75 3. Analytical methods 78 4. Results 83 5. Discussion 87 6. THE CHRYSOMELIDAE: A USEFUL GROUP FOR INVESTIGATING HERBIVORE-HERBIVORE INTERACTIONS 91 Sharon Y. Strauss 1. Introduction 91 2. Interference competition 93 3. Exploitative competition 94 4. Changes in plant chemistry 97 5. Changes in plant architecture 98 6. Herbivore associations 99 7. Evidence for herbivore-herbivore interactions 100 PART 2. BIOGEOGRAPHY 7. ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF THE CHRYSOMELIDAE 107 Shinsaku Kimoto 1. Introduction 107 2. Material and field work 107 3. Regionality of the fauna of Chrysomelidae by subfamily composition 108 4. Seasonal changes of subfamily composition in Sri Lanka 111 8. THE ORIGINS OF THE ALTICINAE 115 Gerhard Scherer 1. Introduction 115 2. Continental drift 116 VIII 3. Neotropical region 118 4. Nearctic region 120 5. Palaearctic region 121 6. Oriental region 122 7. Australian region 122 8. African region 124 9. Conclusions 127 PART 3. GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 9. CYTOGENETICS, CYTOTAXONOMY AND GENETICS OF CHRYSOMELIDAE 131 Eduard Petitpierre 1. Introduction 131 2. Chromosome numbers and karyotypic architecture 132 3. Meiotic systems 138 4. Sex chromosomes 141 5. Cytotaxonomy 143 6. Genetics 149 7. Perspectives and future researches 152 10. CHROMOSOME NUMBERS AND MEIOFORMULAE OF CHRYSOMELIDAE 161 E. Petitpierre, C. Segarra, J.S. Yadav and N. Virkki 11. CYTOTAXONOMY OF ALTICINAE 187 Niilo Virkki 1. Introduction 187 2. The ancestral chromosome number 188 3. Chromosomal vs. extrachromosomal cellular parameters 188 4. Groups with XyP or its fully pairing derivatives 191 5. Groups with inherent sex univalents 196 5.1. Alticini and Hermaeophagina 196 5.2. Oedionychini 197 6. Conclusions 201 12. GENETICS OF THE TWO COLOUR FORMS OF CHRYSOLINA AURICHALCEA (MANNERHEIM) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) AND THEIR GENE FREQUENCIES IN TWO MOUNTAINOUS AREAS OF CENTRAL HONSHU, JAPAN 205 Shizuo Fujiyama and Kinji Arimoto 1. Introduction 205 2. Material and methods 206 2.1. Crossing of the cyaneus-form and the cupreous-form 206 IX 2.2. Sampling of field populations and estimation of gene fr~~n~ W7 3. Results 208 3.1. Crossing experiments 208 3.2. Mate choice 208 3.3. Frequency of the two colour in field popUlations 209 3.4. Annual changes in the frequency of the two colour forms 210 4. Discussion 210 13. GENETICS OF CHELYMORPHA CRIBRARIA, CASSIDINAE: COLOUR PATTERNS AND THEIR ECOLOGICAL MEANINGS 217 Joao Vasconcellos-Neto 1. Introduction 217 2. Chelymorpha cribraria 217 3. Genetics of colour-pattern 219 4. Mimicry rings 221 5. Defense mechanisms and predation 226 6. The evolution of the polymorphism 228 7. Concluding remarks 229 PART 4. DEFENSE MECHANISMS 14. CHEMICAL DEFENSE IN THE CHRYSOMELIDAE 233 Jacques M. Pasteels, Jean-Claude Braekman and Desire Daloze 1. Introduction 233 2. Modes of release 234 3. Defensive all om ones of the adults 235 4. Defensive allomones of the larvae 240 5. Defensive allomones of the pupae 243 6. Defensive allomones of the eggs 244 7. Origin and biosynthesis of defensive allomones in leaf beetles 244 7.1. Adult and egg allomones 245 7.2. Larval allomones 246 8. The efficiency of chemical defense 247 9. Conclusion and overview 249 15. LARVAL GREGARIOUSNESS IN THE CHRYSOMELIDAE 253 Jean-Claude Gregoire 1. Introduction 253 2. Possible functions of larval gregariousness 254 3. Mechanisms of larval gregarious behaviour 257 4. Conclusion 258 x 16. MIMICRY AND THE CHRYSOMELIDAE 261 Edward U. Balsbaugh, Jf. 1. Introduction 261 2. Protective (defense) mimicry 262 2.1. Poisonous species or species possessing repellent secretions 262 2.2. Mullerian mimicry 266 2.3. Eye-spots 268 2.4. Collective mimicry 270 2.5. Adventitious mimicry 271 2.5.1. Thanatosis 273 3. Aggressive mimicry 273 3.1. Serendipitous mimicry 273 3.2. Actual vs. deceptive dissappearance 275 3.3. Aggressive mimicry 275 4. Sexual dimorphism and mimicry 277 4.1. Sex-limited mimicry 277 4.2. Ants 277 4.3. Stridulation 278 5. Colour changes in adult Chrysomelids 278 5.1. Durability of mimicry 278 17. THE JUMPING APPARATUS OF FLEA BEETLES (ALTICINAE) - THE METAFEMORAL SPRING 285 David G. Furth 1. Introduction 285 2. Spring anatomy 286 3. Spring function 287 4. Spring Morpho-groups 288 5. Application 292 6. Alticine relationships 294 PART 5. ANATOMY AND REPRODUCTION 18. LOCALIZATION OF SPERMATOZOA INSIDE VIVIPAROUS AND OVIPAROUS FEMALES OF CHRYSOMELINAE 299 Christian Bontems 1. Introduction 299 2. Comparative study of spermatheca between oviparous and viviparous females 302 2.1. Anatomy of spermatheca 302 2.2. Capacity of spermatheca 302 3. Extra-spermathecallocalization of spermatozoa 306 XI 3.1. Migration of spermatozoa in Oreina luctuosa 306 3.2. Migration of spermatozoa among other species 307 4. Localization of spermatozoa within females lacking spermatheca 307 5. Locus of fertilization 307 6. Conclusion 315 19. COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF THE INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF THE CHRYSOMELIDAE (COLEOPTERA) 317 Kunio Suzuki 1. Introduction 317 2. Gross morphology and homology 317 2.1. The male organs 317 2.1.1. The testis 318 2.1.2. The vas deferens 320 2.1.3. The ejaculatory duct 320 2.1.4. The accessory gland 320 2.2. The female organs 321 2.2.1. The ovary 321 2.2.2. The lateral oviduct 321 2.2.3. The common oviduct 321 2.2.4. The spermathecal organ 322 2.2.5. The accessory gland of the ovipositor 323 3. Comparative morphology 323 3.1. Subfamily Orsodacninae (C.G. Thomson 1866) 324 3.2. Subfamily Zeugophorinae (ChUj6 1952) 324 3.3. Subfamily Megalopodinae (Lacordaire 1845) 326 3.4. Subfamily Sagrinae (Jacoby 1908) 326 3.5. Subfamily Donaciinae (Kirby 1837) 326 3.6. Subfamily Criocerinae (Lacordaire 1845) 327 3.7. Subfamily Synetinae (Edwards 1953) 329 3.8. Subfamily Chrysomelinae (Lacordaire 1845) 329 3.9. Subfamily Galerucinae (Chevrolat 1845) 331 3.10.
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