Decentralization and the Dance of Creating Districts
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Graduate School of Development Studies DECENTRALIZATION AND THE DANCE OF CREATING DISTRICTS: THEORY AND PRACTICE IN UGANDA A Research Paper presented by: OYUKU-OCEN EMMANUEL (UGANDA) in partial fulfilment of the requirements for obtaining the degree of MASTERS OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Specialisation: Local and Regional Development (LRD) Members of the examining committee: Dr. Nicholas Awortwi Prof. Bert (A.H.J.) Helmsing The Hague, The Netherlands December, 2008 16 Disclaimer: This document represents part of the author’s study programme while at the Institute of Social Studies. The views stated therein are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Institute. Research papers are not made available for circulation outside of the Institute. Inquiries: Postal address: Institute of Social Studies P.O. Box 29776 2502 LT The Hague The Netherlands Location: Kortenaerkade 12 2518 AX The Hague The Netherlands Telephone: +31 70 426 0460 Fax: +31 70 426 0799 2 Dedication This work is dedicated to my dear wife Grace who diligently supported me morally and spiritually at all times whenever I would express some difficulty and single handedly raised our young son Mark Evans for the whole year when I was at school. I dedicate it also to my late mother, Mrs. Agnes Ocen whom God did not allow her to see the success of her son. She died on the 14th September 2008, three months before I could graduate. To my father, Rev. Canon Yeko Ocen-Okello for educating me and continuously encouraging me to further my academic career this far. 3 Acknowledgement I thank the almighty God for having given me the health and opportunity to go through the processes of this course with minimal difficulties. Thanks also go to The Netherlands government for awarding me the scholarship which was so competitive. Thanks also go to the government of the Republic of Uganda and Lira District Local Government for having nominated me and granting me study leave, especially my tribute goes to the late CAO of Lira, Daniel Wycliffe Odwedo Ochiengs Owere for all he did to ensure that I passed all the hurdles which were on my way. May his soul rest in eternal peace. My special thanks go to my supervisor, Dr. Nicholas Awortwi, who tirelessly gave me both intellectual and fatherly support in the whole process of producing this paper. Equally great thanks goes to m y second reader, Professor Bert (A.H.J.) Helmsing who used all his resourceful efforts and time to make critical comments to improve on this paper. They were all there for me whenever I needed them and had all the patience to accommodate my shortcomings. May the almighty God bless them abundantly and grant them favour to continue their enriched professional expertise with those who require it. I also acknowledge the priceless contribution of by brothers, sisters and Lydia my sisters-in-law who have been encouraging me in my academic struggle. Special thanks go to Felix who helped me in editing and proof reading this Thesis. Salutation goes also to my friends: Simon, Louis Emmanuel, Washington and Charles whom we have been sharing a lot of intellectual ideas comfort and encouragements through out our stay in ISS. 4 Table of Contents DEDICATION........................................................................................................................................................ 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF ACRONYMS ......................................................................................................................................... 7 ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................................ 8 Formatted: Indent: Left: 0.75 cm, First line: 0 cm KEYWORDS.......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Formatted: Indent: Left: 0.75 cm, First line: 0 cm CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND AND INDICATION OF THE PROBLEM ........................................ 10 Deleted: DEDICATION 3¶ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4¶ 1.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 10 LIST OF ACRONYMS 7¶ 1.2 BACKGROUND AND INDICATION OF THE PROBLEM ................................................................................ 11 ABSTRACT 8¶ KEYWORDS 9¶ 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER ONE: 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION ............................................................................................................................. 14 BACKGROUND AND 1.5 RESEARCH SUB-QUESTIONS:................................................................................................................... 14 INDICATION OF THE 1.6 THESIS ORGANIZATION........................................................................................................................... 14 PROBLEM 10¶ 1.1 INTRODUCTION 10¶ CHAPTER TWO: CREATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT JURISDICTIONS: THEORETICAL 1.2 BACKGROUND AND INDICATION OF THE PROBLEM 11¶ REVIEW ............................................................................................................................................................... 16 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 14¶ 2.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 16 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION 14¶ 1.5 RESEARCH SUB- 2.2 POLITICAL ARGUMENTS ......................................................................................................................... 16 QUESTIONS: 14¶ 2.3 ECONOMIC ARGUMENTS......................................................................................................................... 20 1.6 THESIS ORGANIZATION 14¶ 2.4 SOCIO-CULTURAL ARGUMENTS.............................................................................................................. 24 CHAPTER TWO: CREATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT CHAPTER THREE: OPERATIONALIZATION OF THE RESEARCH................................................... 27 JURISDICTIONS: THEORETICAL REVIEW 16¶ 3.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 27 2.1 INTRODUCTION 16¶ 3.2 UGANDA’S PROFILE ................................................................................................................................ 27 2.2 POLITICAL ARGUMENTS 16¶ 3.3 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE............................................................................................................................ 36 2.3 ECONOMIC ARGUMENTS 20¶ 2.4 SOCIO-CULTURAL 3.4 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION.............................................................................................................. 36 ARGUMENTS 24¶ 3.5 METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................ 37 CHAPTER THREE: 3.6 LIMITATION/PRACTICAL PROBLEMS....................................................................................................... 37 OPERATIONALIZATION OF THE RESEARCH 27¶ CHAPTER FOUR: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE RESEARCH......................................................... 39 3.1 INTRODUCTION 27¶ 3.2 UGANDA’S PROFILE 27¶ 4.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 39 3.3 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE 36¶ 3.4 METHOD OF DATA CHAPTER FIVE: POLITICAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL ANALYSIS................................................... 55 COLLECTION 36¶ 3.5 METHODS OF DATA CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS AND ANALYSIS 37¶ 3.6 LIMITATION/PRACTICAL CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................................... 63 PROBLEMS 37¶ CHAPTER FOUR: 6.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS.......................................................................................................................... 63 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF 6.2 THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS ................................................................................................................. 64 THE RESEARCH 39¶ 6.3 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................................... 65 4.1 INTRODUCTION 39¶ CHAPTER FIVE: POLITICAL REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................... 67 AND SOCIO-CULTURAL ANALYSIS 55¶ CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY SITES VISITED................................................................................................................................................... 70 OF FINDINGS, THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSION 63¶ 6.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 63¶ 6.2 THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS 64¶ 6.3 CONCLUSION 65¶ REFERENCES 67¶ SITES VISITED 70¶ 5 List of Tables TABLE 1: DISTRICT CREATION IN UGANDA .................................................................................................................... 32 TABLE 2: NUMBER OF DISTRICTS IN UGANDA BY 1990 AND HOW IT MULTIPLIED