DOCSLIB.ORG

A Descriptive Analysis of Septuagint Micah

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Descriptive Analysis of Septuagint Micah A Descriptive Analysis of Septuagint Micah by Steve Michael Modugno (Student number: 2011117559) A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of the Humanities Department of Hebrew University of the Free State Bloemfontein July 2015 Supervisor: Prof. Cynthia L. Miller-Naudé Co-Supervisor: Prof. Jacobus A. Naudé i Declaration I, Steve Michael Modugno (student number 2011117559), declare that the thesis hereby handed in for the qualification Doctor of Philosophy in Hebrew at the University of the Free State, is my own independent work and that I have not previously submitted the same for qualification at/in another University/faculty. I also cede the copyright of this thesis in favor of the University of the Free State. ii Acknowledgments Someone once told me that the doctoral journey is more like a marathon than a sprint. That description proved accurate. It has been long, hard and painful but crossing the finish line has proved to be greatly satisfying. Along the way, many individuals have supported me and encouraged me to finish. I would like to thank my New Testament and biblical Hebrew professors at Talbot School of Theology for their guidance as I established my theological foundation. I would especially like to express my gratitude to Prof. John Sailhamer whose astute exegesis of Scripture inspired my pursuit of education in the Hebrew Bible. I am grateful for the training I received at UW-Madison where Prof. Michael V. Fox modeled a sophisticated approach to textual criticism and insisted on an expert handling of biblical (and non-biblical Ancient Near Eastern) texts. Additionally, Prof. Cynthia Miller- Naudé guided me to a deep knowledge of biblical Hebrew both through understanding its historical development as well as analysing it with linguistics tools and theories. As my doctoral supervisor, she expected a high standard of excellence in research and writing. It was tiring but well worth the effort. Prof. Jacobus Naudé, my co-supervisor, introduced me to Translation Studies, which was an important aspect of my doctoral research. He helped me realise the complex nature of ancient translations which were produced by individuals who were guided by both the norms of their historical contexts as well as their own ideologies and theologies. I am grateful for my good friend Eric Tully who I met while studying in Jerusalem. He was an invaluable sounding board and source of support and encouragement while in Israel and throughout my education at UW. I would like to thank the elders at Red Mountain Community Church for providing me with the time and space to work on my dissertation while serving there as a pastor. I am grateful for my mom who always believes in me (even when I do not believe in myself). Her words of encouragement often lifted me when I was tired and discouraged during the dissertation process. I began working on my dissertation before my daughter Gracie was born 4 years ago. She has known nothing different. But she has involuntarily sacrificed hundreds of hours with her dada and I am grateful that my relationship with her is still strong. I am happy to have more time now with her and my wife Serina. Serina has endured as much, if not more, stress and anxiety as I have. I am so thankful for her perseverance through this journey. She has been an amazing source of encouragement, support and motivation. She deserves equal congratulations as me. I love her dearly. Finally, I give praise to God for giving me strength and endurance to complete this task. I give him credit for sustaining Serina and Gracie during the long hours and days I could not be with them. To him be the glory! iii Abbreviations 1QpMic Pesher to Micah found in cave 1 (also 1Q14) 4QXIIg Greek scroll of the Twelve Prophets found in cave 4 α΄ Aquila σ΄ Symmachus θ΄ Theodotion A codex Alexandrinus A´ A-106 acc accusative BHQ Biblia Hebraica Quinta, The Twelve Minor Prophets (unless noted otherwise) BHS Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia c common CATSS Computer Assisted Tools for Septuagint/Scriptural Study CC Causal Conditions CD Qumran Damascus Document EF Effects f feminine gen genitive Gk Greek text according to Duodecim Prophetae edited by Joseph Ziegler GKC Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. Edited by Emil Kautzsch. Translated by Arthur Ernest Cowley. 2d ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. Ḥev Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Naḥal Ḥever LXX Septuagint (as a collection of various Greek translation units) m masculine MT Massoretic Text (according to BHQ) iv Mur Murabba`ât 88 OG Old Greek p plural S Peshitta Q codex Marchalianus s singular ST Source Text (the text to be translated) T Targum Jonathan to the Prophets TL Target Language (for the current purposes, Greek) TS Translation Studies TT Target Text (the translation) V Vulgate Sigla > is rendered ∅ no reading, minus x number of times Books of the Bible and other ancient sources follow the abbreviations found in The SBL Handbook of Style. v Table of Contents Declaration .................................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgments...................................................................................................................... ii Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... v Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 General background ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Translation ............................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Translation Studies .................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Septuagint Studies ................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Merging Septuagint Studies and Translation Studies .............................................. 7 1.6 Problem statement and hypothesis ........................................................................... 7 1.7 Methodological framework ...................................................................................... 8 1.8 Delimitation of study ............................................................................................... 8 1.9 Organisation ............................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 2: Overview of studies on LXX-Micah and translation technique in the Latter Prophets ............................................................................................................. 11 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 11 2.2 Studies on LXX-Micah .......................................................................................... 11 2.2.1 John Taylor ............................................................................................. 11 2.2.2 Siegfried Schwantes ................................................................................ 12 2.2.3 Dennis R. Magary ................................................................................... 12 2.2.4 Summary ................................................................................................. 13 2.3 Translation technique in the Latter Prophets ........................................................ 14 2.3.1 H. St. J. Thackeray .................................................................................. 14 2.3.2 Jan de Waard ........................................................................................... 15 2.3.3 Thomas W. Phelan .................................................................................. 16 2.3.4 Jennifer M. Dines .................................................................................... 16 2.3.5 John A. Beck ........................................................................................... 18 2.3.6 James K. Palmer...................................................................................... 21 2.3.7 Theo A. W. van der Louw ...................................................................... 22 2.3.8 W. Edward Glenny.................................................................................. 23 2.3.9 Staffan Oloffson ...................................................................................... 25 2.3.10 Daniel M. O’Hare ................................................................................. 27 vi 2.3.11 Eric J. Tully ........................................................................................... 29 2.3.12 Summary and Evaluation ...................................................................... 30 Chapter 3: Descriptive Translation Studies as the Theoretical and Methodological Framework ................................................................................................................... 32 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 32 3.2 Development of Descriptive Translation Studies .................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 4Q521 and What It Might Mean for Q 3–7
    Chapter 20 4Q521 and What It Might Mean for Q 3–7 Gaye Strathearn am personally grateful for S. Kent Brown. He was a commit- I tee member for my master’s thesis, in which I examined 4Q521. Since that time he has been a wonderful colleague who has always encouraged me in my academic pursuits. The relationship between the Dead Sea Scrolls and Christian- ity has fueled the imagination of both scholar and layperson since their discovery in 1947. Were the early Christians aware of the com- munity at Qumran and their texts? Did these groups interact in any way? Was the Qumran community the source for nascent Chris- tianity, as some popular and scholarly sources have intimated,¹ or was it simply a parallel community? One Qumran fragment that 1. For an example from the popular press, see Richard N. Ostling, “Is Jesus in the Dead Sea Scrolls?” Time Magazine, 21 September 1992, 56–57. See also the claim that the scrolls are “the earliest Christian records” in the popular novel by Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code (New York: Doubleday, 2003), 245. For examples from the academic arena, see André Dupont-Sommer, The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Preliminary Survey (New York: Mac- millan, 1952), 98–100; Robert Eisenman, James the Just in the Habakkuk Pesher (Leiden: Brill, 1986), 1–20; Barbara E. Thiering, The Gospels and Qumran: A New Hypothesis (Syd- ney: Theological Explorations, 1981), 3–11; Carsten P. Thiede, The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Jewish Origins of Christianity (New York: Palgrave, 2001), 152–81; José O’Callaghan, “Papiros neotestamentarios en la cueva 7 de Qumrān?,” Biblica 53/1 (1972): 91–100.
    [Show full text]
  • Micah 3:5,9-12 5 Thus Says the LORD Concerning the Prophets Who Lead
    Micah 3:5,9-12 5 Thus says the LORD concerning the prophets who lead my people astray, who cry “Peace” when they have something to eat, but declare war against those who put nothing into their mouths. 9 Hear this, you rulers of the house of Jacob and chiefs of the house of Israel, who abhor justice and pervert all equity, 10 who build Zion with blood and Jerusalem with wrong! 11 Its rulers give judgment for a bribe, its priests teach for a price, its prophets give oracles for money; yet they lean upon the LORD and say, “Surely the LORD is with us! No harm shall come upon us.” 12 Therefore because of you Zion shall be plowed as a field; Jerusalem shall become a heap of ruins, and the mountain of the house a wooded height. Matthew 23:1-12 23 Then Jesus said to the crowds and to his disciples, 2 “The scribes and the Pharisees sit on Moses’ seat; 3 therefore, do whatever they teach you and follow it; but do not do as they do, for they do not practice what they teach. 4 They tie up heavy burdens, hard to bear,[a] and lay them on the shoulders of others; but they themselves are unwilling to lift a finger to move them. 5 They do all their deeds to be seen by others; for they make their phylacteries broad and their fringes long. 6 They love to have the place of honor at banquets and the best seats in the synagogues, 7 and to be greeted with respect in the marketplaces, and to have people call them rabbi.
    [Show full text]
  • Major Lessons from the Minor Prophets Micah: Who Is Like God?
    Major Lessons from the Minor Prophets Micah: Who Is Like God? Micah 7:18-20 (ESV) 18 Who is a God like you, pardoning iniquity and passing over transgression for the remnant of his inheritance? He does not retain his anger forever, because he delights in steadfast love. 19 He will again have compassion on us; he will tread our iniquities underfoot. You will cast all our sins into the depths of the sea. 20 You will show faithfulness to Jacob and steadfast love to Abraham, as you have sworn to our fathers from the days of old. “Micah” = Attributes of God’s character we have seen already in Micah: _____________________ Micah 1:2-3 (ESV) 2 Hear, you peoples, all of you; pay attention, O earth, and all that is in it, and let the Lord GOD be a witness against you, the Lord from his holy temple. 3 For behold, the LORD is coming out of his place, and will come down and tread upon the high places of the earth. _____________________ Micah 1:4-6 (ESV) 4 And the mountains will melt under him, and the valleys will split open, like wax before the fire, like waters poured down a steep place. 5 All this is for the transgression of Jacob and for the sins of the house of Israel. What is the transgression of Jacob? Is it not Samaria? And what is the high place of Judah? Is it not Jerusalem? 6 Therefore I will make Samaria a heap in the open country, a place for planting vineyards, and I will pour down her stones into the valley and uncover her foundations.
    [Show full text]
  • Micah at a Glance
    Scholars Crossing The Owner's Manual File Theological Studies 11-2017 Article 33: Micah at a Glance Harold Willmington Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/owners_manual Part of the Biblical Studies Commons, Christianity Commons, Practical Theology Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Willmington, Harold, "Article 33: Micah at a Glance" (2017). The Owner's Manual File. 13. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/owners_manual/13 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Theological Studies at Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Owner's Manual File by an authorized administrator of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MICAH AT A GLANCE This book records some bad news and good news as predicted by Micah. The bad news is the ten northern tribes of Israel would be captured by the Assyrians and the two southern tribes would suffer the same fate at the hands of the Babylonians. The good news foretold of the Messiah’s birth in Bethlehem and the ultimate establishment of the millennial kingdom of God. BOTTOM LINE INTRODUCTION QUESTION (ASKED 4 B.C.): WHERE IS HE THAT IS BORN KING OF THE JEWS? (MT. 2:2) ANSWER (GIVEN 740 B.C.): “BUT THOU, BETHLEHEM EPHRATAH, THOUGH THOU BE LITTLE AMONG THE THOUSANDS OF JUDAH, YET OUT OF THEE SHALL HE COME FORTH” (Micah 5:2). The author of this book, Micah, was a contemporary with Isaiah. Micah was a country preacher, while Isaiah was a court preacher.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Scrolls Project - Bringing the Dead Sea Scrolls to the Internet
    Open Scrolls Project - Bringing the Dead Sea Scrolls to the Internet Open Scrolls Project The Open Scrolls Project is nothing less than an effort to bring all the published texts online in English and available to anyone with an internet connection. The three main English collections of the Dead Sea Scrolls in print are those by Vermes, Martinez, and Wise. These are available in inexpensive paperback, but they may be a burden to obtain in some countries, and it is impossible to perform searches on a printed text. The Open Scrolls Project aims to make the texts freely available and fully searchable. The publishers of the three DSS books mentioned have declined to allow reproduction of their translations, and so the only option available is to make a fresh translation from the original languages, somewhat similar to the successful NET Bible. The texts will be made available under the GNU Free Documentation License, which is a "copyleft" arrangement that allows the texts to be distributed by many web sites. The texts will be published partially, as they are completed. The owner of this web site, Peter Kirby, offers his support with web space for the project and its results as well as technical expertise in programming for the web. I am also coordinating the translation effort at this time. The project needs people willing to do translation for free. Anyone who wishes to help, either with a little or a lot, needs simply to have some working knowledge of Hebrew, Aramaic, or Greek. We will be using both the Discoveries in the Judaean Desert series and The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition for the original language documents.
    [Show full text]
  • Theme and Genre in 4Q177 and Its Scriptural Selections
    THEME AND GENRE IN 4Q177 AND ITS SCRIPTURAL SELECTIONS Mark Laughlin and Shani Tzoref Jerusalem 4Q1771 has conventionally been classified as a “thematic pesher,”2 or, more recently as “thematic commentary,”3 or “eschatological midrash.”4 It is one of a group of Qumranic compositions in which the author cites and interprets biblical texts, applying them to the contemporary experience of his community, which he understands to be living in the eschatological era. Unlike the continuous pesharim, thematic pesha- rim are not structured as sequential commentaries on a particular 1 John M. Allegro first pieced together the thirty fragments that he identified as comprising 4Q177, which he labeled 4QCatena A. Cf. John M. Allegro and Arnold A. Anderson. Qumran Cave 4.I (4Q158–4Q186) (DJD V; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968), 67–74, Pls. XXIV–XXV. John Strugnell subsequently added four additional fragments, and suggested improvements to Allegro’s readings and reconstructions (“Notes en marge,” 236–48). Annette Steudel re-worked the order of the material in 4Q174 and 4Q177, and argued that the two manuscripts should be regarded as parts of a single composition, which she termed 4QMidrEschat. See George J. Brooke, “From Flori- legium or Midrash to Commentary: The Problem of Re/Naming an Adopted Manu- script,” in this volume. Cf. Annette Steudel, Der Midrasch zur Eschatologie aus der Qumrangemeinde (4QMidrEschata,b): Materielle Rekonstruktion, Textbestand, Gattung und traditionsgeschichtliche Einordnung des durch 4Q174 (“Florilegium”) und 4Q177 (“Catenaa”) repräsentierten Werkes aus den Qumranfunden (STDJ 13; Leiden: Brill, 1994). The current discussion will touch upon the relationship between 4Q177 and 4Q174 but is primarily concerned with the composition of 4Q177 itself.
    [Show full text]
  • 4 It Shall Come to Pass in the Latter Days That the Mountain of the House
    from this time forth and forevermore. 4 It shall come to pass in the latter days 8 that the mountain of the house of the LORD And you, O tower of the flock, shall be established as the highest of the mountains, hill of the daughter of Zion, and it shall be lifted up above the hills; to you shall it come, and peoples shall flow to it, the former dominion shall come, 2 and many nations shall come, and say: kingship for the daughter of Jerusalem. “Come, let us go up to the mountain of the LORD, 9 Now why do you cry aloud? to the house of the God of Jacob, Is there no king in you? that he may teach us his ways Has your counselor perished, and that we may walk in his paths.” that pain seized you like a woman in labor? For out of Zion shall go forth the law, 10 Writhe and groan, O daughter of Zion, and the word of the LORD from Jerusalem. like a woman in labor, 3 He shall judge between many peoples, for now you shall go out from the city and shall decide disputes for strong nations far and dwell in the open country; away; you shall go to Babylon. and they shall beat their swords into plowshares, There you shall be rescued; and their spears into pruning hooks; there the LORD will redeem you nation shall not lift up sword against nation, from the hand of your enemies. neither shall they learn war anymore; 11 Now many nations 4 but they shall sit every man under his vine and under his fig tree, are assembled against you, and no one shall make them afraid, saying, “Let her be defiled, for the mouth of the LORD of hosts has spoken.
    [Show full text]
  • The Minor Prophets Michael B
    Cedarville University DigitalCommons@Cedarville Faculty Books 6-26-2018 A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The Minor Prophets Michael B. Shepherd Cedarville University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/faculty_books Part of the Biblical Studies Commons Recommended Citation Shepherd, Michael B., "A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The inorM Prophets" (2018). Faculty Books. 201. http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/faculty_books/201 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@Cedarville, a service of the Centennial Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Books by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Cedarville. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The inorM Prophets Keywords Old Testament, prophets, preaching Disciplines Biblical Studies | Religion Publisher Kregel Publications Publisher's Note Taken from A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The Minor Prophets © Copyright 2018 by Michael B. Shepherd. Published by Kregel Publications, Grand Rapids, MI. Used by permission of the publisher. All rights reserved. ISBN 9780825444593 This book is available at DigitalCommons@Cedarville: http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/faculty_books/201 A COMMENTARY ON THE BOOK OF THE TWELVE KREGEL EXEGETICAL LIBRARY A COMMENTARY ON THE BOOK OF THE TWELVE The Minor Prophets MICHAEL B. SHEPHERD Kregel Academic A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The Minor Prophets © 2018 by Michael B. Shepherd Published by Kregel Publications, a division of Kregel Inc., 2450 Oak Industrial Dr. NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49505-6020. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a re- trieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, me- chanical, photocopy, recording, or otherwise—without written permission of the publisher, except for brief quotations in printed reviews.
    [Show full text]
  • Meeting God, Again - Micah
    1 Meeting God, Again - Micah We’ve been going through a series called Meeting God, Again. If you’re just joining us for the first time, we’ve been walking through the minor prophets in the Old Testament to highlight the character of God, and really, to see what kind of relationship God wants with us. Today we’re talking about the prophet Micah. Like all the minor prophets, Micah deals with sin, judgement and hope… but not just on an individual level… The prophets are addressing sin, judgement and hope on a national level. And as I studied this book, I couldn’t help but wonder: Are we really a “blessed nation”? ​ ​ ​ On one level, I’d say, yeah we’re definitely blessed. We live in a free country! Honestly, I have to say, when my plane landed back in the states after 2 weeks in Israel, I was really glad to see our flag flying high! I’m convinced that we can’t fully appreciate the freedom we have unless we’ve been to a country without freedom - and I only had a small taste of that! So, don’t misunderstand my question: I appreciate and completely respect those that have served our country (like all of my grandfathers) and especially those ​ ​ that have given their lives for our freedom! So yes, on one hand, we’re blessed. But, I’m not convinced we’re blessed in ​ such a way that the wealth and prosperity we have is proof that God is on ​ ​ our side. ​ Think about this: We have everything we need - actually, most of us have more ​ than we need to live.
    [Show full text]
  • Year Six Fall
    Sunday School Curriculum Fall Quarter One Story Ministries SS06F Lesson Sequence The Lesson Fall Quarter Sequence gives the teacher an overview of the entire quarter. Week One II Kings 13 The central goal of the Investigating Week Two II Kings 14:1-22, God’s Word… curriculum is to II Chronicles 25 enable children the opportunity to read and study the entire Week Three II Kings 14:23-15:7. Bible—from Genesis II Chronicles 26 to Revelation—by the time they “graduate” from 6th grade. Week Four II Kings 15:8 –38. II Chronicles 27 Week Five Hosea Week Six Amos Week Seven II Kings 16, II Chronicles 28 Week Eight II Kings 17 Week Nine Micah Week Ten II Kings 18:1-12, II Chronicles 29-31 Week Eleven II Kings 18:16-37, II Chronicles 32:1-19 Week Twelve II Kings 19-20, II Chronicles 32:20-33 Week Thirteen II Kings 21, II Chronicles 33 Winter Quarter: II Kings 22-25, II Chronicles 34-36, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations Year Six Teacher’s Manual Fall Quarter ~ Page 2 Lesson Nine Micah Overview Micah, much like Amos, was a normal guy called out of his home to prophesy to Israel and Judah as they were heading towards the bottom of their downward spiral. Micah dealt with the problem of idolatry as well as the severe injustices that were occurring among Suggested Schedule God’s people. His prophecy includes three familiar themes: God’s judgment for His people’s sins; God’s plan for the restoration of Welcome 2-3 min.
    [Show full text]
  • Week 11 the Lord of Creation Against His People Micah 1-2 Threats
    Week 11 The Lord of Creation Against His People _________________________ Micah 1-2 Micah opens with God summoning the people of the earth to come and witness his judgment against Israel1. Both Israel in the north and Judah in the south are under divine condemnation. The first half of chapter 1 establishes God’s authority and power through the distruption of creation itself at his coming. The prophet announces the unmaking of Samaria as the city is returned to its pre-inhabited state. The second half of the chapter begins the judgment against Judah through a series of wordplays using the city names of some of the prominent communities of Judah. The big picture of chapter 1 is that the Lord Almighty, before whom all creation quakes, will come to judge his people for their sin. Threats Against Samaria & Jerusalem (1:1-16) 1. Read Micah 1:1-7. In Leviticus 18:24-30, the Lord explained to Israel that the land of Canaan had “vomited out its inhabitants” because the canaanites had become unclean for their many sins. They had defiled the land with their paganism. Israel was being warned that the same could happen to them when they took possession of Canaan. What does this teach us about the relationship between God, his world, and sin? 2. In verse 7, we see that the punishment to come would see the Assyrian army using the precious metals taken from Samaria to increase the extravagance of their own cultic centers. How is this an appropriate punishment for the sin of Samaria?2 1Micah served the Lord from Judah around the same time as Hosea in Israel and Isaiah in Jerusalem.
    [Show full text]
  • The Book of Micah
    Charles Savelle Center Point Bible Institute 1 THE BOOK OF MICAH Message: The covenant violations of God’s people will be judged but He will also restore His people and rule them as their Shepherd. Author: According to the superscription, the author of the book is Micah of Moresheth. The name, probably a shortened form of the name Micaiah, meaning “Who is like Yahweh?”1 Moresheth is probably equated to Moresheth-gath, a village located in the Shephelah region of Judah (25 miles southwest of Jerusalem). Moresheth was strategically located on a key route into the hill country of Judah.2 The prophet Micah is also referred to in Jeremiah 26:18–19. Recipients: Micah states that his vision concerned Samaria and Jerusalem (1:1). However, the primary emphasis appears to be on Judah. Note how the prophet addresses Samaria in the third person (1:6–7) whereas the cities of Judah are addressed in the more direct second person “you” (1:11, 13–16). The prophet also associates his prophecies with the reigns of Judean (Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah), not Israelite kings (1:1). The fact that Micah was from Judah would also support the idea that Judah was the primary target. Dating: Micah lived and ministered around the eighth century.3 Therefore, the contents of Micah are generally assumed to be the eighth century. This date is established by the reigns of the kings mentioned (Jotham [750–735 B.C.], Ahaz4 [735–715 B.C.], and Hezekiah5 [715–686 B.C.]). This would then place Micah’s ministry somewhere between 750–686.
    [Show full text]