A Descriptive Analysis of Septuagint Micah by Steve Michael Modugno (Student number: 2011117559) A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of the Humanities Department of Hebrew University of the Free State Bloemfontein July 2015 Supervisor: Prof. Cynthia L. Miller-Naudé Co-Supervisor: Prof. Jacobus A. Naudé i Declaration I, Steve Michael Modugno (student number 2011117559), declare that the thesis hereby handed in for the qualification Doctor of Philosophy in Hebrew at the University of the Free State, is my own independent work and that I have not previously submitted the same for qualification at/in another University/faculty. I also cede the copyright of this thesis in favor of the University of the Free State. ii Acknowledgments Someone once told me that the doctoral journey is more like a marathon than a sprint. That description proved accurate. It has been long, hard and painful but crossing the finish line has proved to be greatly satisfying. Along the way, many individuals have supported me and encouraged me to finish. I would like to thank my New Testament and biblical Hebrew professors at Talbot School of Theology for their guidance as I established my theological foundation. I would especially like to express my gratitude to Prof. John Sailhamer whose astute exegesis of Scripture inspired my pursuit of education in the Hebrew Bible. I am grateful for the training I received at UW-Madison where Prof. Michael V. Fox modeled a sophisticated approach to textual criticism and insisted on an expert handling of biblical (and non-biblical Ancient Near Eastern) texts. Additionally, Prof. Cynthia Miller- Naudé guided me to a deep knowledge of biblical Hebrew both through understanding its historical development as well as analysing it with linguistics tools and theories. As my doctoral supervisor, she expected a high standard of excellence in research and writing. It was tiring but well worth the effort. Prof. Jacobus Naudé, my co-supervisor, introduced me to Translation Studies, which was an important aspect of my doctoral research. He helped me realise the complex nature of ancient translations which were produced by individuals who were guided by both the norms of their historical contexts as well as their own ideologies and theologies. I am grateful for my good friend Eric Tully who I met while studying in Jerusalem. He was an invaluable sounding board and source of support and encouragement while in Israel and throughout my education at UW. I would like to thank the elders at Red Mountain Community Church for providing me with the time and space to work on my dissertation while serving there as a pastor. I am grateful for my mom who always believes in me (even when I do not believe in myself). Her words of encouragement often lifted me when I was tired and discouraged during the dissertation process. I began working on my dissertation before my daughter Gracie was born 4 years ago. She has known nothing different. But she has involuntarily sacrificed hundreds of hours with her dada and I am grateful that my relationship with her is still strong. I am happy to have more time now with her and my wife Serina. Serina has endured as much, if not more, stress and anxiety as I have. I am so thankful for her perseverance through this journey. She has been an amazing source of encouragement, support and motivation. She deserves equal congratulations as me. I love her dearly. Finally, I give praise to God for giving me strength and endurance to complete this task. I give him credit for sustaining Serina and Gracie during the long hours and days I could not be with them. To him be the glory! iii Abbreviations 1QpMic Pesher to Micah found in cave 1 (also 1Q14) 4QXIIg Greek scroll of the Twelve Prophets found in cave 4 α΄ Aquila σ΄ Symmachus θ΄ Theodotion A codex Alexandrinus A´ A-106 acc accusative BHQ Biblia Hebraica Quinta, The Twelve Minor Prophets (unless noted otherwise) BHS Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia c common CATSS Computer Assisted Tools for Septuagint/Scriptural Study CC Causal Conditions CD Qumran Damascus Document EF Effects f feminine gen genitive Gk Greek text according to Duodecim Prophetae edited by Joseph Ziegler GKC Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. Edited by Emil Kautzsch. Translated by Arthur Ernest Cowley. 2d ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. Ḥev Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Naḥal Ḥever LXX Septuagint (as a collection of various Greek translation units) m masculine MT Massoretic Text (according to BHQ) iv Mur Murabba`ât 88 OG Old Greek p plural S Peshitta Q codex Marchalianus s singular ST Source Text (the text to be translated) T Targum Jonathan to the Prophets TL Target Language (for the current purposes, Greek) TS Translation Studies TT Target Text (the translation) V Vulgate Sigla > is rendered ∅ no reading, minus x number of times Books of the Bible and other ancient sources follow the abbreviations found in The SBL Handbook of Style. v Table of Contents Declaration .................................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgments...................................................................................................................... ii Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... v Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 General background ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Translation ............................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Translation Studies .................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Septuagint Studies ................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Merging Septuagint Studies and Translation Studies .............................................. 7 1.6 Problem statement and hypothesis ........................................................................... 7 1.7 Methodological framework ...................................................................................... 8 1.8 Delimitation of study ............................................................................................... 8 1.9 Organisation ............................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 2: Overview of studies on LXX-Micah and translation technique in the Latter Prophets ............................................................................................................. 11 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 11 2.2 Studies on LXX-Micah .......................................................................................... 11 2.2.1 John Taylor ............................................................................................. 11 2.2.2 Siegfried Schwantes ................................................................................ 12 2.2.3 Dennis R. Magary ................................................................................... 12 2.2.4 Summary ................................................................................................. 13 2.3 Translation technique in the Latter Prophets ........................................................ 14 2.3.1 H. St. J. Thackeray .................................................................................. 14 2.3.2 Jan de Waard ........................................................................................... 15 2.3.3 Thomas W. Phelan .................................................................................. 16 2.3.4 Jennifer M. Dines .................................................................................... 16 2.3.5 John A. Beck ........................................................................................... 18 2.3.6 James K. Palmer...................................................................................... 21 2.3.7 Theo A. W. van der Louw ...................................................................... 22 2.3.8 W. Edward Glenny.................................................................................. 23 2.3.9 Staffan Oloffson ...................................................................................... 25 2.3.10 Daniel M. O’Hare ................................................................................. 27 vi 2.3.11 Eric J. Tully ........................................................................................... 29 2.3.12 Summary and Evaluation ...................................................................... 30 Chapter 3: Descriptive Translation Studies as the Theoretical and Methodological Framework ................................................................................................................... 32 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 32 3.2 Development of Descriptive Translation Studies .................................................