Spinal Cord Transection and Intrathecal Injection of BDNF : Two Relevant Models of Neuropathic Pain in Rats ? Saïd M’Dahoma

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Spinal Cord Transection and Intrathecal Injection of BDNF : Two Relevant Models of Neuropathic Pain in Rats ? Saïd M’Dahoma Spinal cord transection and intrathecal injection of BDNF : two relevant models of neuropathic pain in rats ? Saïd M’Dahoma To cite this version: Saïd M’Dahoma. Spinal cord transection and intrathecal injection of BDNF : two relevant models of neuropathic pain in rats ?. Human health and pathology. Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2013. English. NNT : 2013PA05T046. tel-00920412 HAL Id: tel-00920412 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00920412 Submitted on 18 Dec 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THESE DE DOCTORAT EN SCIENCES DE L’UNIVERSITE PARIS DESCARTES Spécialité : Neurosciences ECOLE DOCTORALE «CERVEAU, COGNITION, COMPORTEMENT » Présentée par Saïd M’DAHOMA Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE PARIS DESCARTES Transection spinale et injection intrathécale de BDNF : Deux modèles pertinents de douleur neuropathique chez le rat ? soutenue publiquement le 22 novembre 2013 Membres du jury : Professeur Michel HAMON, Directeur de thèse Docteur Michel BARROT, Rapporteur Professeur Laurence DAULHAC-TERRAIL, Rapporteur Professeur Nadine ATTAL, Examinateur Docteur Michel POHL, Examinateur Professeur Daniel VERGÉ, Examinateur Professeur Didier ORSAL, Invité Transection spinale et injection intrathécale de BDNF : Deux modèles pertinents de douleur neuropathique chez le rat ? Saïd M’DAHOMA Les douleurs neuropathiques, celles qui sont provoquées par des lésions du système nerveux central ou périphérique, sont les plus difficiles à traiter du fait de leur résistance aux traitements antalgiques classiques. Les traitements utilisés aujourd’hui font appel à des classes thérapeutiques non spécifiquement ciblées sur la douleur, en particulier des antidépresseurs et des anticonvulsivants. Leur efficacité limitée ne repose en fait que sur des observations empiriques. Une meilleure connaissance des processus physiopathologiques sous-tendant les douleurs neuropathiques constitue un préalable à toute innovation thérapeutique, et c’est à cette fin que je me suis appliqué à développer deux modèles de douleurs neuropathiques chez le rat pour en étudier les caractéristiques comportementales, fonctionnelles, cellulaires et biochimiques. Le premier modèle visait à l’induction d’une douleur neuropathique centrale provoquée par la section complète de la moelle épinière au niveau thoracique (T8-T9) ; le second a consisté à injecter, directement au niveau spinal, par voie intrathécale (i.t.), le facteur neurotrophique BDNF (Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; dont l’implication dans les voies de signalisation nociceptive est bien établie dans la littérature). Dans les deux cas, les conséquences pro-algiques de ces interventions ont été comparées à celles induites par la ligature unilatérale du nerf sciatique, qui constitue encore aujourd’hui un modèle classique, mais très imparfait, d’une douleur neuropathique périphérique. Dès le 2ème jour après la section spinale, et jusqu’au moins deux mois plus tard, les rats lésés présentent une forte allodynie mécanique (test des filaments de von Frey) dans le territoire cutané juste en avant de la lésion. Cet effet traduit bien une neuropathie centrale car il n’existe pas chez les rats « sham » qui ont subi l’intégralité de l’intervention chirurgicale à l’exception de la section spinale. L’allodynie mécanique est associée à une induction significative de l’expression (RTqPCR) de marqueurs de souffrance neuronale (ATF-γ) et d’activation microgliale (OX-42, récepteurs P2X4, P2X7 et TLR4) et astrocytaire (GFAP), ainsi que du BDNF et de cytokines pro-inflammatoires (IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α), mais de façon plus transitoire, ceci dans les ganglions de racines dorsales et/ou la moelle épinière dorsale (comme à la suite de la ligature du nerf sciatique, mais avec des cinétiques différentes). Pour sa part, l’injection intrathécale i.t. d’une dose infra-nanomolaire unique de BDNF (0.3 – 3.0 ng) induit aussi une forte allodynie et une hyperalgésie mécaniques, au niveau des pattes postérieures, qui se développent en 3-5 jours, et perdurent pendant deux semaines. Cependant, au contraire de la section spinale (et de la ligature du nerf sciatique), l’injection i.t. de BDNF ne provoque pas d’activation microgliale ni d’induction de cytokines. Elle entraine en revanche une auto- induction du BDNF, qui semble clé pour l’hyperalgésie puisque celle-ci peut être, en grande partie, supprimée par l’administration d’un inhibiteur du récepteur TrkB du BDNF, la cyclotraxine B (β0 mg/kg i.p.), comme d’ailleurs l’allodynie induite par la ligature du nerf sciatique. Au plan pharmacologique, un antalgique opiacé comme le tapentadol s’est révélé efficace dans les deux modèles. De même, les anticonvulsivants, comme la prégabaline et la gabapentine, ont réduit la douleur neuropathique chez les rats injectés par le BDNF i.t. et chez les rats CCI- SN. En conclusion, il semble que l’injection intrathécale de BDNF, qui évite la réalisation de lésions par intervention chirurgicale, puisse constituer un nouveau modèle pertinent de douleur neuropathique chez le rat. De plus, nos résultats laissent à penser que le blocage de la voie de signalisation BDNF-TrkB pourrait ouvrir de nouvelles pistes pour la réduction des douleurs 2 neuropathiques périphériques. Il reste à explorer si cette piste serait aussi pertinente dans le cas de la douleur neuropathique centrale consécutive à une lésion spinale. 3 SOMMAIRE LISTE DES PUBLICATIONS ET COMMUNICATIONS …………………………………………… 3 ABREVIATIONS………………………………………………………………..………………………… 5 RAPPELS BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES ……………………………………………………………………. 8 Chapter I: Introduction on pain ……………………………………………………………………….. 10 I.1. Pain definition ……………………………………………………………………………….….. 9 I.β. The different aspects of pain ……………………………………………………………….……. 9 I.γ. Different types of pain …………………………………………………………………………… 10 Chapter II: Physiology of nociception …………………………………………………………………. 13 II.1. Nociceptors …………………………………………………………………………………….. 13 II.β. Primary afferent fibers …………………………………………………………………………. 15 II.2.a. Aδ fibers ………………………………………………….……………………………… 15 II.2.b. C fibers ………………………………………………………….…………………..…… 16 II.γ Nociceptive pathways …………………………………….………….………………..………… 16 II.γ.a. Spinal cord laminae innervated by primary afferent fibers ……….……………..….….… 17 II.γ.b. Second order neurons ………………………………………………………………….…. 17 II.3.c. Ascending spinal-supraspinal nociceptive pathways…………..………………………… 18 II.3.c.1. The spino-thalamic tract…………………………………………………...………… 18 II.3.c.2. The spino-parabrachial tract……………………………….………………………… 18 II.3.c.3. The spino-reticular tract…………………………………………………………….. 20 Chapter III: Chronic neuropathic pain………………………………………………………………… 22 III.1. Sensory dysfunctions associated with neuropathies………..…………………………………… 22 III.1.a. Non-painful sensory dysregulations…………………………………………………….. 22 III.1.b. Painful dysregulations …………………………………………………………..……… 22 III.β. Chronic pain in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients.……………………………………………… 23 III.β.a. Classification of spinal cord injuries………………………………………………….… 23 III.2.b. The various types of pain in SCI patients……………………………………………… 24 III.β.b.1. Nociceptive pain…………………………………………………………………… 24 III.β.b.β. Neuropathic pain………………………………………………………………….. 25 Chapter IV: Modelisation of chronic pain in rodents ……………………………………………….. 27 IV.1. Drugs and virus-induced neuropathic pain…………………………………………………… 27 IV.1.a. Diabetes-inducing drugs…………………………………………………..…………… 28 IV.1.b. Anti-retroviral drugs and HIV-related pain…………………………………………… 28 IV.1.c. Postherpetic neuralgia……………………………………………………………….… 29 IV.1.d. Neuropathic pain caused by anti-cancer drugs…………….…….…………….……… 30 IV.β. Models of peripheral nerve injury……………………………….…………….…………..… 33 IV.β.a. Nerve section ……………………………….………….………….….………………. 33 IV.2.b. Nerve ligation, compression and other lesion procedures………….………….……... 36 IV.γ. Models of spinal cord injury …………………………………………………………….…… 40 Chapter V: Physiopathological mechanisms underlying central and/or peripheral neuropathic pain - Pharmacological, cellular and molecular data…………………………………… 47 V.1. Pharmacological data……………………………….…………….…………..…………………. 47 4 V.β. Cellular and molecular data………………………….…………….…………..……………………... 50 V.β.a. Loss of inhibitory transmission…………………….…………………………..………… 50 V.β.b. Neuroinflammatory processes…………………………………………………………… 50 V.β.c. MAP kinases ………………………………………………………………………….… 52 V.β.d. Synaptic plasticity …………………………………………………………………….… 55 V.β.d.1. NMDA receptors …………….…………………………………………..……… 55 V.2.d.2. Neurotrophins……………………………………………………………………. 56 V.β.d.γ. Long term potentiation…………………………………………………………… 63 V.γ. Epigenetic mechanisms in pain……………………………………….….………….….……… 63 OBJECTIFS DE LA THESE.………………………………………….…….………………………….. 65 MATERIELS ET METHODES.…………………………………………..……….…………………… 67 RESULTATS……………………………………………………………….…………………………… 80 ARTICLE 1………………………………………………………..……….…………………………… 81 I. Introduction………………………………………………………..….…………….…………………. 82 II. Résultats………………………………..…………….………………………….……….…………… 83 III. Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………………. 85 IV. Conclusion ..………………………………………………………………………………………….
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