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Ethnoveterinary and Fodder Plants Used Among Transhumant Communities Around Georgia-Turkey Border, in the Western Lesser Caucasus

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Ethnoveterinary and Fodder Plants Used Among Transhumant Communities Around Georgia-Turkey Border, in the Western Lesser Caucasus Ethnoveterinary and fodder plants used among transhumant communities around Georgia-Turkey border, in the Western Lesser Caucasus Ceren Kazancı, Soner Oruç and Marine Mosulishvili Research countries. There were also several plants used as bedding for livestock and against evil eye in the study area. Abstract Background: Livestock are an integral part of the Conclusions: Pastoral way of life in the Western transhumant life in the Caucasus. Maintaining the Lesser Caucasus still reflects living evidence of health and wellbeing of the animals has been a plant-based traditional ethnoveterinary knowledge critical responsibility for pastoral communities. This and practices to support the health of livestock. The study presents the wild plant species used for results of this study could be a base for future ethnoveterinary and fodder purposes by ethnoveterinary and animal feed research and transhumant people on the both sides of Georgia- contribute to organic animal husbandry in the region. Turkey border. Keywords: Ethnoveterinary, Fodder plants, Methods: During two summers (2017–2018), 119 Transhumant people, Traditional knowledge, the participants were interviewed (74 in Turkey and 45 in Caucasus, Cross-cultural study, Turkey, Georgia Georgia) with semi-structured questionnaires. Cultural importance index (CI) and Relative Correspondence frequency of citation (RFC) were used to evaluate the relative importance of species among 1* 2 communities. Ceren Kazancı , Soner Oruç , Marine 1 Mosulishvili Results: In total 113 citations of 38 wild plant species 1 for ethnoveterinary purposes, and 186 citations of 61 School of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State wild plant species as fodder were obtained in the University, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia 2 study area. The most important species in Faculty of Forestry, Artvin Çoruh University, Seyitler ethnoveterinary were Veratrum album and Achillea Yerleşkesi, Artvin 08100, Turkey millefolium in Georgia, and Veratrum album and * Picea orientalis in Turkey. Aerial parts of the plants Corresponding Author: [email protected] were the most frequently used part in Georgia while the root was in Turkey. Gastrointestinal problems Ethnobotany Research & Applications were the most commonly mentioned diseases in 21:28 (2021) Georgia while dermatological and parasitic diseases in Turkey. The majority of the plant species were mentioned to treat the ailments of cattle (37 species). Fabaceae, Polygonaceae and Asteraceae were the most mentioned families used as fodder in both Manuscript received: 10/03/2021 - Revised manuscript received: 19/04/2021 - Published: 02/05/2021 http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/era.21.28.1-26 2 აბსტრაქტი გამოცდილების დღემდე შემონახვას. ამ ისტორია: კავკასიაში მეცხოველეობა კვლევის შედეგებმა შესაძლოა საფუძველი მწყემსების სეზონური ცხოვრების განუყოფელი ჩაუყაროს ეთნოვეტერინარიისა და ცხოველთა ნაწილია. მწყემსებისთვის მეტად საკვების შემდგომ კვლევებს და ხელი შეუწყოს მნიშვნელოვანია ცხოველების კარგად ყოფნა რეგიონში ორგანული მეცხოველეობის და მათი ჯანმრთელობისა შენარჩუნება. ეს განვითარებას. კვლევა ეხება მცენარეთა იმ ველურ სახეობებს, რომლებსაც მომთაბარე მწყემსები იყენებენ საკვანძო სიტყვები: ეთნოვეტერინარია, როგორც ეთნოვეტერინარული (სამკურნალო) ცხოველთა საკვები, მომთაბარე ადამიანები, მიზნებისთვის ისე ცხოველების საკვებად, ტრადიციული ცოდნა, კავკასია, საქართველო-თურქეთის საზღვრის ორივე კულტურათშორისი კვლევა, თურქეთი, მხარეს. საქართველო მეთოდები: ორი ზაფხულის განმავლობაში Özet (2017–2018) ნახევრად სტრუქტურირებული Giriş: Kafkaslar’da hayvancılık yaylacıların კითხვარებით გამოიკითხა 119 მონაწილე (74 yaşamının ayrılmaz bir parçasıdır. Yaylacı toplumlar თურქეთში და 45 საქართველოში. კულტურული için hayvanların sağlığını ve refahını korumak son მნიშვნელობის ინდექსი - CI (Cultural importance derece önemli bir sorumluluktur. Bu çalışma, index) და ციტირების ფარდობითი სიხშირე - Gürcistan-Türkiye sınırının her iki yakasında RFC (Relative frequency of citation), გამოყენებულ yaşayan yaylacıların halk veterinerliğinde იქნა თემებში სახეობების შედარებით (etnoveterinerlik) ve hayvan yemi olarak kullandıkları მნიშვნელობის შესაფასებლად. yabani bitki türlerini sunmaktadır. შედეგები: საკვლევ ტერიტორიაზე ჯამში Yöntemler: 2017 ve 2018 yıllarının yaz aylarında 119 აღრიცხული იქნა ეთნოვეტერინარული katılımcıyla (Türkiye'de 74 ve Gürcistan'da 45) yarı მიზნებისათვის, 38 ველური მცენარეული yapılandırılmış görüşmeler gerçekleştirildi. Bilgisi სახეობის - 113 ციტირება და ცხოველთა alınan yabani türlerin yaylacı toplumlar arasındaki საკვებად გამოყენების, მცენარეთა 61 სახეობის önemini değerlendirmek için Kültürel Önem (CI) ve - 186 ციტირება. ეთნოვეტერინარიაში ყველაზე Göreceli Kayıt Sıklığı (RFC) indeksleri kullanıldı. მნიშვნელოვანი სახეობები იყო:Veratrum album და Achillea millefolium საქართველოში და Bulgular: Çalışma alanında etnoveteriner amaçlı 38 Veratrum album და Picea orientalis თურქეთში. yabani bitki türüne ait 113, yem olarak 61 yabani bitki საქართველოში ყველაზე ხშირად türüne ait 186 kullanım kaydedildi. Hayvan გამოიყენებოდა მცენარეთა მიწისზედა hastalıklaında kullanılan en önemli türler olarak ნაწილები, ხოლო თურქეთში - მცენარის Gürcistan'da Veratrum album ve Achillea millefolium, ფესვები. საქართველოში ყველაზე ხშირად Türkiye'de ise Veratrum album ve Picea orientalis დასახელდა ცხოველთა კუჭ-ნაწლავის tespit edildi. Gürcistan'da bitkilerin daha çok toprak პრობლემები, ხოლო თურქეთში üstü kısımları. Türkiye'de ise köklerinin kullanımı დერმატოლოგიური და პარაზიტული bildirildi. Gürcistan'da en çok sindirim sistemi ile ilgili დაავადებები. კვლევაში მცენარეთა ყველაზე sorunlar bildirilirken, Türkiye'de deri ve paraziter მეტი (37) სახეობა დასახელდა მსხვილფეხა hastalıklar kaydedildi. Kayıt altına alınan yabani bitki რქოსანი პირუტყვის დაავადებების türlerinin çoğunun büyükbaş hayvanların (37 tür) სამკურნალოდ. Fabaceae, Polygonaceae და rahatsızlıklarında kullanıldığı tespit edildi. Her iki Asteraceae იყო ცხოველთა საკვებად ülkede de Fabaceae, Polygonaceae ve Asteraceae გამოიყენებული, ყველაზე ხშირად yem olarak kullanımı en çok bahsedilen ailelerdir. დასახელებული მცენარეთა ოჯახები - ორივე Çalışma alanında ayrıca hayvanların altına yataklık ქვეყანაში. კვლევის არეალში ასევე არსებობდა olarak serilen ve nazara karşı kullanılan birkaç bitki რამდენიმე მცენარე, რომლებიც გამოიყენება türü de kayıt altına alındı. შინაური ცხოველების საწოლად და ავი თვალის საწინააღმდეგოდ. Sonuçlar: Bu çalışma, Batı Küçük Kafkasya'daki yayla yaşamında hayvanların sağlığını destekleyen დასკვნები: მცირე კავკასიონის დასავლეთ bitki temelli halk veterinerliği bilgi ve uygulamalarının ნაწილში პასტორალური ცხოვრების წესის sürdürüldüğünün kanıtlarını yansıtmaktadır. არსებობა - განაპირობებს მცენარეებზე Çalışmanın sonuçları, gelecekteki halk veterinerliği დაფუძნებული ტრადიციული (etnoveterinerlik) ve hayvan yemi araştırmalarına ეთნოვეტერინარული ცოდნის და ცხოველების temel oluşturabilir ve bölgedeki organik hayvancılığa ჯანმრთელობის დაცვის პრაქტიკული katkı sağlayabilir. 3 Anahtar Kelimeler: Halk veterinerliği, Yem bitkileri, Material and Methods Yaylacılar, Geleneksel bilgi, Kafkasya, Kültürler Study area arası çalışma, Türkiye, Gürcistan The geographical area covered in this study is located along the border between Georgia and Background Turkey, in the Western Lesser Caucasus (Fig. 1). It falls within the borders of Adjara and Samtskhe- Livestock are an integral part of the transhumant life Javakheti regions in Georgia; and Artvin and in the Caucasus and beyond. Maintaining and Ardahan provinces in Turkey. restoring the health and wellbeing of the animals has been a critical responsibility for the pastoralist The area includes the characteristics of three of the communities who depended on their livestock. world’s ecological regions: The Caucasus Mixed Forest Ecoregion, the Euxine Colchic Deciduous Ethnoveterinary research is defined as the Forest Ecoregion and, to a lesser extent, the Eastern systematic study and application of folk knowledge Anatolian Montane Steppe Ecoregion (WWF 2006). and beliefs, practices that relate to any aspects of Its principal climates range from humid subtropical animal health (McCorkle 1986). There has been a and mildly dry subtropical mountainous to growing interest in ethnoveterinary research in continental climates. Dominant natural landscapes Europe (Mayer et al. 2014 and the references there extend from forest and high mountain vegetation to in). This is mainly due to concerns for traditional Caucasian sub-alpine meadows and steppe knowledge loss, increase in antibiotic use which meadows with freshwater lakes, mainly located result in occurrence of antibiotic-resistant microbes along the Ardahan and the Samtskhe-Javakheti and antimicrobial resistance both in livestock and border (Williams et al. 2006) (Fig. 2). The variety of humans, as well as potential health benefits of ethnolinguistic groups inhabiting the area includes traditional veterinary practices on organic animal Turks, Georgians, Armenians, Kurds, Azeris, Laz husbandry (Benítez 2012, Bartha et al. 2015, Mayer people, Hemshins, and Russians, with small-scale et al. 2014, Oliveira et al. 2020, Pieroni et al. 2004, agriculture and relatively large-scale livestock 2006). farming as their main economic activities. Nearly all participants in this study were transhumant, Although the studies on folk veterinary knowlege in maintaining an agro-pastoral way of life. Highland Turkey is not new (Dinçer 1967&1980), pastures, referred to as “yayla” in Turkey, are known ethnoveterinary research specific to plant-based as “mta” and/or “ialagi” (iala) in Georgia. People remedies is an emerging field of study
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