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Twilight Fanomen DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Das Twilight FANomen. Eine medienkulturelle Analyse der Twilight Fan- Communities im Web 2.0“ Verfasserin Katharina Mörz, BA angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, 2014 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 317 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Theater-, Film- und Medienwissenschaft Betreuer: Univ.- Prof. Mag. Dr. habil. Ramón Reichert 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung ............................................................................................................................ 5 2 Vampir Revival ................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Mythos Vampir ............................................................................................................ 7 2.1.1 Manifestation des Vampirs im Film und seine Metamorphosen ........................ 10 2.1.2 Der frühe Vampirfilm ......................................................................................... 10 2.1.3 Hammer Produktionen ....................................................................................... 14 2.1.4 Der junge, anthropomorphisierte Vampir .......................................................... 16 2.2 Das Twilight Vampir Motiv ....................................................................................... 19 2.2.1 Geschlechterrollen und Stereotype ..................................................................... 20 2.2.2 Geschlechterrollen in Twilight ........................................................................... 22 2.2.3 Männlicher Vampir – Weiblicher Mensch ......................................................... 23 2.2.4 No sex sells ......................................................................................................... 26 2.2.5 Erfüllung und Macht als Mutter ......................................................................... 27 2.2.6 Leichte Beeinflussbarkeit der Rezipienten ......................................................... 29 2.2.7 Twilight Vampir als Metapher für die heutige Gesellschaft .............................. 30 2.3 Überlebenskünstler Vampir: vom Monster zum Friendly-Alien ............................... 32 3 Fandom ............................................................................................................................. 35 3.1 Bisherige Fanforschung ............................................................................................. 36 3.1.1 Erste Generation der Fanforschung .................................................................... 36 3.1.2 Zweite Generation der Fanforschung ................................................................. 37 3.1.3 Dritte Generation der Fanforschung ................................................................... 38 3.2 Digitale Jugendkulturen und Medienaneignung ........................................................ 39 3.2.1 Die neue InterNet(z)generation .......................................................................... 40 3.2.2 Von der Netz-Generation zur partikularen Jugendkultur .................................. 41 3.2.3 Fankultur ............................................................................................................ 43 3.2.4 Fanpraktiken als kreatives und kulturelles Handeln .......................................... 45 3.2.5 Mädchenkultur und Fan-Sein ............................................................................. 46 3.3 New-Age Vampir – das Teen Idol des 21. Jahrhunderts ........................................... 47 3.3.2 Schönheitskult des 21. Jahrhunderts .................................................................. 52 3.3.3 Die Scopophilia als Sex-Surrogat – Die Lust des Schauens .............................. 53 4 Fanaktivitäten im Web 2.0 ................................................................................................ 57 4.1 Die offiziellen Fanseiten auf Facebook und Twitter ................................................. 58 4.1.1 Facebook: The Twilight Saga ............................................................................ 58 4.1.2 Twitter: @Twilight und @TwilightFB .............................................................. 62 4.2 YouTube .................................................................................................................... 63 3 4.2.1 UGC, PGC, Mash-up und Vlogging – Was bedeutet das? ................................. 64 4.2.2 YouTube: Artikulation, Partizipation und Sydikation ....................................... 65 4.2.3 Analyse der Fanvideos auf YouTube ................................................................. 69 4.2.4 Selbstdarstellung auf YouTube: „Biggest Twilight fan in the US??? *contest entry*” 70 4.2.5 The Hillywood Show – professionell produzierte YouTube Videos ................. 74 4.2.6 Tribut an Twilight “Edward&Bella best Kissing Scenes | Top 5 (HD)” ........... 78 4.2.7 Fazit – Fan Videos .............................................................................................. 80 4.3 Anti-Fanpraktiken ...................................................................................................... 82 4.3.1 Ablehnung der Twilight Saga ............................................................................. 83 4.3.2 Kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der Twilight Thematik ................................. 84 4.3.3 Anti-Fan oder doch Fan? .................................................................................... 86 5 Fazit ................................................................................................................................... 88 6 Quellenverzeichnis ............................................................................................................ 91 6.1 Literatur ..................................................................................................................... 91 6.2 Filme .......................................................................................................................... 98 6.3 YouTube Videos ........................................................................................................ 98 7 Abbildungsverzeichnis ...................................................................................................... 99 8 Anhang ............................................................................................................................ 100 8.1 Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................... 100 8.2 Lebenslauf ............................................................................................................... 101 4 1 Einleitung Die Twilight Saga begann mit der ersten Buchveröffentlichung und konnte das Publikum bis zur letzten Kinopremiere sieben Jahre lang unterhalten. Dabei entwickelte sich ein Hype, den man nicht übersehen konnte. Medien berichteten über Fans, die stundenlang in einer Schlange standen, um sich das neueste Buch zu sichern und über Fans, die vor den Filmpremieren auf den Straßen die Zelte aufschlugen, um einen kurzen Blick auf ihre geliebten Stars zu werfen. Doch wieso wurde ausgerechnet die Twilight Saga derart populär? Harry Potter hatte zuvor ebenso eine massige Fanbase, aber man erinnert sich dabei nicht an eine Menge kreischender Mädchen, bei den Twilight Fans hingegen, denkt man sehr wohl daran. In dieser Arbeit wird natürlich über den Hintergrund, warum die Twilight Saga derart populär geworden ist, gearbeitet, aber sie soll nicht direkt nach dem Erfolgsrezept der Saga suchen. Viel interessanter scheint es, die Gesellschaft rund um die Saga genauer zu untersuchen und dabei einen besonderen Schwerpunkt auf die Fangemeinschaften und deren Verhaltensweisen und Praktiken zu setzen. In der Berichterstattung der Medien sieht man die Twilight Fans kreischen und weinen, das typische Bild des Fans wird hier bestätigt: ein fanatische Person. Doch was steckt hinter dem Schreien? Was machen die Fans, wenn sie nicht gerade bei einer Filmpremiere ihren verehrten Star sehen? Diese Fanpraktiken stellen den zentralen Aspekt dieser Arbeit dar. Im ersten Kapitel wird zunächst auf den Mythos Vampir eingegangen, da dieser eine wesentliche Rolle in unserer Gesellschaft seit jeher spielt. Diese Kreatur, die die Menschheit schon seit Anbeginn der Zeit begleitete, entwickelte sich aus Sagen und aus dem Volksglauben einfacher Leute. Scheinbar konnte sich bis heute die Faszination dieser untoten Gestalt nicht legen, denn sie erscheint mehr als je zuvor in Filmen und TV Serien. Daher wird im ersten Kapitel kurz der Ursprung des Vampirs und sein Übergehen in die Literatur und schließlich seine Erscheinung im Film behandelt. Dabei soll die Verwandlung des Vampirs über die Jahrzehnte im Hinblick auf die Wandlung der Gesellschaft erörtert werden. Weiters wird ein Bogen von der Darstellung Max Schrecks als Nosferatu über Bela Lugosis und Christopher Lees Gentelman Vampir Dracula bis hin zu Robert Pattinsons dargestellten Highschool Vampir gespannt. Auf diese neue Interpretation des Vampirs, des Twilight Vampirs, soll genauer eingegangen werden. Was stellt der glitzernde Vampir dar? Weiters soll über die Geschlechterrollen in Twilight diskutiert werden und die Thematik der Abstinenz behandelt werden. Der Vampir versteht sich als Überlebenskünstler, als unerschöpfliches 5 Motiv, der vom Monster bis hin zum Friendly-Alien alles verkörpern kann, je nachdem, welche Art des Vampirs die
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