GRADE 10 HL Language, Editing, Summaries, Previous Exam Papers

GRADE 10 HL Language, Editing, Summaries, Previous Exam Papers.

EDITING

Ensure that you can identify and explain the following editing/language terms:

1. Acronyms and Abbreviations 2. Active and Passive voice 3. Ambiguity 4. Americanisms 5. Antonyms 6. Apostrophe use 7. Clichés 8. Comma Splice 9. Concord 10. Dashes 11. Degrees of Comparison 12. Direct and Reported Speech 13. Double Negative 14. Generalisations 15. Homonyms 16. Homophones 17. Hyphens 18. Inconsistent use of pronouns 19. Literal and Figurative Language 20. Malapropism 21. Misrelated Participle / Dangling Participle 22. Oxymorons and Paradoxes 23. Parentheses 24. Phrases and Clauses 25. Prefixes and Suffixes 26. Pun 27. Redundancy 28. Register 29. Simple, Complex and Compound Sentences 30. Split Infinitive 31. Spoonerisms 32. Synonyms 33. Tautology 34. Tense errors 35. Verbosity

1. Acronyms and Abbreviations Abbreviations and acronyms are shortened forms of words or phrases. An abbreviation is typically a shortened form of words used to represent the whole (such as Dr or Prof) while an acronym contains a set of initial letters from a phrase that usually form another word (such as radar or scuba). Abbreviations and acronyms are often interchanged, yet the two are quite distinct. The main point of reference is that abbreviations are merely a series of letters while acronyms form new words.

Remember the rule for punctuation an abbreviation? If the abbreviation and the word end on the same letter, NO FULLSTOP!

2. Active and Passive voice Active  Subject, verb, object. (She kicks the ball.) Passive  Object, verb, BY object. (The ball is kicked by her.)

Remember to stay in the same tense!

3. Ambiguity Ambiguity is a word, phrase or statement which contains more than one meaning. Ambiguous statements lead to vagueness and confusion, and shape the basis for unintentional humour.  “I rode a black horse in red pajamas,” because it may lead us to think that the horse was wearing the red pajamas.  Sign outside a petrol station café: “Kirsty’s Café – Eat Here and Get Gas”  Newspaper headline: “Two sisters reunite after 20 years in a bank.”  Newspaper headline: “Stolen painting found by tree.”

4. Americanisms / South Africanisms An Americanism is when an American word or spelling is used in South African English.  Humor (humour)  Color (colour)  Barbeque (braai)  Sneakers (tackies)

 South Africanisms:

5. Antonyms Words of opposite meaning. Hot/cold, up/down, crazy/sane, beautiful/ugly, day/night, young/old

6. Apostrophe use Apostrophes are ONLY used for two reasons:  Possession – specify singular or plural (The child’s toy, my mom’s car, the dogs’ leashes)  Omission/Contraction (don’t, won’t, can’t, I’m, I’ll, you’re, it’s  IT IS!)

APOSTROPHES ARE NEVER, EVER, EVER, EVER, EVER, EVER USED FOR PLURALS!

7. Clichés A cliché is an expression, idea or element of artistic work which has become overused to the point of losing its original meaning or effect, even to the point of being trite or irritating.  No pain, no gain!  Any of the “Keep Calm and…” posters  Raining cats and dogs  I am all ears  Quit while you’re ahead  Don’t hold your breath…  Go the whole nine yards  Think outside the box

8. Comma Splice This occurs when a comma separates two main clauses. Use a fullstop!  This is a comma splice, the two main clauses are separated by a clause.  I got up late this morning, I didn’t have time for breakfast.  I have trouble with punctuation, I just don’t have any comma sense.  A comma splice walks into a bar, it has a drink and then leaves.  Stay off the grass, it needs time to grow.

9. Concord Agreement in a sentence, usually between subject and verb.  I are happy. (I am happy.)  The boys is naughty. (The boys are naughty.)  Thabo, as well as Andrew, are handsome. (Thabo, as well as Andrew, IS handsome.)  They will win if the team score a goal! (They will win if the team scores a goal.)

10. Dashes / Brackets Like all punctuation marks, dashes/brackets ensure the clarity of writing by setting apart words, phrases, and clauses that are not part of the grammatical structure of the main clause but provide additional information. Parentheses indicate more emphasis than commas; dashes indicate more emphasis than parentheses.

1. Separate appositives that contain commas Appositives are nouns, pronouns, or noun phrases that modify or explain another noun, pronoun, or noun phrase.  My cousins—Oliver, Harry, and Lyra—cannot attend my birthday party.  The teacher wrote the titles of the books—The Golden Compass, The Subtle Knife, and The Amber Spyglass—on the board.

2. Introduces emphasis  I am afraid to fly – although I know riding in an airplane is safer than driving a car.  Many employees – mostly recent graduates with student loans - must ride the bus to work.  The idea that women are inferior to men is ridiculous – even preposterous.  That many children go hungry every day in American is sad – possibly tragic.

3. Enclose clarifications  We owe the bank thirty thousand dollars ($30,000).  Books in IRMA (Infrequently Requested Materials Area) are still available for patron use.

4. Enclose asides and additional information  Many patrons (mostly freshmen and transfer students) will need a tour of the library.  My boss finally answered (after ignoring me for an entire week) that she could not transfer me to another department.  Your neighbours (the people who left their broken truck in the middle of the road) are quite annoying.  My puppy - he was completely potty-trained in less than a day - needs to go outside at least three times a day.

5. Introduce explanations  The Fourth Amendment—protection from unreasonable search and seizure—prevents the police from entering my house and taking my belongings on a whim.  The first law of motion (every object in motion will stay in motion until acted upon by an outside force) explains why a ball dropped from the top of a roof will not stop in mid-air but will continue to fall until it hits the ground.

6. Introduce an explanation of a preceding series  Reliability, trustworthiness, diligence—this company only hires employees with all of these traits.  Male and female, old and young, short and tall—people of all shapes and sizes can participate in activities at the community centre.

7. Enclose numbers or letters in a list  Prepositional phrases function as (1) modifiers, (2) complements, (3) adjuncts, (4) adverbials, and (5) subjects.  The department is looking for a new manager who (1) can work any shift, (2) will work multiples shifts per day, and (3) is willing to work overtime.

11. Degrees of Comparison Adjectives have three forms – positive, comparative and superlative. (LIKE: Smart, smarter, Mrs Buss ) You cannot use the superlative when only two things are being compared. (I am the richer of us two, not the richest. She is the prettier of the two sisters, not the prettiest.)

12. Direct and Reported Speech When changing from one to the other, remember to STAY IN THE SAME TENSE! Use the ‘leading’ verb, in direct speech, as the indicator of tense. (She said, he stated, they yell, I say, etc.) Remember to change pronouns and adverbs– I/me, me/her etc, today/that day, tomorrow/the next day, here/there, this/that etc.

13. Double Negative A double negative uses two negative words in the same clause to express a single negative idea:  We didn't see nothing. [ = We saw nothing.]  She never danced with nobody. [ = She didn't dance with anybody.]

The rules dictate that the two negative elements cancel each other out to give a positive statement instead, so that the sentence ‘I don’t know nothing’ could literally be interpreted as ‘I do know something’.

14. Generalisations A written or spoken statement in which you say or write that something is true all the time when it is only true some of the time: Generalisation can be dangerous.  Blondes have more fun.  Lawyers are crooked.  Teachers have no life…   Rugby players are not clever.  Politicians are corrupt.

15. Homographs A homograph is a word that is spelled identically to another word but none the less has a different meaning and probably a different origin. You will doubtless be annoyed if you tear your trousers while climbing over a fence. Indeed, you may be so upset that you shed a tear. As you can see, 'tear' and 'tear' are spelled identically, but they are pronounced differently and have entirely different meanings. They are good examples of a homograph. Many homographs are not even pronounced differently. Thus the word 'hide' sounds exactly the same whether you are talking about the skin of an animal, a measure of land or the verb meaning to conceal or keep out of sight.

16. Homonyms Homonyms are two or more words that have the same sound or spelling but differ in meaning.  "Your children need your presence more than your presents."(Jesse Jackson)  I enjoy bass fishing and playing the bass guitar.  The group's lead singer carried a lead pipe for protection.

17. Homophones Words that sound the same but have different meaning.

18. Hyphens Hyphens are used to link words and parts of words. They are not as common today as they used to be, but there are three main cases where you should use them:  To create compound words  a pick-me-up, mother-in-law, good-hearted, accident-prone, computer-aided, good- looking, sugar-free, power-driven, quick-thinking. REMEMBER TO SPECIFY WORD CLASS!  To join prefixes to other words  pre-2018, post-Apartheid, multi-talented, mass-produced  To show word breaks  when you hyphenate a word at the end of the line. PLEASE REFRAIN FROM DOING THIS!

19. Inconsistent use of pronouns

20. Literal and Figurative Language Literal language uses words exactly according to their conventionally accepted meanings or denotation. 12

Figurative (or non-literal) language uses words in a way that deviates from their conventionally accepted definitions in order to convey a more complicated meaning or heightened effect. Figurative language is often created by presenting words in such a way that they are equated, compared, or associated with normally unrelated meanings.

21. Malapropism Malapropism is the use of an incorrect word in place of a similar sounding word that results in a nonsensical and humorous expression.  Mrs Malaprop said, “Illiterate him from your memory.” (obliterate)  Rainy weather can be hard on the sciences. (senses)  Alice said she would not eat crabs or any other crushed Asians. (crustaceans)  You lead the way and we will precede. (proceed)  My affluence over my brother is very small. (influence)  Having one wife is called monotony. (monogamy)  The flood damage was so bad they had to evaporate the city. (evacuate)  Dad says the monster is just a pigment of my imagination. (figment)  Flying saucers are just an optical conclusion. (illusion)

22. Misrelated Participle / Dangling Participle Misrelated participles (also called dangling participles) occur when a participial phrase is attached to the wrong noun, or the participial phrase is not attached to a noun at all.  Having finished the assignment, the TV was turned on. (Did the TV finish the assignment?)  Walking down the street, the streetlights came on. (Did the streetlights walk down the street?)

23. Oxymorons and Paradoxes An oxymoron is a combination of two words with almost opposite meanings, to describe a peculiar condition.  bitter sweet, false truth, big baby, well-known secret, deafening silence, minor crisis, civil war A paradox describes a situation that seems very strange or impossible because of two opposite qualities or facts.  The more you fail, the more likely you are to succeed.  The more something scares you, the more you should probably do it.

24. Parentheses 15

There are 3 types of parentheses – dashes, brackets and commas. Mostly used to add extra information to the main clause of the sentence.  The girl, who is wearing a red dress, is pretty.  I am (despite not sleeping well last night) alert in class today!  GHS’s English teachers are – without a doubt – the coolest teachers in the world.

25. Phrases and Clauses Both are parts of a sentence. A clause contains a finite verb, a phrase does not. (It may contain a non-finite verb!)

26. Prefixes and Suffixes Prefixes and suffixes are sets of letters that are added to the beginning or end of another word. They are not words in their own right and cannot stand on their own in a sentence: if they are printed on their own they have a hyphen before or after them. Prefixes are added to the beginning of an existing word in order to create a new word with a different meaning. Happy/unhappy, cultural/multicultural, work/overwork, space/cyberspace, market/supermarket Suffixes are added to the end of an existing word. Child/childish, work/worker, taste/tasteless, like/likeable

27. Pun A play on words. When a word has been used deliberately to have more than one meaning in a sentence.

28. Redundancy 17

Words, phrases or ideas that are included unnecessarily in sentences are redundant.  It is a new innovation.  My friend likes to watch suspense thrillers.  I heard it with my own ears.  I earn a salary and an added bonus.  I never make predictions about the future.  This is indeed a sad misfortune.  Thanks to the joint collaboration, the archaeologists found the manuscript in the dilapidated ruins.  Sign up and win free gifts!

29. Register Formal, colloquial, informal. Remember to use the correct register in all of your writing!

30. Simple, Complex and Compound Sentences Simple sentence – one clause Complex – main clause and subordinate clause joined by a subordinating conjunction Compound – two main clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) Compound-complex – sentences consist of two or more verb clauses and one or more adverb clauses. In other words, compound-complex sentences are combinations of one or more compound sentences and one or more complex sentences.

31. Split Infinitive The split infinitive is a construction un which one or more words come between the participle to and the verb. Remember to show where the adverb must be placed!  ‘To generously donate’ should read ‘to donate generously’.  ‘To boldly go where no man has gone’ should read ‘To go boldly…’

32. Spoonerisms A spoonerism is an error in speech in which corresponding consonants, vowels, or morphemes are switched between two words in a phrase. These are named after the Oxford don and ordained minister William Archibald Spooner, who was famous for doing this. An example is saying "The Lord is a shoving leopard" instead of "The Lord is a loving shepherd." While spoonerisms are commonly heard as slips of the tongue, and getting one's words in a tangle, they can also be used intentionally as a play on words.

33. Synonyms Opposite of antonyms. Words with similar meaning.

34. Tautology Tautology is the unnecessary repetition of the same idea, using different words.  Without shoes, the couple strolled barefoot on the beach. (barefoot means without shoes!)  I am feeling sleepily sleepy today.  The dress cost me R500 rands.  ATM machine  PIN number  GPS system  ISBN number  HIV virus

35. Verbosity Verbosity or verboseness is speech or writing that uses more words than necessary.

EDITING EXERCISE 1: (This is an easy one!)

20 THINGS YOU DIDN’T KNOW ABOUT YOUR BODY:

1. Scientists say the higher you’re IQ the more you dream. 2. You use 200 mussels to take one step. 3. The average woman is 12,7cm shorter then the average man. 4. Your big toes have two bone each while the rest have three. 5. A pair of human feet contain 250 000 sweat glands. 6. The acid in your stomach is strong enough to disolve razor blades. 7. It takes food seven seconds to get from one’s mouth to your stomach. 8. The average human dream lasts 2-3 seconds 9. There is about two trillion bacteria on your feet. 10. Your body gives of enough heat in 30 minutes to boil 1,8 litres of water. 11. The enamel in your teeth is the hardest substanse in your body. 12. Your teeth start to grow 6 months before you are born. 13. When you look at someone you love, your pupils dilate, they do the same when you look at someone you hate. 14. Blondes have more hair then dark-haired people. 15. Your thumb is the same lenght as your nose. 16. You cannot lick your own elbow. 17. Your foot is the same size as the distance from your wrist and elbow. 18. One cannot sneeze with your eyes open. 19. Human beings are the only species that allow their kids back in2 the nest. 20. Your body contains the same amount of lead as an average-sized HB pencil.

Questions: (20x1) 1. Insert the missing comma. 2. Correct the homophone error. 3. Correct the conjunction error. 4. Correct the noun error. 5. Correct the concord error. 6. Correct the spelling error. 7. Correct the pronoun error. 8. Correct the punctuation error. 9. Correct the concord error. 10. A common mistake has been made. Write down the incorrect word and its correction. 11. Correct the spelling error. 12. Replace the infinitive with a present participle. Do not change the meaning of the sentence. 13. Correct the comma splice. 14. Correct the conjunction. 15. Correct the spelling error. 16. Remove a redundant word. 17. Correct the preposition. 18. Replace one word of negation with a contraction. Do no change the meaning of the sentence. 19. Rewrite the last 5 words in more formal register. 20. Explain the function of the hyphen.

EDITING EXERCISE 2: (Please note: the numbers of the questions relate to the whole sentence)

THE AFRICAN RATTLE AND ROLL 1. Being too poor to afford their own cars, local taxi networks are heavily replied on for transport in the urban and rural areas. 2. Drawing on his trans-African experiences, Hamilton Wende tells us how to tell our matatus from our tro-tros – and how to survive the colorful journey from A to B. 3. Anybody who has travelled in Africa will know what minibus taxis mean to the people on the content. 4. In each and every city from Cairo to Cape Town you will see minibuses crammed with travellers rushing through the choking traffic, stopping unexpectedly to pick up another fare-paying customer, or swerving madly to avoid a pothole in the road. 5. They are also use to carry people from the cities to the smaller towns and villages. 6. On the bush and savannah roads. 7. The minibuses are piled high with stuff strapped to the roof. 8. “In Ghana,” a friend told me, “you will find suitcases, jerry cans of petrol, chickens, guinea fowl, goats tied to the roof. 9. Many minibus taxis are badly maintenanced, and accidents, when they happen, can involve a large number of people. 10. So nobody does not want to travel in them. 11. In South Africa, there are a complex set of finger signs that prospective passengers have to learn before they can be sure of getting to the correct destination. 12. If you stand on the side of the road with you’re index finger held upwards that means you want to head for the centre of the city. 13. People say the upraised finger represents the tall buildings of Johannesburgs skyline. 14. If you are just travelling locally, you hold your finger pointing downwards – but no one seems to exactly remember why. 15. Anyway, as somebody told me, “the signs differ in town to town”. 16. On many of these taxis, the sides and windows are painted with bright colours and slogans, some are sponsored by businesses and sport flashy advertising catchphrases on their doors. 17. As a result of the rough roads, most taxis in Africa suffer from severe gravel rash and, thus, need to be resprayed badly. 18. Often they have short passages from the Bible sprayed onto the rear windows: at other times there are simple messages aimed at the passengers like “go well” or even “There’s no use crying over spilt ink”. 19. At the end of the day, these rainbow-coloured taxis that would stick out like a sore thumb in first world countries, when all is said and done, prove that the taxi industry in Africa is the best thing since sliced bread – and this is the bottom line.

1. Correct the misrelated participle. 2. Identify an Americanism and rewrite the word in Standard English. 3. Correct the malapropism. 4. Correct the tautology. Write our only the affected words. 5. Write the correct form of the verb. 6. Name the error. 7. Supply a more suitable synonym for “stuff”. 8. Supply the missing conjunction. Write out only the affected words. 9. A word has been used incorrectly. Rewrite it in its correct form. 10. Correct the double negative. Write out the whole sentence. 11. Correct the concord error. 12. Correct a misspelt word. 13. Insert an apostrophe in the correct place. Write only the affected word. 14. Correct the split infinitive. 15. A preposition has been used incorrectly. Write down the incorrect preposition with the correct one next to it. 16. Correct the comma splice. Write out the whole sentence. 17. Rewrite the sentence removing any ambiguity. 18. Write the correct form of the well-known proverb. 19. Rewrite this verbose and clichéd sentence more concisely. Do not exceed fifteen words. (This question is worth 2 marks.)

EDITING EXERCISE 3:

1 Good morning, first aiders. 2 I have been asked to briefly tell you about the basics of Coronary Pulmonary Resucitasion. 3 If there has been an accident which could, in any way, have injured the persons spine, they should 4 never be moved – specifically, their head should be kept very still. There is a risk of snapping the 5 spinal column completely if you move the victim without stabilizing him. 6 Ideally, you should not try C.P.R. unless you have been trained to do so, so do that course soon! but, of 7 course, accidents do happen, as the saying goes. 8 If you are comforted with a victim who is not breathing, having at least some idea of how to help to do 9 it would help. 10 Open up the airway by tilting the head and chin. Never do this if you suspect that there has been a neck 11 injury as it could aggravate the injury. You need to feel for obstructions if you have reason to believe 12 that the patient has swallowed something. 13 Listen and feel for breathing for ten seconds. count the seconds one zambezi two zambezi three 14 zambezi. If there is no breathing, place your mouth over the patients then breathe into the mouth hard 15 twice. 16 Feel for a pulse for ten seconds. The easiest place is on the jugular vain in the neck. If there are no 17 pulse, start chest compressions. For adults, do fifteen compressions followed by two mouth-to-mouth 18 breaths four times before you feel for a pulse again. Press to a depth of about 4-5 centimetres. For 19 children, do five, followed by one breath, 20 times over. Press to a depth of about 2,5-3,5 centimetres. 20 Having listened to my talk, the subject of C.P.R. should now be a little clearer to you all.

1. Name and correct the error in line 2. (2) 2. Correct the spelling error in line 2. (1) 3. Insert the missing punctuation mark in line 3. (1) 4. State the function of the punctuation mark inserted in question 3. (1) 5. Correct one personal pronoun in line 3. (1) 6. Correct one personal adjective in line 4 to continue the sequence of case in your answer to 5. (1) 7. Rewrite lines 6-7, removing all asides. Rewrite with the correct tone. (2) 8. Correct the malapropism in line 8. (1) 9. To eliminate ambiguity, substitute the underlines pronoun in line 9 with an appropriate noun. (1) 10. State the redundant preposition in line 8. (1) 11. Rewrite the sentence in lines 13-14 (count one zambezi…three zambezi) with the necessary punctuation. (2) 12. Rewrite the sentence fragment, “place your mouth over the patients then breathe into his mouth hard twice” (lines 14-15), correcting the apostrophe error and placing the adverb of manner in the correct position. (2) 13. Correct the homophone error in line 16. (1) 14. Correct the concord error in lines 16-17. (1) 15. Correct the misrelated participle in line 20. Rewrite the sentence correctly. (2) (20)

EDITING EXERCISE 4:

Matric exams are easy – and mean very little: Jansen Staff Writer 1 Proffesor Jonathan Jansen UFS vice chancellor and rector, has a message for matrics: well done if you passed your exams – but remember that it means very little. 2 In an open letter, published on BusinessLive, Jansen extended congratulations to matric learners who passed their exams, and encouraged those who failed to try again. 3 But his words carried a much harsher truth – warning matriculants that the standards of South African education is very low, and that even the top performers are probably not as smart as they think. 4 “Passing Grade 12 in South Africa is really actually quite easy, and it means very little. The standards are low and the marks are adjusted upwards for most subjects,” Jansen said. 5 More specifically, Jansen said that exams in South Africa are designed to compensate for the dysfunction in a large amount of schools, “because the politicians are too scared to confront those who hold hostage the potential of all our pupils”. 6 “Resist the temptation of here-and-now thinking. Focus on what you will build up, not what one will break down. Make your own decisions and resist, at all costs, the temptation to follow a crowd,” was Jansen’s message to Grade 12 learners. They should except responsibility for their own education and future. https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/148933/matric-exams-are-easy-and-mean-very-little-jansen/

1. Correct the spelling error in paragraph 1. (1) 2. Account for the use of the italics in paragraph 2. (1) 3. Rewrite the underlined clasue in paragraph 2 in the passive voice. (1) 4. Correct the concord error in paragraph 3. (1) 5. Replace “it” in paragraph 4 with an appropriate noun / noun phrase. (1) 6. Correct the tautology in paragraph 4. (1) 7. “More specifically, Jansen said that exams in South Africa are designed to compensate for the dysfunction in a large amount of schools.” A word has been incorrectly used in the above sentence. Write down the word that should have been used instead. (1) 8. Rewrite the underlined sentence in paragraph 6 so that it is grammatically correct. (1) 9. Why is an apostrophe used in “Jansen’s message” in paragraph 6? (1) 10. Correct the malapropism in the last line of paragraph 6. (1) [10]

EDITING EXERCISE 5:

It’s hard to believe that a young girl, named Sindi, could change the world’s understanding of 1 history. This is how it happened: Sindi’s father enjoyed exploring caves on the family’s farm in Northern Province and Sindi sometimes accompanied him. One day in 2003, she made a discovery of cave art that dated back to the Ice Age, which was the coldest period in the history of the earth. Sindi’s father was too tall to see the cave’s low ceiling, but fortunately, Sindi was short enough to 5 view the life-like animals painted there. The animals were painted in a variety of colours. Furthermore, the artist had used uneven surfaces to give them a three-dimensional quality. The photographs taken of the new findings were important as these paintings had remained hidden for all of recorded history.

Sindi’s discovery at the cave, now called Alta Mera, has led to much debate. Sientists believe that 10 the paintings are about 15 000 years old. Philosophers is reflecting on the timeless question “What purpose did this spectacular art serve in the lives of prehistoric people?”

1. Explain the differences in the use of the apostrophe in the words “It’s” (line 1) and “family’s” (line 2) (2) 2. Replace the word “hard” (line 1) with a more suitable word. (1) 3. Identify the function of the commas in line 1. (1) 4. Identify the function of the colon in line 2. (1) 5. Identify the part of speech of the word “cave” (line 4). (1) 6. Supply a synonym for the word “period” (line 4). (1) 7. Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives: (1) The clause, “…which was the coldest period in the history of the earth” (line 4-5) is a/an A adverbial clause modifying “Sindi” B noun clause, subject of “discover” C subordinate clause qualifying “Ice Age” D subordinate clause qualifying “one day”

8. Refer to the last paragraph. 8.1 Correct the spelling error (1) 8.2 Insert the punctuation mark (1) 8.3 C orrect the error of concord (1)

9. Refer to lines 11-12: “What purpose did this spectacular art serve in the lives of prehistoric people?” Rewrite the above words in INDIRECT speech. Begin as follows: Learned men have asked… (2)

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EDITING EXERCISE 6:

First Woman in Space

MOSCOW - The Soviet Union sent a dark-eyed young blonde named Valentina Tereshkova into space on Sunday as 1 the world’s first woman cosmonaut. The Russians said her Vostok VI space ship went into orbit close to Lt. Col. Valery Bykovsky, who rocketed up Friday. The Soviet Union shot Miss Tereshkova, a 26-year-old former factory worker, aloft at 12:30 p.m. on Sunday. “It’s our girl, a girl from the land of the Soviet, that is first in space,” announced Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev. 5 As the cosmonauts awoke early today after a night’s sleep, Soviet officials were silent on whether they might attempt a his-and-hers rendezvous in space. It seemed unlikely, however, since Miss Tereshkova is not a trained pilot and might not be able to carry out her part in a complicated manually controlled link-up manoeuvre. There was no official indication on precisely how close their ships are to each other, but official communiqués said both spacecraft had lost a little altitude. 10 At the same time rumors—not taken too seriously—circulated in Moscow that a third Soviet cosmonaut might be sent up to join them. At 8 a.m. (Moscow time), Vostok V had completed more than 45 orbits and Vostok VI more than 14. A sideline of parachute jumping qualified Miss Tereshkova for her cosmonaut training which led to her flight in the Vostok VI spacecraft. 15 A half an hour after Miss Tereshkova went into orbit she was in radio contact with Bykovsky. Together they then messaged Khrushchev: “Dependable radio communications been established between our space ships. Are at close distance from each other. All systems in the ships are working excellently. Feeling fine.” There was no indication whether the two could see each other. 20 Official announcements made no mention of how long Miss Tereshkova and Bykovsky will remain in orbit. But unofficial reports said they will land in short intervals of each other within two days.

1. Explain the function of the hyphen in “dark-eyed” (line 1) (1) 2. Explain the function of the apostrophe in a. world’s (line 2) b. It’s (line 6) (2 x 1) 3. What does the “VI” stand for in “Vostok VI”? (Line 2) (1) 4. Explain why the author used the word “shot” in line 4. (2) 5. What does the author mean with “his-and-hers rendezvous” (Line 7) (2) 6. There is a word in line 11 that is spelt in an American way. Give the word and how we spell it. (1) 7. Explain the function of the dashes in line 11. (1) 8. What is an orbit? (1) 9. “Feeling fine.” (line 19) is not a full sentence. Why did the speaker use a phrase instead of the full sentence? What would the full sentence (deep structure of the phrase) be? (2) 10. “whether” in line 20 has a homophone and these two words are often incorrectly used. Use each word (‘whether’ and its homophone) in its own sentence, making the meanings very clear. (2)

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EDITING EXERCISE 7:

1 Johannesburg – It took News24’s sister newspaper 8 When City Press went on a “reconnaissance mission” City Press just 30 minutes to buy a matric certificate this earlier this week, a motley group of six people were week and is cost only R350. queuing to buy the fake certificates.

2 A City Press investigation has found that while more 9 Upon our return the following day, it took just a few than 600 000 learners studied hard to pass matric exams minutes to choose the best symbols. each year, a Nigerian syndicate operating from an Internet café in Hillbrow, Johannesburg, was selling matric 10 When City Press asked for all the symbols to be on certificates at a cost of R350. the higher grade, the man said: “I’ve been doing this for a long time. You should not worry.” 3 The fake certificates have been on sale for the past five years with an average of 10 to 20 issued a day, according 11 Inside the shop, another man shouted on the phone to sources close to the syndicate. about someone who made him lose R7m. Once the first version was done, it was handed over to this reporter to 4 After buying a fake certificate, City Press, sent it to the carefully check. administration unit of the University of Johannesburg for analysis. 12 Our handler then demanded the R350, which he then put in his back pocket. No receipt was given. 5 This was to check if a student could be admitted to study at a tertiary institution with this document. 13 As the “original” fake certificate was printed out, a notice on the wall contradicted the practice: “This is a 6 University of Johannesburg Kingsway campus legal business. Any illegal activity will be penalised.” certificate expert Gerrie Du Preez was shocked by the quality of the fake certificate. 14 The major fault on the fake certificate appeared to be the font used for the wording “South African Certification 7 “The certificate looks legitimate at first glance, but as I Council” which, on genuine certificates, is/are in italics, look at it carefully I see alot of mistakes,” said Du Preez. and that the certificate had no Department of Education stamp.

www.News24.co.za / City Press

1. Is “News24” a newspaper? Justify your answer. (2) 2. What does the phrase “sister newspaper” mean? (1) 3. Refer to paragraph 8. Suggest two reasons why “reconnaissance mission” are in inverted commas. (2) 4. Identify an example of irony in the passage. (1) 5. Explain why the irony mentioned in question 4, is also paradoxical. (2) 6. Identify one example of an oxymoron from paragraph 13. QUOTE the relevant phrase. (1) 7. Can the ‘evidence’ in paragraph 3 be considered 100% reliable? Justify your answer. (2) 8. Rewrite paragraph 6 in the active voice. (2) 9. There is a common spelling error in paragraph 7. Write down only the correction. (1) 10. Correct the error of a split infinitive in paragraph 11. (1) 11. Choose the correct form of the verb (is/are) in paragraph 14 and explain your choice. (2) 12. Refer to paragraph 11. Replace the phrase “this reporter” with a suitable pronoun. (1) 13. There is an error of redundancy in paragraph 12. QUOTE the redundant word. (1) 14. What does the ‘za’ stand for in www.News24.co.za? (1) (20)

EDITING EXERCISE 8:

OK 2 use SMS lingo in exams 1. New Zealand high school students will be allowed to use text-speak – the second language teenagers have developed for cell phone messages – in examinations. Nevertheless, students will still be encouraged to constantly use proper English in examination papers but would be given credit if an answer written in text- speak clearly shows the required understanding. However, in English examinations, where candidates are specifically required to demonstrate proper use of language, text abbreviations would be penalised.

2. The move have divided students and educators, amid concerns that it could damage the English language. Teachers' spokesperson, Debbie Te Whaiti, said that the move reflected the situation in the classroom, where teachers were grappling every day with the use of text-speak.

3. One school principal said that he would not encourage students to use text abbreviations in examinations, but added, 'I think text messaging is one of the most exciting things that has happened in a long time. It is another development in that wonderful thing we call the English language.' But another teacher said, 'Students need to write and understand full English.'

4. Here, as it was used in an examination paper, is an example of text-speak. 'We shal fite dem on da beaches' (Sir Winston Churchill) and '2b or nt 2b' (Shakespeare's Hamlet). [Adapted from an article published on the Web by IOL]

5.1 What is the function of the hyphen in line 1? (1) 5.2 Name and correct a stylistic error in paragraph 1. (2) 5.3 Correct an error of concord in paragraph 2. (1) 5.4 Change the following into Reported Speech: Another teacher said, ”Students need to write and understand full English if they want to excel.” Start your answer as follows: The teacher said that… (2) 5.5 Supply the noun form of ‘penalised’. (1) 5.6 Rewrite the following in the Passive Form: Learners, who use text-speak, are completing tests with more confidence. (1) 5.7 “Here, as it was used in an examination paper, is an example of text-speak.” Write down the main clause of the sentence. (1) 5.8 Account for the use of the apostrophe in ‘Shakespeare’s Hamlet’. (1) [10]

EDITING EXERCISE 9:

EDITING EXERCISE 10:

EDITING EXERCISE 11:

Practise Examinations

EXAM 1

TEXT A:

Phelelani: Lord of the Rings Circus performer Phelelani Ndakroka has captured the hearts of audiences around the globe. The dynamite acrobat shares his inspiring journey. 1. Phelelani Ndakroka, a performer in the Zip Zap Circus, has mesmerised audiences around the world, leaving them in awe of his acrobatic skills and precision. 2. In April, he performed in Switzerland for Roger Federer and Andy Murray before putting on a show for the Afro-pop duo, Mafikizolo, in June. 3. The Zip Zap Circus holds a special place in Phelelani’s heart. It’s where he was taught that he, too, can dare to dream. The young performer was introduced to the circus in 2010 while living at a shelter in Salt River. 4. After being born to a single mother, he spent many years living on the streets of Cape Town. 5. “I grew up with a life that no kid would want to live. It was difficult having to choose between right and wrong. People need to be really tough for that life because living on the street for 15 years is not easy. You need to be strong and patient. You have to figure out what you want and pray for it,” Phelelani told Cape Talk’s Pippa Hudson in a recent interview. 6. Phelelani’s introduction to the Zip Zap Circus was a life-altering experience. “Being introduced to Zip Zap was really life changing. When I saw it, I fell in love with it. In fact, now I want to marry it,” he laughs. 7. With no prior experience, Phelelani took to the theatrics like a duck to water. While he never imagined building a career as a circus performer, the acrobat is determined to craft his skill and rehearses for nearly seven hours a day, four times a week. 8. Whenever Phelelani takes to the stage, he embodies his character. “As soon as I hit the stage, I evolve. It feels as if I’m teleported to a different world. I become a different person. It’s as if my soul is on stage and my body’s backstage, watching. When I’m on stage it’s all about having fun, and sharing energy and emotion with the audience,” he explains. 9. The young acrobat admits that he still gets nervous before an act. “I go down on my knees and pray,” he adds. 10. Phelelani has mastered the skill of acrobatics and now transfers his knowledge – about life both on and off stage – to younger performers as an instructor. “Since joining Zip Zap, I have not only learnt circus skills, but life skills too, including how to conduct myself among older people and my peers. 11. I am more confident now and am able to deal with conflict better,” he says. 12. In his seven years of performing in the circus, Phelelani has also earned the respect of his instructors and fellow performers. Laurence Estève, co-founder of Zip Zap, says the artist has grown as a performer and person. 13. “Phelelani is like Picasso, painting with his body. His performance is infectious; it’s circus artistry at its best. From being ignored or even brutalised to being on stage and idolised, he is keeping a very sensible attitude. He’s not fazed by glamour, but enjoys it and is very faithful to his circus family,” she says. (Source: The Big Issue 30/10–4/11/2017) Question 1: Refer to Text A.

1.1. Explain the play on words in the heading ‘Phelelani: Lord of the Rings’. (2) 1.2. Discuss the meaning of “mesmerised” from the context in which it is used in paragraph 1. (2) 1.3. Refer to paragraph 3. What does the expression “dare to dream” teach Ndakroka? (2) 1.4. Refer to paragraph 5. Discuss what pressures there might have been on Ndakroka which would have made it “difficult” for him to “choose between right and wrong”. (2) 1.5.1 Give the meaning of the idiomatic expression, “he took (to the theatrics) like a duck to water” (paragraph 7). (1) 1.5.2 Another idiomatic expression that uses the word “duck” is “sitting duck”. Provide its meaning. (1) 1.6. “Teleported” (paragraph 8) has the following definition: (especially in science fiction) to be transported across space and distance instantly. Explain why you think Ndakroka uses the word “teleported” in this context, rather than “taken” or “transported”. (2) 1.7. In your own words, list two benefits that have come to Ndakroka from being at the Zip Zap Circus. (2) 1.8. Refer to paragraph 13 (“Phelelani is like Picasso”). Name the figure of speech and discuss its effectiveness. (3) 1.9 Do you think Ndakroka is a role model for young South Africans? Provide evidence from the text to support your answer. (2) 1.10 Refer to the source. Why is The Big Issue underlined? (1) (20) 33

TEXT B: Some deliberate errors have been made.

Zip Zap’s going places

1. Zip Zap Circus in Cape Town was founded in 1992 by Brent van Rensburg and Laurence Estève. The couple established the circus to inspire young people and help build a new culture of peaceful coexistence in South Africa. 2. For the passed 25 years, Brent and Laurence have been working with young people from all walks of life. They are dedicated to supporting development and conducting training in circus arts. They use circus performance as a vehicle for social transformation, youth empowerment, team building and community upliftment. 3. Zip Zap has been recognised as a major contributor to the development and sustainability of circus arts in South Africa, the organisation has changed the lives of nearly 15000 students, with 72% of their learners coming from the Cape Flats area. 4. Children as young as seven are invited to join the academy. 5. While the academy operates predominantly in the Western Cape, the circus has participated in many national and international tours, including performance and skills transmission programmes. 6. “Zip Zap has done more than 30 international performances, from Australia to America, China to Africa and all over Europe. Last October, they performed by the White House on Halloween for Barack Obama and his family, and we’re looking forward to travelling to Addis Ababa for the African Circus Arts Alliance Festival later this year,” says Laurence proudly. (Source: The Big Issue 30/10-4/11/2017)

Question 2: Refer to TEXT B.

2.1 Refer to paragraph 1. Write the first sentence in the active voice. (1) 2.2 Refer to paragraph 2. Correct the spelling error in the first sentence. (1) 2.3 Provide a synonym for “predominantly” (paragraph 5). (1) 2.4 Refer to paragraph 5. Give the noun form of “participated”. (1) 2.5 Refer to paragraph 6, ‘Last October…Laurence proudly’. Replace the incorrect preposition with the correct one. (1) /5/

SECTION B: VISUAL LITERACY 10 MARKS

TEXT C:

* Mnet, The City of Cape Town, Department of Arts & Culture, DSTV, Western Cape Government Question 3: Refer to TEXT C 3.1 Provide a visual clue which supports the message of the advertisement. (1) 3.2 Explain why these sponsors would want to be involved in this event. (2)

TEXT D: (Source: Findlay in Business Day from https://www.facebook.com/africartoons/)

different kind of stage is shown in this cartoon, with Robert Mugabe (now ex-president of Zimbabwe) standing in the centre. The men on either side are part of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces (ZDF).

Question 4: Refer to TEXT D.

4.1 Describe Mugabe’s body language and facial expression to explain how he is feeling. (3) 4.2 What is the cartoonist trying to show by depicting Robert Mugabe in this way? (2)

TEXT E:

Question 5: Refer to TEXT E. 5.1 Explain the irony in the cartoon. (2)

/10/ [Total = 35 marks]

Exam 2: SECTION A: Comprehension TEXT A: Sourced from The Daily Telegraph published in Sunday Times 13 October 2013.

Malala’s Noble Spirit The young and courageous champion of girls’ rights does not need a Nobel Prize to confirm her as a heroine.

1. THE story of Malala Yousafzai, the Pakistani girl shot through the head by the Taliban in 2012 for daring to speak out on the rights of girls, is already the stuff of modern legend. 2. At 16, Yousafzai has done what many human rights campaigners can only dream of. She has cut through the jargon, the muddled rhetoric and unfortunate bureaucracy that is so often associated with a “good cause” and managed to get people everywhere talking about one of the biggest issues facing young girls worldwide: their right to education. 3. Malala may not have won a Nobel peace prize, but does it really matter? The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, the body overseeing destruction of Syria’s chemical weapons, was awarded the coveted prize in Oslo, disappointing many who believed Malala was a firm favourite to win. 4. But Malala does not need a prize to confirm her as a heroine. She is already an inspiration for millions of children who would relish the chance to go to school. 5. It is fitting that on the same day as the Twittersphere and the world celebrated Malala’s achievements despite her not winning the peace prize, the UN marked the “day of the girl” — the second such day in its history. It is aimed at raising awareness of the very issues Malala so bravely promotes. 6. Now a schoolgirl in Birmingham in the UK, Malala has brought to life some of the cold, hard facts about the plight of developing countries’ girls. 7. Violence in schools, early marriage, pregnancy and housework continue to constitute significant barriers to girls’ education around the world. Every year, 10 million girls are forced or coerced to marry. One in three girls in the developing world is married by the age of 18. More than 150 million girls are raped by the age of 18. 8. All over the world, poverty and discrimination continue to have a detrimental effect on girls’ attendance in school. Globally, one in five girls of lower secondary school age is out of school. This is not just a “women’s issue”. An increase of only 1% in girls’ secondary education add 0.3% to a country’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product). 9. That it took a bullet in Malala’s head for many people to start listening is shaming. But equally, the way Malala has conducted herself since being shot is truly inspirational. She could have cowered away, hidden from the world — but she came out stronger. And the way she came out — leaving famous chat-show hosts speechless and the like — is incredible. What is next? Malala has got the world to focus on girls’ right to education. More and more ordinary people are talking about an issue that is usually dismissed as something happening in “far-flung” countries. But now that Malala is in the UK, her presence will surely help and encourage more people to actually act. But how? 10. Malala has already said she wants to be the future prime minister of Pakistan, following in the footsteps of her role model, the late Benazir Bhutto. Through politics, she hopes she can change the entire country. 11. She is a future world leader, no doubt. Her skills at getting a message across and inspiring change cannot be wasted. Big things are ahead. 12. So we must not be sad or disappointed that Malala did not win the Nobel peace prize. She is the new voice of her generation and has a lifetime of achievements ahead of her.

Question 1: Refer to TEXT A

1.1 Discuss the pun in the headline, “Malala’s Noble Spirit”. (2) 1.2 What is the function of the apostrophe in the subheading? (1) 1.3 Refer to paragraph 1: Provide a formal word for ‘stuff’. (1) 1.4.1 Refer to paragraph 2: Match the following three terms with their meanings (as used in the text): (3)

a) rhetoric 1. specialised language of a trade or profession/convoluted, vague language b) bureaucracy 2. language that is elaborate, pretentious and insincere c) jargon 3. An administrative system in which the following of rigid procedures gets in the way of effective action

1.4.2 What is implied about the way in which Malala conducted her campaign if she did “what many human rights campaigners can only dream of”? (2) 1.5 Refer to paragraph 3: a. In your opinion, what are the benefits for Malala in winning a Nobel Prize? (2) b. What is the function of the commas in the second sentence? (1) 1.6 Refer to paragraph 4: Provide a synonym for ‘relish’. (1) 1.6.1 Refer to paragraph 5: The dictionary gives the following etymology (origin) of the word “Twittersphere”: Early 21st century; blend of Twitter, the branded name of the social media website, and -sphere. a. Why is the “early 21st century” mentioned in this explanation? (1) b. How does “-sphere” contribute to the meaning of “Twittersphere”? (1) 1.8 Refer to paragraph 6 and 7: In your own words, how can education help girls in developing (poor) countries? Create your own examples to substantiate your answer. (3) 1.9 Refer to paragraph 8: Is ‘GDP’ an acronym or an abbreviation? Provide a reason for your answer. (2) 1.10 Refer to paragraph 9: Why would ‘ordinary people dismiss(ignore) issues in far-flung countries’? Focus on the underlined diction in your answer. (2) 1.11 Refer to paragraph 12 and 3: In your opinion, do you agree or disagree with the author’s statement: “We must not be sad or disappointed that Malala did not win the Nobel Peace prize”? In your answer, explain whether or not “The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons” deserved to win the prize in 2013? (2) 1.12 Refer to the entire article: What is the overall tone of TEXT A? (1) /25/

SECTION B: Editing

TEXT B: Sourced from NobelPrize.org, 2014

2.1 In 2014, through the Malala Fund that she co-founded with her father, Malala traveled to Jordan to meet Syrian refugees, to Kenya to meet young female students, and finally to northern Nigeria for her 17th birthday. 2.2 In Nigeria, she spoke out in support of the abducted girls who were kidnapped (earlier that year) by Boko Haram, a terrorist group which, like the Taliban, tries to stop girls from going to school. 2.3 In October 2014, Malala, along with Indian children's rights activist Kailash Satyarthi, was named a Nobel Fleece Prize winner. 2.4 At age 17, she became the youngest person to receive these prize. 2.5 Accepting the award reaffirmed that, "This award is not just for me. It is for those forgotten children who want education. It is for those frightened children who want peace. It is for those voiceless children who want change." 2.6 Today, the Malala Fund has become an organization that, through education, empowers girls to achieve their potential and become confident and strong leaders in their own countries. 2.7 Funding education projects in six countries and working with international leaders, the Malala Fund joins with local partners to skillfully invest in innovative solutions, and advocate globally for quality secondary education for all girls. 2.8 Malala currently resides in Birmingham and is an active proponent of education as a fundamental social and economic right. She really is the best thing since sliced bread. 2.9 Through the Malala Fund and with her own voice, Malala Yousafzai remains a staunch advocate for the power of education and for girls (like you and I) to become agents of change in their communities. 2.10 From The Nobel Prizes 2014. Published on behalf of The Nobel Foundation by Science History Publications/USA, division Watson Publishing International LLC, 2015.

Question 2: Refer to TEXT B (each question corresponds to a sentence with the same number). 2.1 Correct the spelling error. (1) 2.2 Remove a word in order to correct the tautology. (1) 2.3 Name this error. (1) 2.4 Correct the lack of concord. (1) 2.5 Rewrite the first sentence to correct the misrelated participle. (1) 2.6 Correct the Americanism. (1) 2.7 Rewrite this sentence to correct the split infinitive. (1) 2.8 Identify the cliché. (1) 2.9 Correct the case error. (1) 2.10 “From The Nobel Prizes 2014.” Explain why this is an example of a non-sentence? (1) /10/

Exam 2

SECTION A: Comprehension 30 Marks Question 1: Read texts A and B below and then answer the questions based on them.

Text A: FRESH HEIRS

Getting kids to exercise can be a challenging business, but the pay-off is worth the pain.

Picture the scene: we’re on a family holiday at our favourite place in the world – a wooden chalet nestled in 1 the folds of a picturesque mountain range. A short uphill walk through fields of protea bushes reveals a

panoramic view of lush valley, rolling hills and pink-tipped mountains that stretch endlessly into the heavens.

I’ve been awake since sunup and the buttery, home-made rusks I’ve been dipping into my delicious, Italian- roast coffee for the past hour (combined with the braaibroodjies I consumed the night before) have me 2 brimming with energy. In fact, my takkies have practically taken on a life of their own as I pace the small area of living space, waiting impatiently for my people to wake up so together we can experience the magic of this beautiful morning.

Only, my enthusiasm for hitting the hills is not shared by my children who, 12 hours after hitting the sack, are pretending to still be asleep in the hope their clearly deranged mother will give up and head out alone. It’s 3 not that I mind a solo hike, it’s just that, as someone who’s been around longer than they have, I know it’s a travesty verging on criminal to let this brand-new, dew-dotted day go to waste.

So I nag and cajole and make a round of hot chocolate in the hope the sugar will work its magic. But the truth 4 is, I’m fighting an uphill battle. When they were little it would be them tugging at my reluctant, sleep- deprived frame to get up and participate in the wonders of the world, but tweens and teens are another story altogether. Why on earth would one exert oneself when there are Instagram feeds to be perused and Whatsapp chats to be had from the lazy comfort of an unmade bed?

If it was hard getting kids up and about before the age of the screen, now it’s virtually impossible. Everyone

they know – plus a few they don’t – are a simple “sup” (teen for “Hi, how are you?”) away. And yet it’s as 5 important as it ever was – if not more so – to get them to move their bodies at least part of the day. But as

any parent will testify, you don’t get a moodier child than one who’s been on her phone too long. Which tells

me it’s not good for them, nor for the rest of the family who have to deal with their bad tempers.

And what I find is, if you can force them up and out – in our family we are not above physically dragging children, sometimes kicking and screaming, from the dark recesses of their rooms – and grit your teeth through the first 10 minutes of whining, they tend to get into it and usually even enjoy themselves. Walking, 6 cycling and running are just good for you, and doing these things in fresh air is better, still. And once they’ve wrapped their heads around the fact that they’re exercising whether they like it or not because they were cursed with cruel, unrelenting parents, endorphins start to kick in and they open up and even become chatty and playful again. Like the children they are.

And almost always once we get home, they’ll admit they had fun. And my husband and I will give each other smug and knowing looks because, even though we might occasionally need to prompt their help when it 7 comes to digital stuff, we are still the parents and no matter how much the world might have changed we do, in fact, know better.

( By Susan Hayden – from “Clicks Magazine” April 2018)

Text B:

Question 1: Refer to Text A.

Refer to the title: 1.1 Explain the pun in the title. (2) Refer to the subtitle: 1.2 Explain what the writer means by ‘the pay-off is worth the pain’, in the context of the article. (2) Refer to paragraph 1: 1.3 Quote one word to prove that this scene is set in South Africa. (1) 1.4 How does the writer help you to ‘picture the scene’? (2) Refer to paragraph 2: 1.5 Why is ‘braaibroodjies’ written in italics? (1) 1.6 Explain what the writer means when she states: “my takkies have practically taken on a life of their own”(2) Refer to paragraph 3: 1.7 Explain the contrast between ‘hitting the hills’ and ‘hitting the sack’. (2) 1.8 Explain what the writer means when she states: “it is a travesty… go to waste”. (2) Refer to paragraph 4: 1.9 Explain the clever wordplay in “uphill battle” (2) 1.10 Explain the irony in the writer’s description of the children’s behaviour when they were younger. (2) 1.11 Identify the writer’s tone in the last sentence of this paragraph. Why does she feel this way? (2) Refer to paragraph 5: 1.12 What does the writer imply about teenagers’ online habits by the inclusion of: “plus a few they don’t” (1) 1.13 Which social media application would you associate with the abbreviation ‘sup’? (1) Refer to paragraph 6: 1.14 Explain the purpose of the hyperbole in, and the length of, the first sentence. (2) Refer to the whole article: 1.15 In what register is this written. Explain your answer with evidence from the text. (2) Refer to Text B: 1.16 Explain how the graphic enforces the three verbal points made in this text. (2) 1.17 Does Text B support the writer’s theme in Text A? Explain your answer by referring closely to both texts. (2) (30)

SECTION B: Summary (10 Marks)

Question 2: Read the text below and follow the instructions:

Screens Did What?! Warning: Excessive screen time may be hazardous to your child’s health.

From TVs to tablets, nearly half of our kids’ waking hours are spent on digital media, and their addiction grows along with them. While toddlers log about five hours of digital media every day, that amount increases to a whopping nine hours once they’re in their teens.

All that screen time means they’re sitting still instead of moving around. In fact, digital activities take up roughly 60% of kids’ “play time.” And studies have shown that sitting for too long is very bad for all of us. Inactivity doesn’t just lead to weight gain, but also a dangerous cluster of symptoms that include increased blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar levels. Why? Working the muscles that keep you standing seems to help the body break down fats and sugars and ward off health risks. Too much sitting — that is, more than four hours a day — increases the risk of cardiovascular disease by 125%.

Those studies involved adults, so we don’t really know just how much all that passive screen time affects our kids over the long haul. But their digital addiction is harming them in the here and now. And we’re not just talking eye strain, disrupted sleep patterns or the constant distraction that ups the risk of trips and falls. Welcome to a whole new generation of digital illnesses…

Another problem is text claw. It’s not an official medical diagnosis yet, but anyone who’s spent enough time texting, typing or web browsing knows that the repetitive fine motor activity can cause feelings of soreness and cramping in the wrist and forearm. There’s also a more localised version known as smartphone pinky that results from using your little finger to support the weight of your phone. The result is pain and an unsightly indentation between the first and second joints. Not pretty.

But the worst of the ailments is text neck, which has also been dubbed iPosture or iHunch. It’s the discomfort in the neck and spine that happens when you spend too much time hunched over your devices. The slouched look is cool for boots and winter hats, but the angle at which our big heads tilt downward places about 60 pounds of extra stress on the neck, equal to five gallons of paint. One physiotherapist told The New York Times that he’s now seeing “dowager” humps, where the upper back becomes set in a forward curve, in our perennially stooping teens. And size matters. The smaller the device, the more you shrink and contort your body to use it. iPosture can also affect moods and minds: Studies have shown that slouchers have lower self- esteem and are less productive.

Last but not least, there’s a newly identified, clinically documented, increasingly common illness — digital motion sickness, aka cybersickness. When we view moving, action-packed digital content, or even when quickly scrolling on our smart phones, there’s a sensory conflict between our eyes and bodies, which don’t feel the movement. The result of that disconnect? Headaches and wooziness. Researchers say up to 80% of people show such symptoms, and that females are more susceptible than males. And the aftereffects can linger: A teen who plays a virtual reality game or spends a long session scrolling on his phone could, say, get behind the wheel of a car and have balance and vision impairments similar to being drunk.

Taken from https://journal.thriveglobal.com/omg-screens-did-what-91f9c8b685f7

Question 2:

Instructions: You have been asked to address your peers regarding the effects of excessive screen-time. Summarise the relevant content in the text above.

 Your summary should be in paragraph form.  Include 7 relevant facts.  Your summary does not need a heading.  You may not use more than 90 words.  Include your word count at the end of your summary.  It is imperative that you use your own words. (10)

SECTION C: Advertising and Visual Literacy (20 Marks)

Question 3: Study the visual texts (C - F) and then answer the questions based on them.

Text C:

TEXT: Make healthy normal. Every day mini challenge #13. Reduce screen time, increase green time.

Refer to TEXT C.

3.1 Explain the effectiveness of the slogan, ‘Make healthy normal’. (2)

3.2 Carefully explain the instruction, ‘Reduce screen time, increase green time’. Refer specifically to the words ‘screen’ and ‘green’. (2)

Text D:

Refer to TEXT D.

3.3 Why is ‘Glow Kids’ an appropriate title for this book? (2)

3.4 How does the graphic on the cover support the content of the book? (2)

3.5 Why would the author include his qualification (‘Ph.D.’) next to his name? (1)

3.6 Discuss the inclusion of the word ‘hijacking’ in the title of the book. (2)

Text E:

3.7 Explain the positive effect of screen-time as portrayed in this cartoon. (2) 3.8 How is the mother re-enforcing a gender stereotype? (1)

Text F:

Refer to TEXT F.

3.9

Explain the irony in the waitron’s second sentence. (2) 3.10 Explain the male patron’s reaction by referring to facial expression. (2) 3.11 Identify the setting and provide two visual clues as proof. (2) (20) SECTION D: Editing (10 Marks) Question 4: Read the text below and answer the questions that follow. Each question number corresponds to a paragraph.

Half of teens think they're addicted to their smartphones 1 I don't have teenagers yet, but watching my 8- and 10-year-olds spend endless amounts of time on iPads during spring break makes me worried about the day ─ hopefully years from now ─ when they have their own devises. 2 A new poll that confirms just how much teens depend and rely on their phones, gives me even more to worry about. Fifty percent of teens feel they are addicted to their mobile devices, according to the poll, which was conducted for Common Sense Media, a non-profit organisation focused on helping children, parents, teachers and policymakers negotiate media and technology. A larger number of parents, 59%, said their teens was addicted. 3 "Technological addiction can happen to anyone," said digital detox expert Holland Haiis, who describes technology as "the new 21st century addiction" in her book, "Consciously Connecting: A Simple Process to Reconnect in a Disconnected World." 4 Nearly 80% of teens in the new survey said they checked their phones every hour, and 72% said they felt the need to immediately respond to texts and social networking messages, 36% of parents said they argued with their child daily about device use, and 77% of parents feel their children get distracted by there devices and don't pay attention when they are together at least a few times per week. 5 Terry Greenwald, a father of three grown children, works as a custodian at a high school in Homer, Alaska, and said the hallways are often half-filled with "teenage zombies who are glued to their phones." “They often walk near the walls so they can move from class to class without looking away from their screens,” he said. "It gets interesting when they get to the stairways and the walls end for the stairway," he said. "They don't 6 want to look up and they don't way to tumble down the stairs but often just slow way down and inch along until they reach the wall just past the opening. They are often late to the next class, but that's OK because they were successful at not reverting attention from their phone." https://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/03/health/ By Kelly Wallace, CNN - July 29, 2016

Question 4:

Refer to paragraph 1. 4.1.1 Explain the function of the dashes. (1) 4.1.2 Correct the spelling error. (1) Refer to paragraph 2. 4.2.1 Identify the redundant word/phrase. (1) 4.2.2 Identify and correct the concord error. (1) Refer to paragraph 3. 4.3.1 Write out the full version of the colloquial word, ‘detox’. (1) Refer to paragraph 4. 4.4.1 Correct the split infinitive. (1) 4.4.2 Correct the comma splice error. Only write out where the end of the sentence would be and use the appropriate punctuation mark. (1) 4.4.3 Correct the homophone error. (1) Refer to paragraph 5. 4.5.1 Rewrite the second sentence (They often walk… he said) in reported speech. (1) Refer to paragraph 6. 4.6.1 Identify and correct the malapropism. (1) (10)

Exam 4 SECTION A: COMPREHENSION – 30 MARKS

QUESTION 1: READING FOR MEANING AND UNDERSTANDING

Read Texts A and B and answer the questions set.

TEXT A (Source: www.businesslive.co.za 12/10/17):

The Dove ad that did not fly By Ray Hartley 1. The ad was simple enough. It showed a black woman removing her brown top to reveal a white woman in a pale top. She then removed her top to reveal an Asian woman ... you get the picture. 2. The problem, though, was that the brand was Dove, maker of soap. The narrative of soap is that it makes you cleaner, so it wasn’t long before social media joined the dots. The message that Dove had inadvertently sent out was condemned and a chorus demanding a boycott began to gather steam. 3. It wasn’t long before Dove was moved to tweet: “An image we recently posted on Facebook missed the mark in representing women of colour thoughtfully. We deeply regret the offence it caused.” Dove also issued a statement: “The short video was intended to convey that Dove body wash is for every woman and be a celebration of diversity, but we got it wrong.” Dove’s parent company, Unilever, also apologised. 4. It is highly unlikely that Dove deliberately chose to produce a racist ad — no major brand would. But that is not the issue. The real problem here is one of negligence. The brand’s managers, advertising executives and marketing specialists failed to see what was in front of them: the strong possibility of misinterpretation. 5. One “leading agency strategic director”, apparently not willing to be named in the charged environment, told Business Day: “This is yet another lesson for brands that are often forced to act quickly (to meet speed-of-market demand for information) to slow down and consider consequences. So many brands are in a hurry to trend online that they don’t think of the damage they might cause.” 6. Though it is difficult to see why Dove had to “act quickly to meet speed-of-market demand for information” in this case, the remark makes a good point: you need to think at least twice before exposing your brand on social media unless you have managers who can read between the lines as quickly and as well as users of Twitter or Facebook do. 7. If you persist in placing your brand in the hands of the tone deaf, you will only have yourself to blame when it is burnt to a crisp on social media. AND

TEXT B (Source: https://www.theguardian.com 10 October 2017): I am the woman in the 'racist Dove ad'. I am not a victim. By Lola Ogunyemi 1. From a very young age, I’ve been told, “You’re so pretty … for a dark-skinned girl.” I am a Nigerian woman, born in London and raised in Atlanta. I’ve grown up very aware of society’s opinion that dark-skinned people, especially women, would look better if our skin were lighter. I know that the beauty industry has fuelled this opinion with its long history of presenting lighter, mixed-race or white models as the beauty standard. Historically, and in many countries still today, darker models are even used to demonstrate a product’s skin-lightening qualities to help women reach this standard. 2. This repressive narrative is one I have seen affect women from many different communities I’ve been a part of. And this is why, when Dove offered me the chance to be the face of a new body wash campaign, I jumped. Having the opportunity to represent my dark-skinned sisters in a global beauty brand felt like the perfect way for me to remind the world that we are here, we are beautiful, and more importantly, we are valued. 3. Then one morning, I woke up to a message from a friend asking if the woman in a post he’d seen was really me. I went online and discovered I had become the unwitting poster child for racist advertising. No lie. If you Google “racist ad” right now, a picture of my face is the first result. I had been excited to be a part of the commercial and promote the strength and beauty of my race, so for it to be met with widespread outrage was upsetting. 4. Calls were being made to boycott Dove products, and friends from all over the world were checking on me to see if I was OK. I was overwhelmed by just how controversial the ad had become. 47

5. If I had even the slightest inclination that I would be portrayed as inferior, or as the “before” in a before-and-after shot, I would have been the first to say an emphatic “no”. I would have (un)happily walked right off set and out of the door. That is something that goes against everything I stand for. 6. However, the experience I had with the Dove team was positive. I had an amazing time on set. All of the women in the shoot understood the concept and overarching objective – to use our differences to highlight the fact that all skin deserves gentleness. 7. I remember all of us being excited at the idea of wearing nude T-shirts and turning into one another. We weren’t sure how the final edit was going to look, nor which of us would actually be featured in it, but everyone seemed to be in great spirits during filming, including me. 8. Then the first Facebook ad was released: a 13-second video clip featuring me, a white woman, and an Asian woman removing our nude tops and changing into each other. I loved it. My friends and family loved it. People congratulated me for being the first to appear, for looking fabulous, and for representing Black Girl Magic. I was proud. 9. Then, the full, 30-second TV commercial was released in the US, and I was over the moon again. There were seven of us in the full version, different races and ages, each of us answering the same question: “If your skin were a wash label, what would it say?” 10. Again, I was the first model to appear in the ad, describing my skin as “20% dry, 80% glowing”, and appearing again at the end. I loved it, and everyone around me seemed to as well. I think the full TV edit does a much better job of making the campaign’s message loud and clear. 11. There is definitely something to be said here about how advertisers need to look beyond the surface and consider the impact their images may have, specifically when it comes to marginalised groups of women. It is important to examine whether your content shows that your consumer’s voice is not only heard, but also valued. 12. I can see how the snapshots that are circulating the web have been misinterpreted, considering the fact that Dove has faced a backlash in the past for the exact same issue. There is a lack of trust here, and I feel the public was justified in their initial outrage. Having said that, I can also see that a lot has been left out. The narrative has been written without giving consumers context on which to base an informed opinion. 13. While I agree with Dove’s response to unequivocally apologise for any offense caused, they could have also defended their creative vision, and their choice to include me, an unequivocally dark-skinned black woman, as a face of their campaign. I am not just some silent victim of a mistaken beauty campaign. I am strong, I am beautiful, and I will not be erased.

Refer to Text A: 1.1 Discuss the pun in the headline. (2)

1.2 “Social media had joined the dots…” (paragraph 2) What would the joining of the “dots” reveal in this context? (2)

1.3 Refer to paragraph 3: a) Is “missed the mark” (paragraph 3) a euphemism? Explain your answer. (2)

b) What is a “parent company”? Choose the correct answer. A) An older company B) A younger company C) A company which owns stocks and controlling rights within another company D) A company with the same name. (1)

1.4 To what extent do you agree with the writer’s statement that “no major brand would deliberately choose to produce a racist ad” (paragraph 4)? Explain your reasoning by referring to the South African context. (3)

1.5 Refer to paragraph 5: a) What is a “charged environment” (paragraph 5)? (1) b) Explain in your own words what it means “to trend online”. (2)

1.6 Who are the “tone deaf” (paragraph 7) likely to be? Explain your answer. (2)

Refer to Text B:

1.7 Explain the effectiveness of the title of this text. (2)

1.8 Refer to paragraphs 1–3:

a) Explain why Lola Ogunyemi “jumped” when Dove offered her the chance to be the face of a new body wash campaign. (2) b) Explain the effectiveness of the personal pronouns (“I” and “we”) in these paragraphs. (2) c) Describe how you think she might have felt about becoming “the unwitting poster child for racist advertising”. (2)

1.9 What does it mean to be “over the moon” (paragraph 9)? (1)

1.10 Refer to paragraph 13: a. What is the meaning of “unequivocally” (used twice in this paragraph)? Choose the correct answer. A) clearly B) indistinctly C) ambiguously D) loosely (1)

b. Describe the tone of this paragraph, and quote to support your answer. (2)

1.11 What is your opinion about the concerns that have emerged around the Dove advertisement? You must refer to any of the concerns (mentioned in Text 1 and Text 2) and you should explain why you hold your particular point of view. (3)

(30)

SECTION B: SUMMARY – 10 MARKS QUESTION 2: SUMMARISING IN YOUR OWN WORDS The edited passage below is entitled 7 Most Effective Advertising Techniques Explained with Examples. (Source: https://marketingwit.com/advertising-techniques-examples) You are required to do the following: 1. In a fluent paragraph, which contains seven separate sentences, summarise seven effective advertising techniques. 2. Do not include examples of the techniques in your summary. 3. Do not exceed 90 words. 4. You are not required to supply a title for the summary. 5. Include your word count at the end of the summary. 6. Use your own words as far as possible.

TEXT C:

Using different methods of advertising for creating advertisements that are remembered many years is difficult but not impossible. In this article we list techniques and examples of ads using these techniques that will help you understand how you can raise the bar for the field of advertising.  One of the best methods in advertising is to create a character that will become synonymous with the brand that you are promoting. In order to ensure that character brings about brand recall, you need to have the character as your brand mascot for a long time. The Michelin Man has been the company mascot for Michelin tyres for more than a hundred years now, first introduced in 1894.  Buzz marketing or word-of-mouth marketing is widely heralded as one of the best advertising methods. The more people talk about, Tweet about, post about and Instagram about a product, the more likely it is to be remembered. In 2008, before the movie Cloverfield was released, the teaser of the film was released not with its name, but its date of release. This created a huge buzz in the market. People could not stop speculating and talking about the new film.  Signing on a celebrity to promote your product is sometimes seen as an easy way out due to the huge pull that celebs enjoy over their fans. One of the best examples of celebs used to promote a brand is the Genworth Financial advertisement. It showed a young boy beating Taylor Dent (a retired professional tennis player) at a game of tennis. In the last few frames of the ad, it is revealed that the boy is the son of tennis greats, Andre Agassi and Steffi Graf. What clinches the deal is the tag-line, "The right genes make all the difference."  Exaggerating products and their uses is another good advertising technique. Even the most exaggerated, ludicrous extremes capture the attention of the audience and appeal to them. M&M (an American candy brand) somehow manages to use elements of exaggeration very well in their ads.  Shocking viewers gets them more interested in the product because it causes a shift in their comfort zone. (Vehicles being manoeuvred around difficult terrain and pretty models pouting their lips in cosmetic ads is sooner or later going to bore the viewer.) Benetton has been praised for effectively using this type of advertising technique. One of their most brilliant advertisements was of an Afro-American woman breastfeeding a Caucasian baby which was celebrated as an image of racial diversity. The same ad though was criticised for being comparative at periods of slavery when African women were kept as caretakers for white children.  Metaphorical ads work very well. Comparison of products with other items and placing them in situations that cannot be thought of under normal conditions can work very well for a viewer. An ad that was praised for the way it used metaphor was the ad for Spontex which is well-known brand of sponge. The ad that they created showed an African woman carrying a super-absorbent sponge manufactured by Spontex, instead of a bucket to carry water.  Ads also use emotions to tug at the heart strings of viewers. Many organisations that work with social causes use this technique effectively to spread the message about the issue at hand. RSPCA uses this technique very effectively. Their print ad, which has animals like horses and dogs shedding their battered skin for a healthy coat, has a tag line that says, "Help neglected animals leave their old lives behind." This works very well on almost everyone who is slightly emotional by nature.

SECTION C: LANGUAGE STRUCTURES AND CONVENTIONS – 30 MARKS QUESTION 3: ANALYSING ADVERTISING Study the following advertisements below and answer the set questions. TEXT D: 3.1 Which television series is being advertised? (1)

3.2 Which television channel is being advertised? (1)

3.3 In which printed media source does this advertisement appear? Give a reason for your answer. (2)

3.4 Explain the effectiveness of the graphic in this advertisement. (2)

(The advertised series is of the fantasy drama genre – an imaginary world, dragons, castles, magic and serious political/family fights make up the plot.)

TEXT E:

3.5 Which common idiom has been changed in this advertisement? (1)

3.6 What is the effect of this change? (2)

3.7 Which (specific) product is being advertised? (1)

(10)

Text: HEAVY AS A FEATHER A wise man once said that it’s the mountain as much as your own two feet that carries you upwards. While that may be true, something tells us that wise men are also smart enough to have someone else haul their stuff. For the rest of us, every ounce counts. So we made a jacket so light, you’ll forget you have it on. “Where’s my jacket?” On your back. “Oh.” See what we mean? It took us twenty years to arrive at the new Nike ACG Superlight Jacket. And, as always, it’s still a departure.

QUESTION 4: UNDERSTANDING OTHER ASPECTS OF THE MEDIA

Study Texts F and G and answer the questions set.

TEXT F:

4.1 Explain why the shop’s name is clever in terms of what it sells. (2)

4.2 Explain the ambiguity in the shop’s name. (2)

4.3 Why is the business not supported? (1)

TEXT G:

4.4 How have the businessmen been stereotyped? Refer to two visual clues. (2) 4.5 Identify the setting of this cartoon and refer to one visual aspect in support of your answer. (2) 4.6 What does the £ symbol represent in this cartoon? (1)

(10)

QUESTION 5: USING LANGUAGE CORRECTLY 52

Read Text H, which contains some deliberate errors, and answer the set questions. TEXT H (Source: https://blog.hubspot.com/blog/tabid/6307/bid/33396/8-of-the-biggest-marketing- faux-pas-of-all-time.aspx)

Everyone makes mistakes. Usually, we learn from them and move on with our lives, maybe escaping with 1 just a touch of public shaming. But what happens to those companies that makes mistakes on a much greater scale and cost their company millions of dollars? They go down in history as the biggest marketing mistakes of our time. We looked into the biggest mistakes from many popular brands… Turner Broadcasting - In 2007 Cartoon Network launched a marketing campaign in which they set up LED 5 signs in various places throughout cities to advertise their cartoons. A resident in Boston, however, thought the devices were bombs and called the police. This turned into a terrorism scare, resulting in the shut-down of many public transportation lines, bridges, and roads. The problem cost the head of Cartoon Network his job and the broadcasting company $2 million in compensation for a emergency response team. Gap - In October 2010, Gap launched a new logo in an attempt to be more modern. Guess how long that 10 lasted? A whopping two days. Gap quickly put the old logo back into place after unbelievable backlash from the public. Gap, known for (everyday / every day) basics, tried to redo their image to appeal to a more hip crowd. Unfortunately, they didn’t understand who their target market is – the people who want the basics and aren't interested in trendy styles. Netflix - In 2011, Netflix had a $16 billion market value with their mail-order DVD rental. They decided to 15 enter the digital streaming market with a brand called “Qwikster,” an easy alternative to mail-order DVDs. Unfortunately splitting the company between Netflix's mail-order DVDs and Qwikster's DVD streaming made things more complicated - not to mention it resulted in a 60% price increase for those who wanted both services. According to CNET, the company lost 800,000 subscribers and its stock price dropped 77% in four months. 20 The New York Times - In December 2011, the New York Times sent an email to people who recently canceled their subscription asking them to reconsider, and giving them a discount to sweeten the deal. Sounds like a good idea to get a customer back, right? Too bad an employee accidentally sent it to 8 million subscribers instead of the list of 300 that it was meant for. Subscribers instantly assumed that this spam email was the result of hackers, and some were even mad that they weren't getting the same discount as 25 a loyal customer. Of course, employees responded immediately apologising and telling people it was an unfortunate human error. Still, this is every email marketer's nightmare, and it serves as a much-needed reminder to always double check your list before clicking 'Send' on any campaign! Coca-Cola - In 1985, Coca-Cola tried to introduce a new, sweeter version of their beverage to combat their new competitor, Pepsi. People preferred the taste of Pepsi over Coke in blind taste tests. Coke 30 felt the need to regain market share with a new recipe. So, how did it turn out? Not well. Public response was so negative, in fact, that people were actually hoarding the old Coke and selling it on the black-market for grossly inflated prices!

5.1 Correct the concord error in line 2. (1) 5.2 Correct the article in line 9. (1) 5.3 Choose the correct adjective from the brackets in line 12. (1) 5.4 Explain the function of the apostrophe in line 14. (1) 5.5 Explain the function of the hyphen in line 15. (1) 5.6 Why is New York Times (line 21) written in italics? (1) 5.7 Correct the American spelling of a word in line 22. (1) 5.8 Explain the error in the sentence “Too bad an employee… it was meant for.” (lines 23-24) (1) 5.9 Correct the split infinitive in line 28. (1) 5.10 Rewrite the sentence “Coke felt the need to regain market share with a new recipe.” in the passive voice. (1) (10)

Exam 5 SECTION A COMPREHENSION 30 MARKS Read the article below and answer the questions that follow:

TEXT 1: Women, stop worrying about being liked! - Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s advice for living boldly.

1. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie doesn’t mind if you don’t like her.

2. Too many women worry about being liked, she says, and that’s not only misguided, but also damaging.

3. “It’s not your job to be likable. It’s your job to be yourself,” she says. “Someone will like you anyway.”

4. Millions of people love Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie anyway. She’s the best-selling author of Americanah and Half of a Yellow Sun. She’s the face of a makeup company. The title of her 2013 TED talk, “We Should All Be Feminists,” is emblazoned across designer T-shirts worn by the likes of Rihanna, Natalie Portman and Jennifer Lawrence. Beyoncé sampled her speech in a song. She’s won a MacArthur “genius” award, a National Book Critics Circle Award — and been on Vanity Fair’s best-dressed list.

5. Now she’s written a book that might not sit well with everyone. But that’s okay.

6. “I need to speak my truth,” she says.

7. Adichie, who splits her time between the United States and her native Nigeria, is passionate about equality. (Read the T-shirts.)

8. Her new book, Dear Ijeawele, or a Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions, offers, as its title advertises, 15 ways that we can encourage girls to be strong, to plant the seeds of feminism. But more than that, Adichie hopes that the book will help “move us toward a world that is more gender equal”.

9. Doing so means knocking down ingrained assumptions about how men and women think and behave, especially around domestic life. Among them: Stop assuming women are by default the primary caregivers. A father should do “everything that biology allows.” In other words, “everything but breastfeeding.”

10. That also means household work: “The knowledge of cooking does not come pre- installed. Cooking is learned.”

11. The question that irks her most is whether women can have it all. “That’s very backward,” she says. “It’s a debate that assumes women do all of the child-raising and domestic work — and we give her a special cookie when she works outside the home. When dad picks up a kid one time, he gets seven cookies.”

12. Adichie, who has a 17-month-old daughter, says those conversations should begin at the beginning. It means holding the same expectations for a child regardless of gender.

13. “When I go to play groups for toddlers, I can’t help noticing parents always telling the girls to give a toy back, to sit down; the boys, not as much,” she says.

14. Clothing, too, sends a message. Why dress boys in blue, girls in pink or, worse, in the “bloodless greys” of gender-neutral attire? “Why not just have baby clothes organised by age and displayed in all colours?” Adichie says of her own daughter, “Red suits her well.”

15. These early-childhood signals stick, she says, and in subtle and sometimes not so subtle ways, are reinforced over time.

16. “Gender roles are so deeply conditioned in us that we will often follow them even when they chafe against our true desires, our needs, our happiness,” she writes. And, “they are very difficult to unlearn.”

17. Adichie’s book, Dear Ijeawele, which began as a letter to a friend asking for advice on raising her daughter and was later posted on Facebook, offers practical ways to guide girls, such as: “Teach her self-reliance.” “Measure her on a scale of being the best version of herself.” “Teach her to love books.” “Teach her to ask questions like, ‘What are the things that women cannot do because they are women?’ ” “Never speak of marriage as an achievement.” “Encourage her participation in sports.” “If she likes makeup, let her wear it.”

18. But Dear Ijeawele is more than a parenting book, a genre Adichie shuns. “I bought a few of them before I had my baby, but about halfway through, I said, ‘I just can’t.’ I would rather just see how this thing goes.” (So far, so good, she says.)

19. The book delves into the personal as well as the political. Adichie points to Hillary Clinton (first female candidate to run for president of the USA) as a prime example of the unfair way women are judged. “We want women seeking power to be moderated by a more domestic side. We don’t expect the same of men,” she says. “Women have to straddle a line so that they are seen as not so forceful that they are emasculating, but not weak. It’s a kind of juggling that men don’t even have to consider at all.”

20. Take a look at Clinton’s Twitter bio, Adichie suggests. The first words she uses to describe herself are “wife, mom, grandma.” Her husband and former president, Bill Clinton’s first word? “Founder.”

21. Were she to join Twitter — she vows she never will — Adichie says she would list equally on the same line: “human, thinker, daughter, and friend.”

22. Adichie admits that her slender book won’t change the world, even if the word “manifesto” is in the title, but it’s a start. “I know it sounds cheesy,” she says, “but we really need to have a more just world — and we can make it happen. I believe people can change.”

(Source: https://www.washingtonpost.com/ 8 March 2017)

TEXT 2: Note – ‘Lego’ is the toy company which manufactures colourful, plastic blocks.

Refer to TEXT 1.

1.1 Refer to the subheading. What does it mean to live ‘boldly’? (2)

1.2 Refer to paragraph 2. How is it ‘damaging’ to worry about being likable? (2)

1.3 Refer to paragraph 4. How do you know that Adichie’s TED speech was successful? (1)

1.4 Refer to paragraph 5. Provide the meaning of the idiomatic expression, “(does) not sit well with”. (1)

1.5 Refer to paragraph 8. Explain the metaphor, to ‘plant the seeds of feminism’. (2)

1.6 Refer to par. 10. What does the term ‘pre-installed’ imply and why is it effective in this context? (2)

1.7 Refer to paragraph 11: 1.7.1 Provide a synonym for “irks”. (1) 1.7.2 In your own words, describe what it is that “irks her most”. (2)

1.8 Refer to paragraph 14. Adichie describes “gender-neutral” clothes for children as “bloodless greys”. Discuss how the connotations of the diction convey her attitude to this type of clothing. (2)

1.9 Refer to paragraph 16. To what extent do you feel that “gender roles are … deeply conditioned” in you, or in people you know? Substantiate your answer by referring to your own life experiences. (2)

1.10 Refer to paragraph 18. 1.10.1 Quote one word to prove that Adichie does not believe in parenting books. (1) 1.10.2 Why is it ironic that Adichie does not approve of parenting books? (2)

1.11 Refer to paragraphs 19 and 20: In what way does Hillary Clinton’s “Twitter bio” reinforce what is being said in paragraph 19? (2)

1.12 Refer to paragraph 21: 1.12.1 Which alternative punctuation mark could replace the dashes to create parenthesis? (1) 1.12.2 Discuss the significance of the words Adichie might use to describe herself on Twitter. (2)

1.13 Refer to paragraph 22. What can you deduce from Adichie’s book through the adjectives ‘slender’ and ‘manifesto’? (2)

1.14 Refer to TEXT 1 and TEXT 2: How does Lego’s message to parents support Adichie’s message? Use your own words to explain and quote to support your answer. (3)

/30/

SECTION B SUMMARY 10 MARKS

Question 2: Write a summary of TEXT 3 in which you provide the main steps to take in order to protect yourself from a potential attacker.

 Your summary should include SEVEN points.  Do NOT exceed 90 words.  You must write a fluent PARAGRAPH.  Use your OWN words.  You are NOT required to include a title for the summary.  Indicate your word count at the end of your summary.

How to stay safe from an attack By Sara Ahrens (blog.beretta.com)

Active self-defence requires continual mental and physical training. Yet fitness and mental awareness will fail if you forget about situational awareness. The best way to refresh your defensive skills is to take a good long look inside yourself. Here are the fundamental ideas that will help protect you from criminals who are looking for crimes of opportunity.

Criminals are looking for an easy target. They make split-second assessments of the potential resistance they are going to face. Criminals are smart enough to recognise that their chances of successfully overpowering a victim one-on-one are better than if they choose a two- to-one scenario. Targeting more than one person means criminals are more likely to be identified, and less likely to be in control of the situation. It has been estimated that travelling with one additional person decreases the likelihood of being targeted by 70%, and with two additional people by 90%.

It’s not always possible to have the company of an actual companion, though you may be able to stay in areas that are well populated. Avoid taking shortcuts through back streets or places that have fewer potential ‘witnesses’ or ‘good Samaritans’. Remember, a criminal’s goal is to steal or harm without being caught.

Criminals often judge books by their covers. Those who wear flashy and expensive jewellery, or show off their expensive electronics, attract attention from robbers. To avoid unwanted attention, don’t broadcast that you have valuable items in your possession. A criminal will weigh the risk of apprehension with the benefit of the crime – the greater the pay-out, the more likely a crook will be to take that risk.

Pulling out cash in front of potential criminals is obviously dangerous. Yet there are more innocent circumstances that may also lead to increased victimisation. Criminals will go places to find targets who they know will be in possession of money, such as automatic teller machines, banks, casinos, and loan stores. They will follow their victims until the opportunity presents itself to victimise. In addition, it is not uncommon for vagrants to ask for money and steal the wallet or purse of the person who opts to give.

Contrary to depictions on television and in the movies, the law does not require a complainant to wait 24 hours to report a missing person. People who habitually communicate their plans to their loved ones and family members are more likely to reap the benefits of police intervention if something goes awry. Communicate. Let some know your whereabouts, the time you are leaving a given location, any stops you are making, the route you are taking, and when you can be expected home. Providing this sort of information will allow a loved one to call the police and request a welfare check, or file a missing person report if you do not arrive at your destination as expected.

Maintaining focus, especially in a high-tech era, is difficult. Smartphones beep and chirp with every Facebook message, tweet, email, text, phone call, appointment reminder, and phone message. It is enough to distract even the most focused individuals. Resist the temptation to catch up on emails, return phone calls, or update your status when out in public. Wait until you get where you’re going. Put away distractions and focus on getting from point A to point B without being targeted.

The use of intoxicating substances decreases inhibitions and retards judgment, which is a dangerous combination in the wrong place and in the company of the wrong people. Most research relating to the correlation between victimisation of violent crime and alcohol use was conducted in the 80s and 90s. These percentages vary widely but reach as high as up to 50% of victims being under the influence of alcohol.

In the end, you have the responsibility to look after yourself. If you practise these skills, you will separate yourself from the mass of plugged in, clueless sheep who make easy prey. But remember, there is nothing anyone can do to avoid all of life’s dangers, but you can protect yourself by becoming more aware.

SECTION C ADVERTISING 10 MARKS

TEXT 4:

Magazine Cover A Magazine Cover B

Question 3: Refer to TEXT 4 (magazine covers A and B).

3.1 By making specific reference to the two magazine covers, discuss which magazine (A or B) you would recommend to teenage girls who want a successful future for themselves. Your answer must refer to the content of both covers to explain why you would choose one option and not the other. Use your own words as well as quotes to support your choice. (2 + 2)

/4/

TEXT 5:

The context to this advertisement is that in Egypt, women make up only 23% of the workforce. The advertisement was commissioned by United Nations (UN) Women Egypt.

Text in advertisement:

Finding women in science shouldn’t be this hard. Let’s work together for equal representation in the workplace.

UN WOMEN

Question 4: Refer to TEXT 5. 4.1 Refer to the graphic. What evidence supports the fact that this is a scientific setting? (1)

4.2 Refer to the UN WOMEN’s logo. Explain the significance of this symbol. (2)

/3/

TEXT 6:

Image A Image B Image C

Women need to… Women should… Women cannot… …be put in their place …stay at home …drive …be slaves …be bishops …know their place …be in the kitchen …be trusted …be controlled …not speak in church …speak in church

…be disciplined

Women need to be seen as equal. Women should have the right to Women cannot accept the way make their own decisions. things are.

Question 5: Refer to TEXT 6 (Images A, B and C).

5.1 Refer to the words and layout. How does this advertisement criticise the search engine, Google? (2) 5.2 How do the images highlight the fact that gender discrimination is a global issue? (1)

SECTION D VISUAL LITERACY 10 MARKS

TEXT 7:

Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3

Frame 4 Frame 5 Frame 6

Question 6: Refer to TEXT 7.

6.1 Refer to Frame 1. Provide an example of a person who would be in the ‘minority’ category. (1)

6.2 How has the cartoonist emphasised blatent discrimination through the illustration of the selection panal. (2)

/3/

TEXT 8:

Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4

Question 7: Refer to TEXT 8.

7.1 What point does the cartoon make about gender inequality? Explain whether you agree. (2) 7.2 Quote the onomatopoeia. (1)

/3/

TEXT 9:

Question 8: Refer to TEXT 9.

8.1 Describe Wonder Woman’s feelings. Refer to her facial expression to support your answer. (2)

8.2 Refer to the visual and verbal details to explain the issue that this cartoon highlights. (2)

SECTION E EDITING 10 MARKS

Fierce female superheroes take on Ethiopia's biggest problems in Tibeb Girls.

1. A revolutionery new cartoon series called Tibeb Girls features a group of three young superheroes, who unite to make rural Ethiopian communities safer for girls experiencing gender-based violence and discrimination.

2. The show tackles some of the country's most pervasive problems, including stigma around menstruation, child marriage, female genital mutilation, and access to education.

3. Tibeb Girls shatters the silence around these issues in fun and engaging ways, hoping to create a better understanding of the needs and concerns of Ethiopian girls.

4. The superheroes all has different powers, which help them fight inequality as a team. There's Power Girl, who has superhuman strength and speed; Whiz Kid Girl, who can see the future; and Empathy Girl, who has the power to feel others' feelings. Their superpowers highlight essential qualities for real girls in Ethiopia — self-empowerment, education, and compassion.

5. Gender-based violence and discrimination is widespread in Ethiopia, as it is in many parts of the world. Only 57 percent of Ethiopian girls between the ages of 15 and 24 can read and write, and about 1 in every 5 girls are forced to marry before they turn 15. About half of all girls and women have never received any type of education.

6. Tibeb Girls, which some have likened to The Powerpuff Girls, was created by Whiz Kids Workshop — the company behind the award-winning educational children's series Tsehai Loves Learning. The Ethiopian company was (found) by a woman and employs female creators almost exclusively.

7. Whiz Kids Workshop hopes that the series will help create a cultural shift in the way Ethiopia — and Africa as a whole in its entirety — sees its girls.

8. "Most of the issues were raising aren't discussed in the community, schools, or in the house," Bruktawit Tigabu, Whiz Kids Workshop's CEO, founder, and creative director, told TV2Africa. "That's another inspiration — to really break the taboo and to give [girls] a very entertaining and engaging way to talk about serious subjects."

9. Tigabu said most children's TV shows available throughout Africa are imported from the West, missing the mark when it comes to specifically touching on cultural and social issues impacting girls in Africa. But Tibeb Girls puts Ethiopian girls at the centre of the conversation, showing powerful young women taking on injustice and asserting their worth.

10. "For me, it was very important to have girls who look like me and who look like my child to be on the screen playing strong roll models," Tigabu said.

(http://mashable.com/2017/05/09/tibeb-girls-ethiopia-feminist/#Hawd6CY2POqq)

Question 9: Refer to TEXT 10.

9.1 Refer to the heading. Provide the feminine form of the word ‘superheroes’. (1) 9.2 Refer to paragraph 1. Correct the spelling error. (1) 9.3 Refer to paragraph 3. Besides the use of italic print, how else could the author have indicated the title of Tibeb Girls? (1) 9.4 Refer to paragraph 4. Correct the error of concord in the first sentence. (1) 9.5 Refer to paragraph 5. What part of speech is ‘gender-based’? (1) 9.6 Refer to paragraph 6. Provide the correct suffix for the word in brackets. (1) 9.7 Refer to paragraph 7. Correct the redundancy. (1) 9.8 Refer to paragraph 8. One word is missing an apostrophe. Write out this word, inserting the apostrophe correctly. (1) 63

9.9 Refer to paragraph 9. Correct the split infinitive. (1) 9.10 Refer to paragraph 10. Correct the malapropism. (1)

EXAM 6 SECTION A: Comprehension Skills Read the text entitled “Facebook has become one of the world’s best game sites” and answer the questions below.

FACEBOOK HAS BECOME ONE OF THE WORLD’S BEST GAME SITES

Facebook provide so many ways to while away your existence. Do I want to read about the latest baby exploits from the legion of young 1 mothers? Do I want to try to decipher the existential koans (riddles that have no solution) some of my friends seem to mistake for status updates? Perhaps click through a few dozen random party pictures?

It’s all so diverting.

Yes, for the vast millions on Facebook, “diverting” is perhaps the best way to describe the routine of checking back a few, or a few dozen, 5 times a day between answering the phone, writing e-mails, actually working – until you realise you can spend an entire afternoon fitting everything else between Facebook visits.

Given how good Facebook already is at diverting, it is almost unfair that it is becoming one of the world’s most popular platforms for actual games. Five different titles – ranging from real-time poker against other users (for fake money) to a farming simulation and Mafia game – each recorded more than 10 million users last month. More than two dozen games are each attracting in excess of two million players a 10 month.

And almost none of those people pay a dime. At this point, Facebook is one of the best free game sites in the world. And for millions of office workers, the beauty of Facebook games is that many companies that might block users from obvious game sites like Pogo.com and AddictingGames.com may still allow access to Facebook, not least because corporate brass use it themselves. Many of the most popular of these games follow the same ingenious formula, one that both exploits and exacerbates the interstitial lure of Facebook: They get you to 15 keep checking back on the game. For instance, in Mafia Wars (12.4 million users last month, according to InsideSocialGames.com), I can go bomb the rivals next door and gain a little money and power, but then I’ll have to wait 15 minutes while I replenish the energy to go and try some new racket.

In Sorority Life, you build up your player by hosting social events, the results calculated based on how many sisters you have in your sorority, and what they are wearing. The kicker for me was seeing friends who are 30-somethings professional women in real life trying it. Such 20 games take perfect advantage of that routine of just checking in on Facebook every so often.

The downside of Facebook games is that if given the chance they will use you to spam messages and updates to as many of your friends as possible. After all, someone has to pay the bills.

Most Facebook games seem to make money by either selling you premium items in the game world itself or by advertising on the site itself. And to attract more advertising, Facebook games relentlessly posts on your wall and gets you to invite your friends. 25

After a few days of playing an assortment, I was almost embarrassed at how my Facebook profile had been festooned with pointless updates from all the games, and at how many of the games had sent messages in my name to friends. Of course, you get what you pay for. And most of the time on Facebook you pay nothing.

But in spite of some of the hassles, there is no question that Facebook can provide a captivating game experience: GeoChallenge, MindJolt, Chain Rxn, Pacman… 30

Oh wait, where did the day go?

Taken from “The Daily Dispatch” – July 16, 2009

1. What does the author mean when he says that by using Facebook you can “while away your existence”? (2) 2. Quote a word from the first paragraph that proves that MANY women with children use Facebook. (1) 3. Why would people use “existential koans” (line 2) as their status updates on Facebook? (2) 4. Explain what the author means in line 4 – “It’s all so diverting.” (2) 5. Why would companies prohibit their employees from using sites such as Pogo.com and AddictingGames.com? (2) 6. Explain the term “corporate brass” (line 14). (1) 7. What is “spam”, as used in line 22? (1) 8. Explain the effect created by the last line of the text (“Oh wait, where did the day go?”) (2) 9. How would you describe the tone of this passage? Choose the correct answer: a. argumentative b. informative c. narrative d. archaic (1) 10. Justify your choice in question 9. (2) 11. Did the author get involved in the gaming world on Facebook? Justify your answer. (2) 12. Explain how the adjective “captivating” (line 29) enforces the idea of the passage. (2) SECTION B: Language Skills

13. Correct the concord error in line 1. Rewrite the sentence correctly. (1) 14. Explain the use of the apostrophe in line 4. (1) 15. Explain the use of the hyphen in line 6. (1) 16. Give a homophone for “sites” (title of article). Use this homophone in an original sentence. (2) 17. Explain the use of italics throughout the text. (1) 18. What does © stand for? (1) 19. Identify the parts of speech of the following underlined words: 19.1 baby (line 1) 19.2 becoming (line 8) 19.3 Facebook (line 14) (3)

EXAM 7

SECTION A: Comprehension Skills Read the text entitled “Handy Hints” and answer the following questions. Handy Hints… If you want DIY, we’ll show you the way. words by Mike Wills By all means, go ahead. I insist. After you, Ms Handywoman. 1 Another of those ubiquitous research surveys has shown that more and more women are (and I quote verbatim) ‘turning to DIY in an effort to save money and assert their independence.’ Excuse me while I wipe the tears of laughter from my eyes. Apparently these misguided female souls want to become ‘the complete domestic goddess’. 5 Well, you won’t find any resistance from collective maledom if you want to take over a slice of our Reuben the Screwman territory, In fact we’ll happily run the white flag up and concede the whole damn lot to you – blocked drains, dripping taps, smouldering fuse box and all. I admit my mate Rae might be upset by this. For him, handiwork is a pleasure, an invigorating challenge and very definitely his domain. He loves it so much he often volunteers to do mine. For this he has Great 10 Neighbour status for life. For every problem he has a solution and a relevant tool. Even more incredibly, Rae can instantly find the particular tool in his neat workshop, which has outlines of each implement traced on the wall. Most men, though, are not like Rae. Even if we had the right tool we wouldn’t know what to do with it, nor could we find it in days of searching. 15 I constantly suffer from the evil machinations of the DIY pixies, who hang about invisibly while I am trying to repair something. They realise I need a pair of pliers and pass that information back to their colleagues lurking near the toolbox, who then hide the pliers and ensure I can only locate four monkey wrenches – when I swear I've only ever bought two in my life. One hour later, when a wrench is urgently required, the pixies will have swapped them for six sets of pliers, three of which I borrowed from Rae. 20 So, men like me are not fussed if women want to crack this particular glass ceiling, as it means they are now the ones who will have to repair it. (Which reminds me of the last time I worked with glass – give trips to the glazier, two broken panes, one the wrong size and a very interesting mix of putty and blood before finally phoning Rae for help.) And don’t think you will be saving any money by becoming Ms Drillbit 2009. 25 A long time ago – before I lived near Rae – I went to buy a Wendy house as a birthday present for my daughter and was so horrified at the cost that I let slip the fateful words: ‘I can build one myself for less than that.’ After devoting five weekends and spending twice the ready-made price on materials, I made an out-of-scale, lopsided edifice which my child only ever ventured into twice. At one point during construction a neighbour shouted over the fence: ‘How’s Cheops getting on with his pyramid?’ 30 My skills have progressed marginally since then – I now view DIY as an enjoyable substitute for golf. Instead of going to the course, I replicate the experience by roaming all over my house swinging wildly at things, swearing a lot and looking for things I can’t find. At times I understand my father’s approach to handiwork. He never wielded so much as a hammer, nor do I ever recall him changing a light bulb. Given that Rae had not yet been born, a charming Hollander 35 by the name of Mr Nutz was phoned for any job big or small. I called him Mr Nutz and Boltz, and over the years he beat a regular path to our front door, arriving in ever more smart vehicles. I suspect he ultimately purchased a small Caribbean island on handyman income from the family. This will never happen to me. I’ve told Rae – if he moves, I’m going with him. 40

Glossary ubiquitous (line 2) existing or seeming to be everywhere at the same time verbatim (line 3) in the exact words used concede (line 7) to accept as true invigorating (line 9) to give fresh life and energy to something machinations (line 16) schemes intended to accomplish some discreditable end pixies (line 16) small (sometimes naughty) fairy or elf to crack a glass ceiling (line 21) to reach the top of a profession – reach the highest point glazier (line 23) a person who fits glass Wendy house (line 26) small wooden structure mostly intended for children’s play edifice (line 29) large building Cheops (line 30) Egyptian Pharaoh who oversaw the building of the Great Pyramids

1. To whom is the author speaking in the first line of the passage? (Do not quote.) (2) 66

2. How does the author feel about surveys in general? Justify your answer by referring to lines 2-3. (2) 3. What does the author find humorous (“tears of laughter”) in line 4? (2) 4. What does is mean to “run the white flag up” as used in line 7? (2) 5. The author makes a terrible generalisation in lines 14 and 15. Explain. (2) 6. Explain the author’s “pixie” problem, as used in lines 16 to 21. Is this a real problem? (3) 7. Lines 21 and 22 have a very ironic overtone – explain. (3) 8. To what (or whom) does “Ms Drillbit 2009” make a mocking reference? (2) 9. Explain the reference to Cheops in line 30. (2) 10. Explain the similarities (in the author’s opinion) between DIY and golf. (2) 11. Explain the pun in calling the handyman “Mr Nutz and Boltz”. (2) 12. The function of this article is to… (choose the best suited answer) a) inform b) amuse c) criticise d) mock (1) 13. Justify your choice in question 12. (2) 14. True or False – and explain your choice. The author’s father was a very good handyman. (2) 15. What does DIY stand for? (1) (30) SECTION B: Summary Skills

PROTECT YOURSELF FROM STREET CRIME (Adapted from an article by J. Bittenbinder)

Millions of personal and household crimes are committed every year. By making yourself a tougher target, you can protect yourself against crime anywhere. Just follow these rules:

Walk with your head up and your eyes scanning the people around you. Criminals go for the weak, the preoccupied, and the clumsy. A steady gait and watchful gaze make you look tough and confident, even if you’re not.

If your bag has a flap, tuck it against you. Or carry your bag under your coat if there’s room. Don’t keep your keys in your bag. If someone steals it, he can get into your house and perhaps take your car.

Choose a cash machine that has people around and always put your money away immediately. You’d think sensible people would know this. But watch sometime how many people wander outside counting their notes.

When you’re driving, always keep your doors locked. For a television news show, I stood at a busy intersection and pulled on the doors of 15 cars. Only two were locked.

Carjackers look for people sitting at traffic lights with a map out. Sometimes they stage collisions to entice you out of your car. If your car is hit from behind, don’t get out. Instead, put on your hazard lights and roll down your window just enough to hear the other driver’s voice. If someone appears saying he’s a policeman, ask for an Identification Document: if he has none, drive away. You can report the accident later by phone.

You have been asked by your teacher to provide a LIST of suggestions on how to avoid becoming a victim, based on what you have read.

INSTRUCTIONS

 Your summary must be in POINT FORM. List 7 points.  Write down one suggestion per line.  Use FULL SENTENCES.  Use your OWN WORDS as far as possible.  Maximum number of words per point – 12.  Indicate the total number of words you have used in brackets at the end of your summary. SECTION C: Language / Visual Literacy / Editing

Read the cartoons and jokes below and answer the questions that follow. 67

1.1 Explain the pun in the Doctor’s surname. (2) 1.2 What is the aim of this cartoon? (2) 1.3 State how this cartoon can be seen as a gross generalisation. (2)

NIGHT MOVES

One night my father woke himself up with a loud “Hello!” to someone in his dream. As the next day came and went, Dad thought the nocturnal outburst was his alone to remember. But that night, as he and Mom were getting ready for bed, she said drily, “If you see anyone you know tonight, just wave.” Ann L. Downing

Reader’s Digest, June 2001

2.1 Explain the word “nocturnal” as used in the text. (2) 2.2 Explain why “Mom” is written in a capital letter in this joke. (2) 2.3 How is humour created in this joke? (i.e. explain the punch line.) (2)

3.1 Quote ONE interjection from the cartoon that proves the men are South African. (1)

3.2 What is the message behind this cartoon? (2)

4. Read the following text and answer the questions below. Review: District Nine

Published in Cinemarolling by crigga, on September 4, 2009

As a sci-fi buff I had been looking forward to District 9 (D9 from now on) ever since I first set intrigued eyes 1 upon a trailer some months ago, and I must say that Neill Blomkamp’s film—produced by Peter Jackson—certainly lives up to the hype. Set it Johannesburg, this film combines extraterrestrial life form and inner city urban politics, filmed partly in documentary style with a sizeable assortment of so-called experts voicing their opinions in the style of a Michael Moore flick. It’s not long before you understand exactly what the situation is in D9; the first 35 minutes are certainly the 5 toughest to get through, but it’s not long before you notice your body tense up as the story lurches forward at a scintillating pace in which you can’t help but show interest.

The introduction to the lead character, Wikus van der Merwe, doesn’t take long, but his atitude during the opening scenes might lead you to think that D9 is in fact a comedy, not an action sci-fi. But rest assured, the tone of the film changes swiftly 10 and the journey for our protagonist takes a very sombre turn. Wikus works for MNU, a hartless corporation far more interested in alien weaponry than of their guests’ wellbeing and living conditions, and with one-track ambitions like this I’m surprised the film isn’t set in the USA.

The special effects are stunning enough; the aliens are computer generated and 15 their unfamiliar dialect are subtitled to give them more of a personality. The majority of the prawn race (as they are dubbed) seem unintelligent and single minded, but we’re then introduced to Christopher who has a plan of action that involves travelling to his hovering mothership and getting back to his home planet. Suffice it 20

to say his plans get compromised, to which he is forced to turn to an unlikely source for help, unbeknown to both parties that a unique bond is forming. I urge you to now watch District 9. You will leave the cinema feeling happy.

4.1 What is a ‘sci-fi buff’? (line 1) (2) 4.2 Explain why District Nine has been underlined in this passage. (1) 4.3 There are two spelling errors in the second paragraph. Identify and correct them. (2) 4.4 Correct the concord error in the 1st sentence of the 3rd paragraph. Rewrite the clause. (1) 4.5 A slang word is used in line 3. Identify and replace it with an acceptable (formal) term. (2) 4.6 Name the function of the dashes in the second line. (2) 4.7 How does the accompanying graphic succeed in promoting the movie? (2) 4.8 Give a synonym for the word ‘dubbed’ (line 17). (1) 4.9 Correct the split infinitive in the last paragraph. (2)

MEMORANDUM FOR LANGUAGE

EDITING EXERCISE 1:

1. … IQ, the more… 2. mussels – muscles 3. then – than 4. bones 5. contains 6. dissolve 7. your/one’s 8. fullstop at end 9. are 10. of – off 11. substance 12. growing 13. … dilate. They do the same… 14. than 15. length 16. own 17. between 18. can’t 19. back into the home 20. creates compound adjective

EDITING EXERCISE 2: 1. Because people are too poor… ava 2. Colourful 3. Continent 4. Each and every 5. Used 6. Not a complete sentence 7. Luggage/baggage 8. …fowl and goats… 9. Maintained 10. So nobody wants to travel in them. 11. Is a complex set 12. Your 13. Johannesburg’s 14. No one seems to remember exactly why 15. In – from 16. Slogans; some are… 17. Taxis badly need to be resprayed. 18. Split milk 19. These multi-coloured taxis prove that the taxi industry is fantastic. AVA

EDITING EXERCISE 3: 1. Split infinitive – I have been asked to tell you briefly… 2. Resuscitation 3. Person’s 4. Singular possession 5. He/she 6. His/her 7. You should not try C.P.R, unless you have been trained to do so. 8. Confronted

9. C.P.R. 10. Of how 11. Count the seconds: one Zambezi, two Zambezi, three Zambezi. 12. Patient’s – breathe hard 13. Vein 14. Is no pulse 15. Now that you have listened to my talk…

EDITING EXERCISE 4: 1. Professor 2. Extra information in parentheses 3. Congratulation were extended to matric learners who passed their exams by Jansen. 4. Standards are low 5. The results 6. Really actually 7. Amount – number 8. Focus on what will build you, not what will break you. 9. Singular possession 10. Accept

EDITING EXERCISE 5: 1. It’s – contraction family’s – singular possession 2. Difficult 3. Extra information in parentheses 4. Information to follow 5. Descriptive adjective 6. Era 7. C 8. 8.1 – scientists 8.2 – question, or colon 8.3 Philosophers are 9. Learned men have asked what purpose that spectacular art served in the lives of prehistoric people.

EDITING EXERCISE 6: 1. Creates compound adjective 2. World’s – singular possession it’s – contraction/omission 3. Six – roman numerals 4. Fast, forceful – to do with rockets. Appropriate 5. Meeting in space between male and female cosmonauts 6. Rumours 7. Extra information in parentheses 8. One ‘loop’ around a planet/moon 9. Short communication from space. I am feeling fine. 10. I don’t know whether I can complete any more editing memos. The weather is great today.

EDITING EXERCISE 7: 1. No – internet site – see its website address. Not in actual print. 2. Collaboration from parent company / subsidiary / owned by same company 3. Not in real sense of the military word. Create humour 4. There is a sign outside the building, which sells fake certificates, which states, “Any illegal activity will be penalised.” 5. A fake cannot be original and vice versa. 6. “Original fake” 7. No – sources unnamed 8. The quality of the fake certificates shocked University of Johannesburg Kingsway Campus certificates expert, Gerrrie Du Preez. 71

9. a lot 10. to check carefully 11. is – singular noun (font) takes singular verb 12. me 13. then 14. zud Africa / South Africa

EDITING EXERCISE 8: 5.1 creates a compound noun 5.2 split infinitive – to use proper English constantly 5.3 move has 5.4 The teacher said that students needed to write and understand full English if they wanted to excel. 5.5 Penalty 5.6 Tests are being completed with more confidence by learners who use text-speak. 5.7 Here is an example of text-speak. 5.8 Singular possession

EDITING EXERCISE 9: 1.1 holidays are… 1.2 You rush around airports while clutching … AVA 1.3 Me 1.4 I have often been advised by well-meaning people. 1.5 You either get cabin fever or you see something that needs fixing. (Or both to ‘one’) 1.6 Plural possession (Singular????) 1.7 Aside – extra information in parentheses 1.8 Number 1.9 Empty/free 1.10 Deplete

EDITING EXERCISE 10: 5.1 Have just published 5.2 All-inclusive or comprehensive 5.3 4 – explanation to follow. 7 – introduces quote 5.4 Disinterested means impartial. / Uninterested means not interested. 5.5 5.5.1 adjective 5.5.2 involve 5.6 access 5.7 your freedom AVA

EDITING EXERCISE 11: 5.1 rather than fewer (I know that MORE is wrong – I can’t think of the right phrasing now.) 5.2 A 5.3 The world can be a place of wonder and new possibilities. 5.4 extra information in parentheses 5.5 group is 5.6 toddlers 5.7 access 5.8 imagined threats (or not real ones) 5.9 regardless

Grade 10 Test Memorandum Exam 1

Section A:

1.1. “Lord of the Rings” is the title of the well-known fantasy novel/film written by Tolkien.√ There is a play on words in this context, as a circus ring is the arena in which acts are performed. √ OR - Ndakroka has become skilled in his acrobatic acts, which might also include the use of rings, so he is master or lord of the circus ring(s). √ (2)

1.2. “Mesmerised” is to be enthralled or to be held spellbound/captivated by something. √ This can be deduced from the context as audiences have been “left in awe” of his acrobatic skills. √ (2)

1.3. It suggests that he was encouraged to be brave and courageous, to put aside his inhibitions or fears √ and to take a leap of faith to achieve his goals. √ (2) 1.4. Pressures could have been poverty – he was living in a shelter so any temptation to get money even if it meant doing crime would have been enticing. Peer pressure would also have played a role – others around him might have bullied him or pressurised him into wrongdoing. AVA √ √ (2)

1.5.1 He had a natural talent or ability for theatrics. (1) 1.5.2 Someone or something that has no protection against danger or an attack. (1) 1.6. He literally does transport himself across distance instantly when he engages in acrobatics (“flying” in the air). √ He speaks about “evolving”, becoming someone/thing else and that his soul is separated from his body. This is almost a fantasy-like state, √ hence the word “teleport” is more effective than simply “taken” or “transported”. Accept other answers. (2) 1.7. He has become skilled in acrobatics and can teach others. √ He knows how to deal with everyday challenges such as being able to relate to others. √ He is more assertive and able to manage situations of disagreement better. √ (any two) (2) 1.8. Simile. √ His movements are compared to the way in which Picasso paints. √ /It is as if he is painting with his body. The comparison is effective as similarities are drawn between the beauty of acrobatics and that of painting – both are forms of art. √ (3) 1.9. Yes. He is a role model because he worked hard to overcome adversity and make a success of his life. He is loyal to his ‘circus family’. He is humble and not concerned with the glamor of fame. He gives back to others to help improve their lives too. √ √ AVA (2)

1.10 It is the title√ of a magazine. (1)

2.1 Brent van Rensburg and Laurence Estève founded Zip Zap Circus in Cape Town in 1992. (1) 2.2 “Passed” = past (1) 2.3 Mainly/chiefly (1) 2.4 Participation (1) 2.5 ‘by’= at (1) /25/ Section B: 3.1 Elephant and zebra/horse/unicorn on a stand. Circus tent. Musical instruments. Crazy-looking ring-master. AVA (1) 3.2 Mnet and DSTV are TV broadcasters who would benefit if they air an entertaining show; more viewers = more money. The Department of Arts & Culture, Western Cape Government and the City of CT would benefit through tourism. A carnival is also uplifting and exciting for locals. This event would create jobs which helps communities. √ √ AVA (2)

4.1 His eyes are closed / his mouth is downturned. √ His arms are outstretched and knees are bent. √ All of these signs show that he is struggling with trying to keep the curtains open, which are being pulled closed by the ZDF. He feels tired, disheartened etc. √ AVA (3)

4.2 The message is that Mugabe is trying to remain on the stage, at the centre of things, but he has passed his time and the show is over. √ It is the end of his rule over Zimbabwe but he will not leave easily. √ (2)

5.1 Trump presumes that all the people are gathered to support him√ when actually they are protesting against his poor leadership. √ His arrogance and stupidity are satirised. (2) /10/ [35 marks]

GR 10 Comprehension Memorandum: Exam 2 SECTION A: 1.1 The word “noble” is a pun, referring to the Nobel Peace Prize, but also to Malala’s dignified/honourable/moral spirit. (2) 1.2 girls’ = plural possession (1)

1.3 stuff = material/source/epitome AVA (1)

1.4.1 a) rhetoric = 2 b) bureaucracy = 3 c) jargon = 1 (1x3 =3) 1.4.2 It is very difficult to get the majority of people to discuss real issues, such as girls’ education. Malala was incredibly successful at this and managed to get many people to support her. (2) 1.5 a) Winning this prize would mean that she is recognised for her bravery against violence, and her commitment to the struggle for equal gender rights. This is the perfect international platform to highlight the plight of poor girls; therefore positive change is more likely. (2) b) The first two commas act as parentheses, separating additional information. (1) 1.6 relish = enjoy/appreciate/like (1)

1.7 a) This is the century in which the word first came into use. (1) b) “Sphere” has many different meanings, one of them being “an area of control or influence”. It could also refer to the planets or stars and an associated meaning is “the world”. It helps to form the meaning of “Twittersphere” as being the world of Twitter, or the domain/realm of Twitter. (1)

1.8 Education is the key to success, independence and freedom from poverty. If a girl achieves academically she could earn a scholarship/bursary to a university. This is another step towards obtaining a degree and pursuing a career of her choice. Women are not only meant to ‘bake and breed’, so an income means the potential to rise above stereotypical gender roles, without reliance on a man. Through decent schooling, girls will develop the confidence to stand up for their rights and act autonomously. Education offers holistic growth in a safe, nurturing environment. Physical (sports), cultural and social skills are established, which could provide additional opportunities to avoid an oppressive environment. AVA (3)

1.9 GDP = Abbreviation. The letters are not pronounced as one word. (2)

1.10 These ‘ordinary people’ are from first-world/developed countries (like the UK). They do not concern themselves with troubles in ‘far’ away places (like Pakistan) because it does not affect their lives. They could be unaware of what is happening elsewhere in the world and unconcerned as extreme poverty and violence is not on their doorstep. AVA (2)

1.11 Own opinion, but reasons must be given. One could be disappointed as she is only 16 and has already

endured so much and made a great impact; awarding the peace prize to an organisation is impersonal. One could also argue however, that she is too young to be awarded a prize of such significance and that the issue of chemical weapons in Syria (link to terrorism) is a pressing and urgent issue. The organisation dealing with this is therefore deserving of the award. AVA (2) 1.12 Tone = inspiring/positive/hopeful/encouraging etc. (1) [25] SECTION B: 2.1 ‘travelled’ (1) 2.2 ‘abducted’ (1) 2.3 malapropism (1) 2.4 ‘these’ = this (1) 2.5 Accepting the award, Malala reaffirmed that, "This award is not just for me”. (1) 2.6 ‘organisation’ (1) 2.7 ‘… to invest skillfully…’ (1) 2.8 ‘the best thing since sliced bread’ (1) 2.9 ‘…you and me…’ (1) 2.10 There is no subject/finite verb. (1) 10/ /35/

Memorandum – Grade 10 Exam 3

Question 1 - Comprehension

1.1 ‘Heirs’ – offspring/inheritors. Sounds like ‘airs’ – getting kids outside and away from screens. (2)

1.2 “pay-off” = healthy/fit children (who appreciate nature) ‘is worth the pain’ = nagging at reluctant children/ sore muscles from exercise? (2)

1.3 “Protea” (1)

1.4 The author writes in a highly descriptive style, filled with adjectives, so that the reader can easily visualise the beauty of her surroundings. (2)

1.5 She has been pacing up and down so much that her shoes almost do the walking by themselves. She is very eager to get outside and hike. (2)

1.6 Italics = Afrikaans word (will we accept ‘not English’?) (1)

1.7 Hitting the hills = Hiking mountains/exercise vs. Hitting the sack = bedtime/sleep (2)

1.8 The writer believes that NOT using this beautiful day (to go hiking, spend time outdoors etc.) is a sin/shame bordering on something illegal. She emphasises the beauty of the day and her intense urge to spend her time outdoors. (Must focus on the words ‘travesty’ and ‘criminal’.) (2)

1.9 Hiking involves climbing hills – also the difficulty in getting her children up from bed and engaging in outdoor activities. (2)

1.10 When the children were younger, she was the reluctant one in getting up and being active. However, now that she is older, they are the reluctant ones. There has been a role-reversal. (2)

1.11 Sarcastic, ironic, sardonic – she detests her children’s online habits and time spent in bed, rather than being in the ‘real’ world. (2)

1.12 Children make ‘friends’ with people they don’t even know. Even online strangers hold a greater appeal to them than spending time outdoors or with family. (1)

1.13 Whatsapp (1)

1.14 Emphasis on the effort it takes to get them to participate. But also that the writer and her husband do not relent – the kids WILL get off their screens and out of the house. Hyperbole creates humour and the long sentence is almost like she is ‘ranting’ – builds up to the climax of the kids actually participating and enjoying the process. (2)

1.15 The register is informal/colloquial/conversational. Evidence = contractions, diction – e.g. ‘kids’/ ‘stuff’, starting sentences with conjunctions. (2)

Refer to Text B: 1.16 Person is handcuffed to the phone – an addiction grabs hold of you and you cannot escape. Text states that kids respond immediately to texts – phones always within reach. They are trapped? The screen is blank yet the fingers are ready to ‘check their device’. (2)

1.17 Yes – handcuff, addiction, always on the phone. Must refer to both texts. (2)

Question 2 - Summary

 MUST be in paragraph form. If in point form, mark points but do not award any style marks.  Full sentences  Own words – do not award mark for straight lifting!  No more than 90 words (must include word count)  5-7 correct points – 3 marks (MUST be in own words)  4-6 correct points – 2 marks  1-3 correct points – 1 mark

Points to consider: 1. Children spend 5-9 hours (many) engaged with screens. (I will accept ‘digital media’.) 2. 60% of their free time is spent engaged with a device. (These two points are basically the same. Accept ONE only) 3. Excessive sitting leads to obesity and other health risks. 4. Excessive screen time harms kids now and in the long run. 5. “Text claw” is due to excessive texting/sending messages. 6. “Text neck” occurs when looking down at a device frequently and for long periods. 7. People get bad postures due to excessive screen time. This can lead to low self-esteem and less productivity. 8. Cybersickness occurs when constant movement on a screen does not correlate with real-time movement. 9. Cybersickness has the same effects as being drunk – visual and motor impairments.

Question 3: Visual Literacy

3.1 It is a challenge to all viewers/readers to make healthy choices on a normal/everyday basis. Healthy choices should not just apply to special occasions but should be a part of everyday life. (2) 3.2 People must spend less time on electronic devices (‘screen’) and more time outdoors (‘green’). (2) 3.3 Screens emit an electronic glow when in use. Many children are spending copious hours engaged with digital devices which ‘glow’. New generation of kids all addicted to screens. (2) 3.4 The image is in darkness except where the phone illuminates the young boy’s mesmerised face. (2) 3.5 Doctoral degree – lends credibility to his study. Believable, well-researched. (1) 3.6 Hijacking – being held against your will, cannot escape, kids being held ‘hostage’ by electronic devices. (2) 3.7 The little girl has read an article on the Internet regarding a breakthrough by female astronauts and would like to emulate one of them for this year’s party. She found the information on the Internet and therefore the Internet served a good purpose. (2) 3.8 The mother is encouraging her little girl to be a princess. This is not realistic, nor does is help the feminist movement. (1) 3.9 One would expect a waitron in a fancy restaurant to advise clients about the specials/special dishes because of the taste and perhaps special ingredients. However, this waitron is recommending dishes based on their photogenic traits – how the dishes will look once the customer takes and posts a photo on Instagram. The focus has shifted from the pleasure of eating a dish to how it will look on social media. (2) 3.10 He is shocked – eyes wide open/eyebrows raised. (2) 3.11 Fancy restaurant – waitron and customers’ smart clothing, formal menus, expensive wine. (2)

Question 4: Editing 4.1.1 Extra information in parentheses – NOT compound words! (1) 4.1.2 Devices (1)

4.2.1 “Depend / rely” (1) 4.2.2 was - were (1)

4.3.1 Detoxification (1)

4.4.1 “they felt the need to respond immediately” (1) 4.4.2 “…social networking messages. 36% of parents…” (1) 4.4.3 their (1)

4.4.1 He said (that) they often walked near the walls so that they could move… (1) 4.4.2 reverting – diverting (1)

(10) [70]

Exam 4 SECTION A: COMPREHENSION – 30 MARKS

1.1 The pun in the headline is effective - “fly”. It refers to the flying action of a dove (a bird), but it also has the idiomatic meaning that the advertisement did not take off/succeed. (Must show both) (2)

1.2 Joining the dots could “reveal” the racist message that a white skin is cleaner than a darker skin. Accept other answers. (Must show that message of ad could have various interpretations.) (2)

1.3 a) This is a euphemism as it is a mild or indirect way of saying that they had got it completely wrong/made a bad mistake. (2)

b) C - A company which owns stocks and controlling rights within another company (1)

1.4 Students may give a variety of answers. In South Africa, “hate speech” and unfair discrimination are not condoned in law. Racism is inconsistent with the values entrenched in the Constitution. If racism amounts to “hate speech”, the perpetrator could be brought before the courts. An advertisement that is deliberately racist would presumably not be aired and if it were aired, there could be legal consequences. Major brands would also want to be seen as non-racist and non-discriminatory in our post-apartheid democracy. Look for a well-argued answer which OPPOSES racism/racist ads. (2 for 3) (3)

1.5 a) The environment would be loaded or filled with tension and emotion. (1)

b) They need to discuss BOTH words – trend – to be popular, known by many etc. online – on the internet / social media / web pages (2)

1.6 Probably managers and marketing specialists (people) who are not able to “read between the lines as quickly and as well” as users of social media; those who are not tuned in to the finer nuances of advertising; those who would not be able to see how adverts can be misinterpreted. (2)

1.7 Effective – does not hide what article will discuss – straight to the point. Dispels the ‘trending’ belief that she is a victim in the racist ad. Honest, sincere, straight-forward. Etc. (2)

1.8 a) She welcomed the opportunity to represent herself “and her dark-skinned sisters” so that people could see they were “beautiful” and “valued”. She saw this as a way of countering the “the beauty standard” of lighter-skinned models. (2) b) The article is personal, sincere, subjective. She reports about her feelings – this is not a spin-doctor’s account of the ad and its response. She includes all women of colour “we”. (2)

c) She says it was “upsetting”; so, she would probably have been dismayed / perturbed about the way in which the advertisement was perceived. However, she probably would also have felt angry at being portrayed as a “victim”. Accept other answers. (2)

1.9 Ecstatic, overjoyed, elated, VERY happy (not just ‘happy’) (1)

1.10 a) A – clearly (1) b) The tone is proud, confident and assertive: “I am not just some silent victim…I am strong. I am beautiful and I will not be erased.” (2)

11. Students may express an opinion on any of the issues – such as the way in which the advert might have been misinterpreted; whether or not the advert was indeed racist; the experience of being in the advert as outlined by Lola Ogunyemi; the issues around beauty standards, etc. Students must, however, explain why they hold a particular point of view. (3) [30 marks]

SECTION B: SUMMARY – 10 MARKS 1. Create Characters 2. Buzz Marketing / Word-of-mouth / become a trend on social media 3. Celeb Power 4. Exaggeration 5. Shocking the Viewer 6. Use of Metaphor 7. Emotional Appeal

 These are the 7 key points to be discussed in a paragraph-form summary.  They need to include all 7 points and they MUST be in separate sentences, as per the instructions.  Award one mark for each well-explained point. Do not award marks for lifting if the sentence can be paraphrased.  Do not penalise if word-count not included.  Do not penalise if not in paragraph form – look for correct points but do NOT award any style/language marks.  Please verify that learner has used 90 words or less. STOP marking after 95 words.  Award the following language/style marks: o 6-7 correct points (own words, correct grammar)  3 marks o 4-5 correct points (own words, correct grammar)  2 marks o 1-3 correct points (own words, correct grammar)  1 mark

SECTION C: LANGUAGE STRUCTURES AND CONVENTIONS – 30 MARKS

TEXT C: 3.1 “Game of Thrones” (1)

3.2 HBO (1)

3.3 Newspaper – columns, various articles on the same page AVA. (2) a. A dragon’s shadow falls across the newspaper. Dragons are pivotal to the plot of the GOT series. You can still read the articles ‘under’ the shadow. It is like the dragon is flying over you as you read the paper. AVA (2)

TEXT D: 3.5 “Light as a feather” (1)

3.6 It is ironic – feathers are not heavy. Creates intrigue. (2)

3.7 Nike ACG Superlight Jacket. (NOT just Nike) (1) (10) TEXT E: 4.1 Vacuum cleaners suck up dust. The shop implies that you can suck up dust if you rent a cleaner from them. (2)

4.2 It sounds like the owner tells people that they ‘suck’ – they are awful. Not just the vacuum cleaner that sucks up dust etc. (2)

4.3 People are insulted when the name of the shop tells them they ‘suck’. (1)

TEXT F: 4.4 Wearing suits, wearing glasses, holding presentation material, sitting at a desk. Any two. (2)

4.5 Office / Corporate environment. Desk, telephone, business meeting etc. (2)

4.6 (British) Pound (1) (10) TEXT F

5.1 Companies that MAKE… (1) 5.2 AN emergency… (1) 5.3 everyday (1) 5.4 contraction / omission (NOT to make one word or join two words) (1) 5.5 creates a compound adjective/word (1) 5.6 Title of a newspaper. (NOT name) (1) 5.7 cancelled (1) 5.8 Ending a sentence with a preposition (1) 5.9 reminder to double check your list, always, … / reminder always to double check (1) 5.10 The need to regain market share with a new recipe was felt by Coke. (1) (10)

GRADE 10: PAPER 1 MEMORANDUM Exam 5 Question 1: Comprehension

1.1 To live without fear or submission. The life of an assertive person who is not ashamed to stand out/be different. (Any 2 points) (2) 1.2 It is ‘damaging’ to worry about being likable as you have no control over the thoughts/behaviour of others. This type of stress will only make you feel insecure as it is impossible to please everyone. (AVA (2) 1.3 Celebrities supported the message from her speech by doing the following: Rihanna, Natalie Portman and Jennifer Lawrence wore her T-shirts with the feminism quote. / Beyoncé sampled her speech in a song.(1)

1.4 To have difficulty in agreeing with or accepting something. (1)

1.5 The sowing of seeds is compared to instilling feminist ideas into a child in order for him/her to grow into an adult who supports women’s rights. (2)

1.6 The term ‘pre-installed’ implies that a woman has an innate ability for domestic chores that men don’t. It is an effective word as it has connotations of machinery/technology, like a kitchen appliance. This objectifies women whose place is in the kitchen (according to narrow-minded chauvinists). (2)

1.7 Refer to paragraph 11: 1.7.1 Irritate/annoy. (1) 1.7.2 It aggravates her that people question whether women can involve themselves on the domestic front in the home and with children while still being able to work and have full-time careers. The same juggling act is not expected of men who are praised for performing minor fatherly duties. (2)

1.8 “Bloodless” has connotations of something having no life; of being lacklustre and unimaginative. “Grey” also has connotations of being dull and uninspiring. These words reflect her critical attitude towards gender-neutral clothing. (2) 1.9 (open-ended question) Students must show an understanding of conditioned gender roles. Their answer must be supported with a personal example. (2)

1.10 Refer to paragraph 18. 1.10.1 ‘shuns’ (1) 1.10.2 Adichie does not support parenting books, yet she wrote one (Dear Ijeawele). (2) 1.11 Adichie says that Hilary Clinton is a prime example of the way in which women are judged. Powerful women have to show a domestic side to themselves. This is validated by Hilary Clinton’s “bio” in which she describes herself as “wife, mom, grandma” – these are roles which could relate to the domestic realm. She says that men do not need to show this side of themselves. This is supported by Bill Clinton’s ‘bio’: ‘founder’. (2) 1.12 Refer to paragraph 21: 1.12.1 Brackets or commas (1) 1.12.2 Apart from “daughter” none of these words reveal she is a woman. “Human”, “thinker” and “friend” are words that describe her characteristics in a gender-neutral way. AVA (2)

1.13 ‘slender’ = short book / thin/ minimalistic etc. ‘manifesto’ =policy/declaration/ It sounds official/ important and business-like. (2)

1.14 Text 1: Adichie’s message = Let children wear what they want. Girls and boys should not be defined by the colours pink and blue. AVA Text 2: Lego’s message = Let children create whatever makes them happy. Girls can build spaceships and boys can build doll’s houses. (3)

/30/ Question 2: Summary

The paragraph must include the following points: 1. Use a buddy system/ avoid walking alone 2. Stick to populated areas 3. Avoid wearing expensive jewellery, displaying valuables 4. Do not let anyone see that you have money 5. Communicate your plans to friends or family members 6. Avoid distractions 7. Avoid the use of intoxicating substances

 Please refer to Addendum A for the allocation of the other 3 marks. (7 +3 =10)

Question 3: Advertising 3.1 Cover A = The content focuses on physical appearance, fashion, boys. + link to a successful future or not. Cover B = The content focuses on careers, charity, health, dreams. + link to a successful future or not.

 The must be at least one quote. (2 +2) Question 4: 4.1 People in lab coats. / DNA helix. / Laboratory machinery or technological equipment. (1) 4.2 Logo = the symbol for female with an equal sign (=) through the bottom for gender equality. (2)

Question 5: 5.1 The use of the Google search bar is placed over the women’s mouths to show they are silenced / lack a voice to speak out against injustice. Typing phrases such as 'Women can't' and 'Women shouldn't' reveals shocking autocomplete results. The adverts aim to raise awareness of the kind of sexism that is still very much alive. (2) 5.2 The women who are depicted represent countries in the Middle East, Asia and Europe/The West (Caucasian descent). This shows that gender inequality is not restricted to one place but is a worldwide issue. (1) /10/ Question 6: Visual Literacy 6.1 Anyone with a disability/ in a race group that is less the than majority. AVA (1) 6.2 The cartoonist has drawn the same male character (employer) as a replica for everyone on the panel. The frames, filled with the same looking character, are repeated until they hire another man who looks identical to them. (2) Question 7: 7.1 Men are celebrated everyday as we live in a patriarchal society. Women have one day of the year to be appreciated for all the many roles that they juggle. AVA One mark for own view well explained. (2)

7.2 ‘slam’ (1)

Question 8: 8.1 Wonder Woman is annoyed/frustrated/unimpressed. Her eyes are half close/ blank expression with a downcast mouth. (2) 8.2 Visual = Wonder Woman is saving Batman. She is doing more work/ is more capable. Verbal = Batman is paid 30% more by the justice department simply because he is a man./ Her salary is only 70% of what the men are paid. (2) /10/ Question 9: Editing 9.1 superheroines (1) 9.2 revolutionary (1) 9.3 ‘Tibeb Girls’ or Tibeb Girls (1) 9.4 has = have (1) 9.5 compound adjective (1) 9.6 founded (1) 9.7 as a whole/in its entirety (1) 9.8 we’re (1) 9.9 to touching specifically (1) 9.10 roll = role (1) /10/ [70] Memorandum – Grade 10 English – exam 6 82

21. You can find many activities to do / hours to spend on “useless” internet time – Facebook will lure you away from doing actual work / living life without Facebook. (Look for any well-reasoned response.) (2) 2. “legion” (1) 3. Try to look smart? Try to confuse others? Make a statement? Poke fun at others? (any well-reasoned response) (2) 4. Facebook has so many ways of diverting you / taking you away from actual work. It is no longer just a social network – it is a games network too. It draws your attention away from work. etc (2) 5. Employees would play games instead of working! Work hours wasted on games. (2) 6. The bosses in corporate world. (1) 7. Unwanted advertisements / messages. Mass messages sent to your email account / Facebook profile. (1) 8. The author emphasises the point of the article – Facebook is diverting and detracts attention from actual work. The sentence is ironic – author writes article about how diverting Facebook is, hence the site diverted him / her! (2) 9. b – informative (1) 10. Text is about functions / applications on Facebook and how the site works. It informs the reader about site.(2) 11. Yes – he activated a few games on his account – “playing an assortment” (line 37) He informs the reader that he got many spam messages on his account because he had activated the games and that he saw many of his friends / colleagues play games too. Final sentence of text drives the point home. (2) 12. “Captivating” means that a game / application is all-consuming / attention-grabbing. The author believes that these games are reason why people get “stuck” on the Facebook site – they neglect ‘real’ work because they are playing games that draw them in. (2) 13. “Facebook provides so many ways to while away your existence.” (1) 14. Contraction / Omission (Do NOT accept joining two words.) (1) 15. creates one word (compound noun) from electronic mail : e-mail. (The dash after “working” is just that – a dash, NOT a hyphen) (1) 16. Sights / Cites – use in sentence for another mark. (2) 17. Titles of games / Proper nouns (1) 18. Copyright (1) 19.1 adjective (1) 19.2 (present) participle (1) 19.3 Proper Noun (do not accept noun) (1)

Summary 1. Computer games assist children with cognitive, logical and independent development. 2. Computer games develop healthy competition and good relationships between children. 3. Tolerance and understanding of other cultures / creeds are encouraged. 4. Children are engaged in activities not generally available in the classroom. 5. Computer simulation games could assist in preparing children for future work. 6. Aggression can be balanced by playing aggressive games. 7. Manual / Motor skills are developed by playing computer games. 8. Computer games assist in developing problem-solving skills and decision making. 9. Children with low self-esteem might feel safer in an artificial environment. 10. Computer skills form a good link between school activities and the “outside” world. (10 x 1)

MEMORANDUM – GRADE 1O ENGLISH – PAPER 1 – exam 7.

Section A: Comprehension Skills 1. All women who want to become DIY experts / females wanting to fix things. (2) 2. He is not very positive about them, calling them “ubiquitous” – everywhere, not reliable? (2) 3. He finds it hilarious that females are supposedly becoming proficient at DIY in order to save money and show how independent they are. (2) 4. To wave to white flag means to admit defeat – give up. Author is willing to give the entire DIY “caboodle” to females without a fight. (2) 5. Men are not good at handling tools, not good at packing away their tools neatly. Not handy! (2) 6. Not a real problem – he blames his inability to find certain tools at certain times, on ‘pixies’ (naughty creatures) who hide the specific tool he is looking for at a particular time. (3) 7. “breaking the glass ceiling” implies reaching new frontiers / levels in your job / life – being at top of your ‘game’. The irony is that the author says that the females who “break the glass ceiling” and become DIY proficient, will then have to repair ceiling. He has taken a literal interpretation of an idiom that describes the situation. (3) 8. Any (beauty) pageant title like Miss South Africa / Miss World. Now replaced with the rather ‘bland’ and inapt Drillbit. (2) 9. When the author tried to build a Wendy house, the neighbour compared his efforts to those of Cheops – the Egyptian pharaoh who oversaw the building of the Great Pyramids – thus the wendy house looks large, ‘wonky’ perhaps? Skew? Triangular? Misshaped? Overseer rather than doer? (2) 10. On both the golf course and whilst doing DIY, the author can swing a club / tool around wildly, he walks around much, uses foul language and constantly loses things – balls/tools. OWN WORDS!! (2) 11. Nuts and Bolts are tools/appliances used when fixing things. His surname (Nutz) leads to this pun. (2) 12. b (1) 13 Article obviously written with tongue most firmly in cheek! Author not serious or mocking / derogatory. He entertains us with HIS opinions and ideas. (2) 14. False – author’s father also had a “Rae” – man who did his DIY stuff for him. (2) 15. Do It Yourself (1) Section B: Summary Skills 1. You must be alert when you are walking, be aware of the people around you. 2. Try to be confident, or look confident. 3. A bag’s flap must be kept against your body, not outwards. 4. If you can, keep your bag under your coat. 5. Do not keep your keys in your bag. 6. Use an ATM in a busy area. 7. After withdrawing money, put it in your wallet immediately. 8. Lock your car doors when driving. 9. Do not use maps at stops. 10. If you are involved in a collision, do not get out. 11. Always ask policemen or any other authority figures for identification.

7 of the above points must be mentioned, in the order in which they appear. If more than one point is mentioned in a point, award only one mark. Award 7 marks for 7 points and 3 for style.

STYLE: 3 = all seven points mentioned chronologically. Full sentences. Coherent sentences, Own words. 2 = most of the points mentioned, mostly coherent, mostly own words. 1 = at least 4 points mentioned, mostly own words, mostly full and coherent sentences. 0 = the learner’s response must be ABSOLUTELY poor, no instructions followed. Section C: Language / Visual Literacy / Editing 1.1 Dr Hide – hide is another term for skin (Usually used in animals). Dermatologist is a skin doctor. (2) 1.2 Poke fun at taxi drivers and their habit of using the hooters in the cars often. (2) 1.3 Not all taxi drivers might be serial ‘hooters’! (2) 2.1 Nocturnal refers to “nightly”. In this context it refers to the Dad’s “sleeptalking” at night. (2) 2.2 Used as her name (proper noun) in this cartoon. (2) 2.3 Mom was woken up by Dad and warned him to not speak in his sleep again – if he saw somebody he knew in his dreams, he should just wave to them instead of waking her up. (2) 3.1 “Yo!” (Not yeah – could be any other language / country) No mark if not quoted. (1) 3.2 Crime is rife in South Africa. (2) 4.1 A person most interested in science fiction. Person who knows much about the genre. (2) 4.2 Title of the film. (1) 4.3 attitude heartless (2) 4.4 dialect IS (not are) (1) 4.5 “hype” – expectation / build-up / etc (2) 4.6 extra information in parenthesis (1) 4.7 Aliens / text “humans only”, scary monster (2) 4.8 named / titled / called (1) 4.9 …to now watch…” must be “to watch” (2)