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GRADE 10 HL Language, Editing, Summaries, Previous Exam Papers GRADE 10 HL Language, Editing, Summaries, Previous Exam Papers. 1 EDITING Ensure that you can identify and explain the following editing/language terms: 1. Acronyms and Abbreviations 2. Active and Passive voice 3. Ambiguity 4. Americanisms 5. Antonyms 6. Apostrophe use 7. Clichés 8. Comma Splice 9. Concord 10. Dashes 11. Degrees of Comparison 12. Direct and Reported Speech 13. Double Negative 14. Generalisations 15. Homonyms 16. Homophones 17. Hyphens 18. Inconsistent use of pronouns 19. Literal and Figurative Language 20. Malapropism 21. Misrelated Participle / Dangling Participle 22. Oxymorons and Paradoxes 23. Parentheses 24. Phrases and Clauses 25. Prefixes and Suffixes 26. Pun 27. Redundancy 28. Register 29. Simple, Complex and Compound Sentences 30. Split Infinitive 31. Spoonerisms 32. Synonyms 33. Tautology 34. Tense errors 35. Verbosity 2 1. Acronyms and Abbreviations Abbreviations and acronyms are shortened forms of words or phrases. An abbreviation is typically a shortened form of words used to represent the whole (such as Dr or Prof) while an acronym contains a set of initial letters from a phrase that usually form another word (such as radar or scuba). Abbreviations and acronyms are often interchanged, yet the two are quite distinct. The main point of reference is that abbreviations are merely a series of letters while acronyms form new words. Remember the rule for punctuation an abbreviation? If the abbreviation and the word end on the same letter, NO FULLSTOP! 2. Active and Passive voice Active Subject, verb, object. (She kicks the ball.) Passive Object, verb, BY object. (The ball is kicked by her.) Remember to stay in the same tense! 3 3. Ambiguity Ambiguity is a word, phrase or statement which contains more than one meaning. Ambiguous statements lead to vagueness and confusion, and shape the basis for unintentional humour. “I rode a black horse in red pajamas,” because it may lead us to think that the horse was wearing the red pajamas. Sign outside a petrol station café: “Kirsty’s Café – Eat Here and Get Gas” Newspaper headline: “Two sisters reunite after 20 years in a bank.” Newspaper headline: “Stolen painting found by tree.” 4 4. Americanisms / South Africanisms An Americanism is when an American word or spelling is used in South African English. Humor (humour) Color (colour) Barbeque (braai) Sneakers (tackies) South Africanisms: 5. Antonyms Words of opposite meaning. Hot/cold, up/down, crazy/sane, beautiful/ugly, day/night, young/old 6. Apostrophe use Apostrophes are ONLY used for two reasons: Possession – specify singular or plural (The child’s toy, my mom’s car, the dogs’ leashes) Omission/Contraction (don’t, won’t, can’t, I’m, I’ll, you’re, it’s IT IS!) APOSTROPHES ARE NEVER, EVER, EVER, EVER, EVER, EVER USED FOR PLURALS! 5 7. Clichés A cliché is an expression, idea or element of artistic work which has become overused to the point of losing its original meaning or effect, even to the point of being trite or irritating. No pain, no gain! Any of the “Keep Calm and…” posters Raining cats and dogs I am all ears Quit while you’re ahead Don’t hold your breath… Go the whole nine yards Think outside the box 6 8. Comma Splice This occurs when a comma separates two main clauses. Use a fullstop! This is a comma splice, the two main clauses are separated by a clause. I got up late this morning, I didn’t have time for breakfast. I have trouble with punctuation, I just don’t have any comma sense. A comma splice walks into a bar, it has a drink and then leaves. Stay off the grass, it needs time to grow. 9. Concord Agreement in a sentence, usually between subject and verb. I are happy. (I am happy.) The boys is naughty. (The boys are naughty.) Thabo, as well as Andrew, are handsome. (Thabo, as well as Andrew, IS handsome.) They will win if the team score a goal! (They will win if the team scores a goal.) 7 10. Dashes / Brackets Like all punctuation marks, dashes/brackets ensure the clarity of writing by setting apart words, phrases, and clauses that are not part of the grammatical structure of the main clause but provide additional information. Parentheses indicate more emphasis than commas; dashes indicate more emphasis than parentheses. 1. Separate appositives that contain commas Appositives are nouns, pronouns, or noun phrases that modify or explain another noun, pronoun, or noun phrase. My cousins—Oliver, Harry, and Lyra—cannot attend my birthday party. The teacher wrote the titles of the books—The Golden Compass, The Subtle Knife, and The Amber Spyglass—on the board. 2. Introduces emphasis I am afraid to fly – although I know riding in an airplane is safer than driving a car. Many employees – mostly recent graduates with student loans - must ride the bus to work. The idea that women are inferior to men is ridiculous – even preposterous. That many children go hungry every day in American is sad – possibly tragic. 3. Enclose clarifications We owe the bank thirty thousand dollars ($30,000). Books in IRMA (Infrequently Requested Materials Area) are still available for patron use. 4. Enclose asides and additional information Many patrons (mostly freshmen and transfer students) will need a tour of the library. My boss finally answered (after ignoring me for an entire week) that she could not transfer me to another department. Your neighbours (the people who left their broken truck in the middle of the road) are quite annoying. My puppy - he was completely potty-trained in less than a day - needs to go outside at least three times a day. 5. Introduce explanations The Fourth Amendment—protection from unreasonable search and seizure—prevents the police from entering my house and taking my belongings on a whim. The first law of motion (every object in motion will stay in motion until acted upon by an outside force) explains why a ball dropped from the top of a roof will not stop in mid-air but will continue to fall until it hits the ground. 6. Introduce an explanation of a preceding series Reliability, trustworthiness, diligence—this company only hires employees with all of these traits. Male and female, old and young, short and tall—people of all shapes and sizes can participate in activities at the community centre. 7. Enclose numbers or letters in a list Prepositional phrases function as (1) modifiers, (2) complements, (3) adjuncts, (4) adverbials, and (5) subjects. The department is looking for a new manager who (1) can work any shift, (2) will work multiples shifts per day, and (3) is willing to work overtime. 8 11. Degrees of Comparison Adjectives have three forms – positive, comparative and superlative. (LIKE: Smart, smarter, Mrs Buss ) You cannot use the superlative when only two things are being compared. (I am the richer of us two, not the richest. She is the prettier of the two sisters, not the prettiest.) 12. Direct and Reported Speech When changing from one to the other, remember to STAY IN THE SAME TENSE! Use the ‘leading’ verb, in direct speech, as the indicator of tense. (She said, he stated, they yell, I say, etc.) Remember to change pronouns and adverbs– I/me, me/her etc, today/that day, tomorrow/the next day, here/there, this/that etc. 9 13. Double Negative A double negative uses two negative words in the same clause to express a single negative idea: We didn't see nothing. [ = We saw nothing.] She never danced with nobody. [ = She didn't dance with anybody.] The rules dictate that the two negative elements cancel each other out to give a positive statement instead, so that the sentence ‘I don’t know nothing’ could literally be interpreted as ‘I do know something’. 14. Generalisations A written or spoken statement in which you say or write that something is true all the time when it is only true some of the time: Generalisation can be dangerous. Blondes have more fun. Lawyers are crooked. Teachers have no life… Rugby players are not clever. Politicians are corrupt. 10 15. Homographs A homograph is a word that is spelled identically to another word but none the less has a different meaning and probably a different origin. You will doubtless be annoyed if you tear your trousers while climbing over a fence. Indeed, you may be so upset that you shed a tear. As you can see, 'tear' and 'tear' are spelled identically, but they are pronounced differently and have entirely different meanings. They are good examples of a homograph. Many homographs are not even pronounced differently. Thus the word 'hide' sounds exactly the same whether you are talking about the skin of an animal, a measure of land or the verb meaning to conceal or keep out of sight. 16. Homonyms Homonyms are two or more words that have the same sound or spelling but differ in meaning. "Your children need your presence more than your presents."(Jesse Jackson) I enjoy bass fishing and playing the bass guitar. The group's lead singer carried a lead pipe for protection. 17. Homophones Words that sound the same but have different meaning. 11 18. Hyphens Hyphens are used to link words and parts of words. They are not as common today as they used to be, but there are three main cases where you should use them: To create compound words a pick-me-up, mother-in-law, good-hearted, accident-prone, computer-aided, good- looking, sugar-free, power-driven, quick-thinking. REMEMBER TO SPECIFY WORD CLASS! To join prefixes to other words pre-2018, post-Apartheid, multi-talented, mass-produced To show word breaks when you hyphenate a word at the end of the line.
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