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The Life and Presidency of James Knox Polk

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The Life and Presidency of James Knox Polk A Closer Look at Meaningful Work As Will Fitzhugh makes clear in his article (which begins on page 32), educators tend to agree that writing history research papers is an important learning experience for students. It compels them to think deeply about a topic, conduct detailed research, formulate an argument, and organize their thoughts into a coherent and persuasive piece of writing. Of course, none of this would be possible without the dedicated teachers who guide students through the months of work needed to research and write a serious paper. One such teacher is Richard Luther of Tenafly High School in Tenafly, New Jersey. A 40-year veteran teacher who is retiring this year, Luther (at right) always assigns his Advanced Placement (AP) U.S. History students an extensive research paper and integrates their research into their coursework and preparation for the AP exam. For teachers interested in learning how they, DI GREGORIO OF DAVID COURTESY too, can challenge students with such an select a president for their research paper. 2. Description of character and personal- assignment and better prepare them for Between the March and June meetings, the ity. Explain how these attributes help or college-level work, American Educator asked students have to come up with a list of the hurt his presidency. Luther to explain how he guides students top five presidents they would like to 3. Nongovernment career (before and through the research and writing process. And, research. Several students do some quick after the presidency). How does this to show both the fruits of Luther’s process and reads concerning presidents before this the high-quality writing in the Concord Review, prepresidency career prepare him for meeting. By June, the master schedule for we have reprinted roughly half of “Young the presidency? each section of AP U.S. History is complete, Hickory: The Life and Presidency of James Knox 4. Government career (before and after and I obtain student rosters from the Polk,” which Rachel Waltman wrote for Luther the presidency). How does this guidance department so I know which during the 2009–2010 school year and which prepresidency career prepare him for students are in which section. At the June appeared in the Spring 2011 issue of the the presidency? meeting, I select students at random from Concord Review. 5. Detail and describe literary and other each list, and they announce their choices. –EDITORS achievements. Students in each section of AP U.S. History 6. Philosophy of life (provide examples). Editors: You’ve spent the past 40 years must pick a different president; we don’t Relate to his presidency. guiding students through the difficult duplicate. While a few students may be 7. Philosophy of government (provide tasks of researching and writing a upset at first because they don’t get to examples). Relate to the presidency. research their top choice, by the end they historical essay. No doubt you’ve 8. Analyze how the president handled would not have wanted to research honed your methods over time, and major problems/crises during his term another president. other teachers will benefit from of office (describe problems/crises, rank learning about your process. Let’s start Editors: Many students find writing an order them from most severe to least with your basic requirements. extensive research paper overwhelm- severe, and then analyze solutions). Richard Luther: In AP U.S. History, each ing at first. How do you help them 9. How would you have solved these student writes one major research paper on structure their research? problems if you were president? an American president. The paper, which 10. Analyze the impact on the country Richard Luther: I give them the following must be between 25 and 27 pages, (both long- and short-term) of the 15 questions/topics to address about their excluding bibliography, is a yearlong president’s successes. president. This not only breaks the research project. I actually discuss the paper with 11. Analyze the impact on the country project into manageable chunks, it also students during their sophomore year (both long- and short-term) of the ensures that students will not overlook an before they begin the course junior year. At president’s failures. important facet of the presidency and helps a March meeting after school, I meet with 12. Analyze his relationships with the them spread the work over the year. And, all students interested in taking AP U.S. American people and Congress. this gives students a strategy for writing History. I explain the goals, expectations, 13. Was he a mirror to the age in which he research papers that they can use through- and requirements for the course, including lived? Explain! out college. the research paper. I then tell the students 14. Imprint on U.S. and world history. that there is a June meeting where they 1. Summary of family background and 15. Evaluate why and how your president will all receive their textbooks and course childhood. How does this influence him did or did not change the power of the assignments. At this meeting, they will also later as president? presidency. Explain! According to Daniel T. Willingham, well-crafted questions can increase learning. See www.aft.org/pdfs/american educator/spring2009/Willingham(2).pdf. WINTER 2011–2012 35 Editors: Addressing these 15 questions Editors: How do the recitations prepare students ask me to read and comment on would require a lot of research. How students for the research papers? their drafts, but I grade only the final do you keep students focused through- paper. Some students work on their papers Richard Luther: The recitations allow out the year? Do you integrate their in the classroom; some go to the library. I’ll students to bite off a little bit of the research into the rest of the course? walk around to make sure everyone is on research project as they go along. I tell task and to answer questions. Administra- them to consider each question like a Richard Luther: The answers to these tors at Tenafly High School have been very chapter in a book about your president. So questions ultimately form the basis for the good at carving out time for this project. research papers. But throughout the the first question about family background months leading up to the AP exam, and childhood would be chapter 1. I always Editors: What do students get out of students give what I call “recitations” or admonish them, “Make sure you write your this assignment? oral presentations in which they share sources down. After the recitation is over, you can write it as an essay and bring it to Richard Luther: The recitations motivate answers to these 15 questions with the rest me if you want. I can look at it for you and students to dig further into their research, of the class. In this way, the research project make suggestions.” Some students just which in turn makes them well prepared to serves as a preview to, or review of, write notes. Others will transform the write. The best papers provide analysis. material in the too few months we have recitation into a short essay that can stand That’s what I look for. I want the students prior to taking the AP exam. So, if it’s on its own. By the time they’re done, one to think and evaluate what it is that this September or October and one of the may say the research paper is a collection of president has done. They don’t have to be students is talking about Bill Clinton or 15 essays, each answering one of those this president’s chief cheerleader, so to Ronald Reagan, that’s really a preview of questions. speak. It’s all right to say this president material that we’re going to be studying After the AP exam, students have three made a mistake on this particular issue. I later in the course. In January and February, to four weeks to work on their papers want the students to be able to think about recitations by the students who have before the final paper is due, usually at the and evaluate their sources. I believe that it’s chosen people like Washington, Jefferson, end of May or beginning of June. During very important that they learn to question Lincoln, or McKinley are reviews of this time, students spend class time using their sources: Is this author biased or not? material. So this research paper helps to computers at school to polish their papers. So that way, whenever they’re doing reinforce their knowledge of American Good writing doesn’t happen with the first research in the future, they can be critical history in preparation for the AP exam. draft. It happens after several drafts. Some thinkers. That’s what I’m really after. ☐ Young Hickory: The Life and Presidency of James Knox Polk The following unedited sample from the Polk?” they jeered.4 The Whigs considered attacks on Polk negatively affected history’s Concord Review is not quite half of the essay Polk no match for their candidate, Henry view of him. However, attitudes about him Rachel Waltman wrote for Richard Luther’s AP Clay, a popular and influential politician began to change in the 20th century, as U.S. History class. We regret that we did not from Kentucky. Even Clay, in a moment of presidential historians took a fresh look at have room to reprint the whole essay; to read it “arrogant candor,” expressed regret that Polk’s accomplishments, and consistently in full, go to www.aft.org/pdfs/american the Democrats had not selected a candidate included him in their rankings of America’s educator/winter1112/Waltman.pdf.
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