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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Drug Resistance Mechanisms, and Therapy of Infections with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Drug Resistance Mechanisms, and Therapy of Infections with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Drug Resistance Mechanisms, and Therapy of Infections with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Barbara A. Brown-Elliott,a Kevin A. Nash,b and Richard J. Wallace, Jr.a Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, USA,a and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Saban Research Institute of Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, and Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USAb Downloaded from INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................546 PRINCIPLES OF ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING ...............................................................................................546 Definitions................................................................................................................................................547 Evaluation and Interpretation ............................................................................................................................547 Laboratory qualifications ..............................................................................................................................547 Clinical significance of isolates.........................................................................................................................547 Limitations .............................................................................................................................................547 http://cmr.asm.org/ Methods for Susceptibility Testing of Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria ...................................................................................548 Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns ..................................................................................................................548 Broth microdilution method...........................................................................................................................549 Agar disk elution.......................................................................................................................................549 Agar disk diffusion .....................................................................................................................................549 Etest ...................................................................................................................................................550 Methods for Susceptibility Testing of Slowly Growing Mycobacteria ....................................................................................550 Mycobacterium avium complex ........................................................................................................................550 Mycobacterium kansasii ................................................................................................................................550 Mycobacterium marinum...............................................................................................................................551 on September 25, 2014 by WALAEUS LIBRARY/BIN 299 Miscellaneous slowly growing nontuberculous mycobacteria ........................................................................................551 Fastidious slowly growing nontuberculous mycobacteria.............................................................................................551 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND MECHANISMS OF DRUG RESISTANCE...................................................................................551 Inhibition of Mycobacterial Cell Wall Synthesis ..........................................................................................................551 Carbapenems and cephalosporins ....................................................................................................................551 Ethambutol............................................................................................................................................553 Isoniazid ...............................................................................................................................................553 Glycopeptides .........................................................................................................................................553 Inhibition of Protein Synthesis............................................................................................................................553 Aminoglycosides ......................................................................................................................................554 Tetracyclines and glycylcyclines .......................................................................................................................554 Macrolides and ketolides ..............................................................................................................................555 Oxazolidinones ........................................................................................................................................556 Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis .....................................................................................................................556 Fluoroquinolones......................................................................................................................................556 Rifamycins .............................................................................................................................................556 Trimethoprim and sulfonamides ......................................................................................................................557 TREATMENT OF NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS ....................................................................................557 Pulmonary ...............................................................................................................................................557 Mycobacterium avium complex ........................................................................................................................557 (i) Presentation of disease ...........................................................................................................................558 (ii) Cystic fibrosis ....................................................................................................................................559 (iii) MAC hypersensitivity pneumonitis ..............................................................................................................560 Mycobacterium abscessus ..............................................................................................................................560 Mycobacterium chelonae...............................................................................................................................560 Mycobacterium fortuitum ..............................................................................................................................561 Mycobacterium immunogenum and hypersensitivity pneumonitis ....................................................................................561 Mycobacterium mucogenicum .........................................................................................................................561 Mycobacterium malmoense ............................................................................................................................561 Mycobacterium simiae..................................................................................................................................561 Mycobacterium szulgai..................................................................................................................................561 (continued) Address correspondence to Barbara A. Brown-Elliott, [email protected]. Copyright © 2012, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. doi:10.1128/CMR.05030-11 July 2012 Volume 25 Number 3 Clinical Microbiology Reviews p. 545–582 cmr.asm.org 545 Brown-Elliott et al. Mycobacterium terrae complex ........................................................................................................................561 Mycobacterium xenopi .................................................................................................................................562 Mycobacterium kansasii ................................................................................................................................562 Miscellaneous species .................................................................................................................................562 Surgery ...................................................................................................................................................562 Disseminated Disease ....................................................................................................................................563 Mycobacterium avium complex ........................................................................................................................563 Mycobacterium chelonae...............................................................................................................................563 Mycobacterium fortuitum ..............................................................................................................................563
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