Chapter I INTRODUCTION
Tourism is the largest service industry in India, with a contribution of 6.23 per cent to the national GDP and 8.78 per cent of the total employment in India. India witnesses more than 5 million annual foreign tourist arrivals and 562 million domestic tourist visits.1 The tourism industry in India generates about $ 100 billion in 2008 and that is expected to increase to $ 275.5 billion by 2018 at a 9.4 per cent annual growth rate.2 In the year 2009, 5.11 million foreign tourists visited India. Majority of the foreign tourists come from USA and UK. Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh were the top four States to receive inbound tourists. Domestic tourism in the same year was massive at 650 million. Andhra Pradesh (24.2%), Uttar Pradesh (20.7%) and Tamil Nadu (17.8%) received the big share of these visitors.3 Ministry of Tourism is the nodal agency for the development and promotion of tourism in India and maintains the “Incredible India” campaign. In the process, the Ministry consults and collaborates with other stakeholders in the sector including various Central Ministries/Agencies, the State Governments/ Union Territories and the representatives of the private sector. Concerted efforts are being made to promote new forms of tourism such as rural,
1 Tourism Statistics at a Glance, 2009. Ministry of Tourism, Government of India. 2 “Tourism Statistics ENGLISH” (PDF). http://incredibleindia.org/ Tourism_Statistic2008.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-19. 3 “Tourism and Hospitality.” IBEF.http://www.ibef.org/industry/ tourism- hospitality.aspx. 2 cruise, medical and eco-tourism.4 With 34,000 temples of centuries old, Tamil Nadu holds the credit of being the Top State in attracting the maximum number of foreign tourists in India.5 The history of architecture and sculpture in Tamil Nadu begins with the Pallava Temple of the Dravidian Style. UNESCO has declared monuments like living Chola temples at Thanjavur, Darasuram and Gangaikondacholapuram, monuments at Mahabalipuram and Nilgiris Heritage Train, as World Heritage sites. A recent study made by Anu Chandran assumes importance in the context of tourism promotional activities concerned world heritage sites in Tamil Nadu.6 The temples of Tamil Nadu reverberate with spirituality and music. Madurai, Rameswaram, Kumbakonam, Chidambaram, Thanjavur and Tiruchirappalli have innumerable temples with different deities.
Tourism in today’s world is no longer a luxury or mere sightseeing. Even the most common man can attain the status of a tourist. Tourism today has become more of a knowledge based industry. Many people are involved in tourism directly or indirectly. The commercial operations in travel and tourism influence a wide spectrum of areas of development. Now-a-days a lot of factors draw people towards tourism. The important motivations for travel and tourism may be cultural, social, interpersonal,
4 Annual Report 2009-2010, Ministry of Tourism, Government of India. New Delhi. 5 Times of India. “Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh build temple ties to boost tourism.” Dt:10.08.2010. 6 Anu Chandran, 2011. “The dynamics of Tourism management in world heritage sites of Tamil Nadu.” South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage. 4(1): 122-133. 3 physical, and religious or what ensues from considerations of status or prestige. Tourism has much scope for development and the development of tourism can develop certain localities, states and even countries.
Tourism is one of the major industries in the world and as a result there is a growing awareness of the need to manage it effectively. The largest industry in Thanjavur is tourism which makes it all the more surprising that only a handful of research has been carried out into the operation and management of that industry. Therefore, the aim of the research is to develop a framework to understand and evaluate the implications of stakeholder relationships within a tourism destination in achieving effective power.
Tourism means the business of providing information, transportation, accommodation and other services to travellers. The travel and tourism industry is made up of companies that provide services to all types of travellers whether traveling for business or pleasure.
Tourism moves people from one region of the world to another. It may be said to be a ‘dream machine’, it helps to realise a dream or fantasy in the tourists for the otherwise toilsome life.
The origin of the word “Tourist” can be traced from the Latin word “Tornus” meaning a tool for describing a cycle. This word dates back to the year A.D. 1292 which speaks of the fascination of man and his urge to discover the unknown, to explore new and strange places and to seek the 4 changes of environment and a strong will to undergo new experiences. The Seventeenth century concept of the term ‘Tourism’ was concerned about traveling from one place to another, which would involve a journey touching the principal parts of the country or a region. These principal parts could be the places connected with socio-religious life for the sake of curiosity or to see the new places.
Travel in ancient India was a simple affair. The cumbersome procedures involved in travel today were not to be found in the olden days. No travel formalities existed, for example, in the reign of Chandragupta II, and the famous Chinese pilgrim Fa Hien travelled between A.D. 401 and 410 without a passport. However, as early as the third century B.C. a passport or mudra was essential, according to Kautilya’s Arthashastra, for all travellers, and those not possessing the same were fined 12 panas. Each passport had the stamp of a high government official or Mudradhaksha and mudras were checked at various points on the way by local officers. The ‘guide’, as we know today, also existed during the reign of Chandragupta II. During those days one great threat to tourists came from bandits who used to waylay caravans and loot the travellers. In order to avoid such mishaps, caravans usually hired the services of a brave and experienced guide who was thoroughly familiar with dangerous tracts and the ways to avoid them. Senior officials known as antapala were duty bound to protect travellers from bandits and other undesirable elements. The expenditure thus 5 incurred by the state on the safety of travellers was realized by way of toll tax to ward off dangers lurking en route.7
In the words of M.P. Bezbaruah, tourism has emerged as a major phenomenon of the 90s and is projected to be the biggest industry of the future, in many countries like India the significance of tourism’s contributions to socio-economic development are not yet fully realized. The Ministry of Tourism, therefore, has in recent times given attention to create an awareness about the importance of tourism so that the people could participate in this activity and also benefit from the growth of tourism. Tourism being a multi dimensional activity, the impact of tourism development percolates down to many layers and activities which are not always clearly visible. Recently, the World Tourism Organization (WTO) has, for this specific reason, focused on the Tourism Satellite system which make it possible to document and account for impact of tourism in all its aspects.8
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Tourism is a highly developed economic activity. It is very useful for all countries particularly the under developed ones. It is also for this reason that the central and the state governments in India are taking keen interest in promotion of tourism. Development of tourism in a country helps to increase the national income, generate employment opportunities
7 M.A. Khan, Introduction to Tourism, p.317. 8 M.P. Bezbaruah, ed. 2000. Secretary, Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, New Delhi: Message to Gulab Nabi. Socio-Economic Impact of Tourism, Jaipur, India: Pointer Publishers, p.vii. 6 both directly and indirectly and increase the social and cultural values. Tourism is India has the second largest foreign exchange earner, but its potential has not been exploited to the full. An integrated package of infrastructural facilities like water, power, road, rail and air transportation accommodation and other conveniences will promote tourism to a considerable extent. Tourist traffic in India and especially in Tamil Nadu largely depends on the extent to which these minimum facilities are made available to the tourists. In a developing country like India, general national planning and coherent national programme of tourism industry are especially needed.
Tourism is not a single business but it involves many industries and a whole range of complex activities. In order to have a comprehensive practical programme and to derive the desired fruits of its implementation evaluation of various factors and elements in the tourism industry in India has to be made.
Now-a-days tourism industry faces several problems like lack of transport facilities, poor accommodation facilities, lack of safety and security, cultural, environmental issues, poor quality food, lack of shopping facilities, lack of communication network etc. Among the several constraints and limitation to the growth of tourism, lack of transport and accommodation facilities hold a lot of importance. Barring a few exceptions, all the tourist resorts are not properly connected with these facilities as a result the various nice tourist spots are not visited by the tourists. 7
In this context, the present study focuses its attention on the development of tourism in Tamil Nadu with a special reference to Thanjavur district.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The faster growth rate of expansion of international tourism is a result of increasing leisure, higher standard of living, technological advance in transport and communication and emergence of the new pattern in the country. It is known that in Indian culture, men folk wear a variety of dresses which differ from region to region. The western style of dresses is quite popular among men and women in cities and towns of India may be called a “Garment paradise”.
Tourism generates the internal market for regional products and provides direct and indirect employment avenues and it acquires more foreign exchange.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY Today almost all countries of the world try to develop tourism because tourism can, in turn, develop any country. It is a challenge to the modern world economy. Tourism, which is a service industry, is highly labour intensive and in a developing country like India, it contributes to the economic development of the area, creates huge employment opportunities, provides equitable distribution of wealth, helps to acquire the much-needed foreign exchange, brings out a speedy development and improvement of infrastructure facilities, helps in eradicating the regional 8 imbalances, improves the standard of living of the people, boosts up the local and cottage industries, promotes international understanding by bringing diverse people face to face, and above all, helps in achieving a social, cultural, political and educational understanding among the people.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The following are the specific objectives of the present study. 1. To assess the tourism scenario in Tamil Nadu with special reference to Thanjavur District. 2. To examine the government support schemes for the growth of tourism in Thanjavur district. 3. To analyse the effectiveness of tourism as perceived by tourists based on opinion survey. 4. To study the category and contributions of service providers for the development of tourism. 5. To offer valuable suggestions on the basis of the study in order to improve the tourism in the study area.
HYPOTHESES The following hypotheses have been formulated and tested in this study: 1. There is no significant difference between mean ranks towards availability of accommodations in Thanjavur tourist destinations. 2. There is no significant difference between mean ranks towards problems involved in the tourism services offered in Thanjavur region. 9
3. There is no significant difference between income group and age group of the tourists with respect to overall tourism problems. 4. There is no significant difference between overall assessment of performance of service providers and the age.
AREA OF THE STUDY The area selected for the present study is Thanjavur district in Tamil Nadu. The district was selected purposively because it is the native district of researcher. It consists of seven revenue taluks and fourteen development blocks. The study area is commonly known as the “Rice bowl of the south.” The total geographical area of the district is 3.396 lakh hectares. The study area has a total population of 22,16,138 of which 10,96,638 are males and 11,19,500 females, according to the 2001 census. Among them 66.63 per cent are literates and 33.37 per cent are illiterates. The density of population of the study area is 652 per sq.km which is higher than the states average, due to the occupational structure of the district. The study area consists of number of historical places, monuments and pilgrims centre etc. in Thanjavur, Kumbakonam, Thiruvaiyaru and Pattukkottai towns.
PERIOD OF THE STUDY The period of the study covers 10 years. It consists of both time series data and cross section data. The time series data consists of 10 years from 2000-01 to 2009-2010. The cross section data relates to the year 2009-2010, collected from the respondents. 10
METHODOLOGY The study is exploratory in nature and hence designed as an empirical one based on the survey method. Several issues relating to the main aspects of the study had been discussed in detail with experts, researchers and other eminent personalities in the field of tourism to get an insight into subject prior to the collection of data.
This study is based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data have been collected from the tourists with the use of a questionnaire and also use interview schedule to elicit information from service providers such as managers of hotels, lodges and other officials connected with tourism sector. The respondents were randomly selected for the pilot study. Based on this pilot study, the questions found irrelevant in the draft interview schedule were deleted and questions found vital were added. After conducting thorough analysis on the data collected from the pilot study, the form of some questions were modified to avoid probable ambiguities about certain questions and to obtain more reliable, unbiased and accurate answers.
The secondary data have been collected from various administrative agencies such as District Tourism Centre, State Tourism Department, Tourism Ministries of Centre and State, concerned religious offices, Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowment (HR and CE) Department, State Transport Corporation, Private Transport Owners, Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation, Travel Agencies, State Owned Hotels, Private Hotels, Youth Hostels, River Conservancy 11
Divisions and Travellers Bungalows and also from of related Text Books, Journals, Magazines and News papers, for the study period.
SAMPLING Stratified random sampling method was used for the sample selection of tourists. For the purpose of stratification, tourists were grouped into three: Foreign tourists, National tourists and local tourists. As per the records of TTDC, the arrivals of national and local tourists are more than the foreign tourists in the study area. Hence the study has given more weightage to national and local tourists than the foreign tourists. By adopting simple random method, 198 local tourists, 173 national tourists and 124 foreign tourists were selected. The total sample size consists of 495.
For the selection of service provider, convenient sampling method was used. Among 450 service providers in the study area, 175 has been selected for the study.
STATISTICAL TOOLS The statistical tools such as percentage analysis, factor analysis, Chi-square test, Regression analysis, multiple correlation analysis and discriminate analysis were used to analyse the primary data with the SPSS version 12.0.
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DEFINITIONS OF CONCEPTS Tourist: A temporary visitor at least twenty-four hours in the country visited and the purpose of whose journey can be classified under one of the following heading: (1) leisure (recreation, holiday, health study, religion, and sport); (ii) business, family, mission, meeting. Home tourist: A local person who makes a tour travelling from place to place for pleasure, business, family mission, meeting etc., within the country. Domestic tourism: When tourists travel with in the boundaries of their own, it is called domestic or internal tourism. For this travel documents are not required. Foreign tourist: Any person visiting a country, other than that in which he usually resides, for a period of atleast 24 hours. Guide: A person who is licensed to take paying guests to local sightseeing excursions.
Service Provider Hotelier: A person, firm or corporation which provides hotel accommodation and/or meals, refreshments etc., to tourists. Adventure and sports tourism: The trip undertaken by people for playing golf, tennis, slicing, trekking, mountaineering and Jallikattu, fall with in this category adventure tourism which is becoming a popular form of tourism Tamil Nadu.9 Business tourism: Business tourism involves the traveling of professionals, executives and industrialists for pursuing business activities, business meetings, attending trade fairs and exhibitions, meeting the new buyers and exploring new markets.
9 Satyender Singh Malik, Adventure Tourism, p.17. 13
Cruise tourism: Rail and Road transport are very common among the people. Some tourists go in for Air/cruise mode of transport even if it is costlier. At any cost the tourists desire to enjoy the holiday even before they reach the actual tourist spot. Cultural tourism: A form of tourism in which the culture and traditions of the region are the main attractions. Conducted tour or Escorted tour: A prepaid, pre-arranged vacation in which a group of people travel together under the guidance of tour leader who stays with them from the start to the end of the trip. Also referred to as on “escorted tour.” Eco tourism: Tourism is related to ecology and environment. Tourism depends on these and yet over exploited. Tourists are fed up with the ordinary type attractions and want more meaningful exposure of places, the flora and fauna in natural settings. Eco tourism wealth of Tamil Nadu lies in Pichavaram, Kodiyakkarai and Muthupet. Educational tourism: In pursuit of knowledge people travel far and wide. In ancient times scholars and pundits kept on traveling. Travel makes a person wiser; it is said that travel itself is educative. Hence educational tourism is a prime type with the teaming student population in a country and growing awareness of the value of education, educational tourism is assuming importance. Heritage tourism: Heritage tourism has developed as an international phenomenon, based on the historical and cultural resources of tourism destinations. It seems to fall into two categories-tourism to places of genuinely high esteem for their historical and environmental importance and tourism to nostalgia where heritage tourism in more important as 14 a marketing approach and a promotional theme then genuinely significant.10 Leisure tourism: Some tourists visit Tamil Nadu only for fun or enjoying their leisure. They usually visit hill stations, beaches, water falls, zoological parks etc. Medical tourism: The government and Non-government organization have created sufficient awareness any the people on health care. As Tamil Nadu offers one of the best medical facilities in the country, patients visit Tamil Nadu in large number. They combine tourism and treatment. After treatment, they convalesce in our tourist spots comfortably. Pilgrimage tourism: Tourist especially senior citizen are interested only in visiting temples and offering worship to their favorable deity. They more to tourist centres only if time permits provided the trip is easy on the purpose. It requires planning and meticulous follow up. Rural tourism: The rapid industrialization has forced the people to move out of villages. As a result, people especially children do not know what constitutes a village. The parents are keen to show their children the idyllic surroundings of out native villages. Responsibility tourism: The growth of tourism shall ensure overall development of the destination, which promoting tourism, the carrying capacity of the destinations, civic amenities, waste management, socio- cultural values, ecology environs and energy management will be kept in mind to ensure positive and substantial growth. Summer tourism: Summer tourism takes place during the summer months. Sun shine and sea bathing are the attractions.
10 Tourism Policy Note 2003-2004, p.49. 15
Sports tourism: People now from the rich and the poor, the young and old spare leisure time for sports activities. One segment of them undertakes tours to nearby cities and abroad for sports activities. Inevitably tourism participates in their tour. Winter tourism: This type of tourism takes place in the months of December to March in most of the European countries. The main incentives for winter tourism are search for snow and search for sunshine. Tourism policy: Guide lines and decisions designed to assist the tourism industry in meeting objectives and goals. Tourism policies usually result from the actions of the governments various agencies and organizations.
OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE Under the subhead a brief survey of earlier studies are given in accordance with the objectives. 1. Scenario of Tourism in Tamil Nadu and Thanjavur district Muthukumar11 concluded that the tourism industry provides various jobs to people of Tamil Nadu. Tourism industry is to be fully, recognized and given importance. The government should take necessary steps to improve the infrastructural facilities provided at various tourist centres. There is no doubt that the tourism industry will have more impact on the socio-economic development of Tamil Nadu.
11 C. Manikanda Muthukumar. “The impact of tourism on the socio-economic development of Tamil Nadu.” Indian Journal of Marketing, 39 (November 2009): 34. 16
Bhatia12 in his work, “Tourism Development” stated that the sensitive to world economic and potential conditions. It can occur on a large scale where a great majority of people enjoy some prosperity and security.
2. Supportive Schemes for growth of tourism and related problems Yong et al.13 state that the ethnic tourism is often used by governments to facilitate development and to preserve heritage. This paper examines the relationship between government and tourism in Xishuan Ghanna and China, different levels of government play key but different roles in development through regulation of production, consumption and investment. Their policies and decisions tend to create tensions when they promote tourism as regional development strategy as a result of contradictions in regulations, ethnic rights and relationships with entrepreneurs. It is concluded that more nuanced government policies could mitigate may of the issues. Further, tourism planning should provide greater control of tourism by local ethnic people, culture preservation, and public participation in decision making processes.
Vijayakumar14 in his article entitled new strategy for Indian tourism industry emphasized that there is a need to evolve an integrated strategy for promotion of tourism in a big way. This need assumes
12 A.K. Bhatia. Tourism Development, p.26. 13 Yong et al., “Ethnic tourism development Chinese Government Perspectives.” Annals of Tourism Research, 35(3) (2008): 751-771. 14 A. Vijayakumar. “New Strategy for Indian Tourism Industry.” Southern Economists, 37(11) (1999): 18-19. 17 considerable importance with proper emphasis on a comprehensive long term approach in harmony with the country is overall development objectives this can be achieved.
3. Effectiveness of tourism – Perception of the tourists Mason and Cheyne15 have studied the resident attitudes to tourism development. Research, employing a questionnaire survey and focusing on a proposed development, was conducted in a rural new zeal and region. There was general support for this plan about the community was not homogeneous in its views, perceived positive impacts were the provision of community facility, job creation and the promotion of the area for tourism. Perceived negative impacts included more drunken driving, traffic problems and increased noise. There was evidence of gender differences as well as high degree of community attachment to the area.
Sinha16 explored some tourism problems such as lack of sufficient attractions and events; high seasonality and length of stay; poor or deteriorating quality of facilities and services; poor or inadequate travel information services. Thus absence of tourism planning can lead to irreversible economic, social cultural and environmental damage, social cultural and environmental damage, lack of co-ordination between the different sectors of the industry case in many case lead to uncontrolled growth resulting in the degradation and distraction on the very element on which tourism in found.
15 P. Mason and J. Cheyne. “Residents attitudes to proposed tourism development.” Annals of Tourism Research, 27(2) (2000): 391-411. 16 P.C. Sinha. Tourism Planning, p.16. 18
4. Contribution of service providers for the development of tourism Bezbaruah17 in his work examined that the multiplier effect of tourism is very high. The ripple effects are widespread and the large number of service providers, like lodging, food and beverages, handicraft local transportation, guide shopping, entertainment and photography. In the total range of services, many of the service providers are not visible at all.
Sharma and Sunil Giri18 in their article have said that tourism industry has been accepted as the second largest industry after oil. Tourism is the greatest producer of world gross domestic product and employment and plays a significant role in promotion of mutual understanding between the people of the world and in maintenance of peace through people to people exchange and thus contributes to the prosperity of many countries and regions.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The researcher has met with a number of problems in carrying out the study. Among them, the following are the specific limitations of the study. 1) Since the study area is a vast one and the scarcity of time and resources, the researcher could not collect large number of samples for the study, and could not cover the entire area of the district.
17 M.P. Bezbaruah. Indian Tourism Beyond the Millennium, p.125. 18 Sharma, Vikas, and Sunil Giri. “Tourism and Transportation Opportunities, Problems and Challenges.” Indian Journal of Marketing, 40 (November 2009): 25. 19
Inspite of this problem the researcher has taken necessary care and steps to achieve cent per cent accuracy of the data. 2) The study has also met with memory recall bias. The primary data collected from the service providers and the tourists also suffered from the memory recall bias. 3) Since the present work analyses the tourist development in Thanjavur district, the findings of the study are applicable only to this study area, and it cannot be generalized to other districts or areas or other periods of time. 4) During the survey it is found that the service providers and the respondent tourists have faced certain problems but it is applicable only to Thanjavur district and cannot applicable to the other areas.
CHAPTERISATION The first chapter deals with the research design ie. a general introduction, definition of the concept and research design of the study. It also presents the significance of the study, statement of the problem, area and time of study, methodology and limitations of the study.
The second chapter contains the review of literature. They not only present new discoveries but also track the development of the field. While many studies have focused on the performance of individuals and institutions with regards to journal publications, this review of literature explored the development of tourism knowledge. Scholars and local planners are becoming increasingly interested in the contribution of 20 tourism to economic and social development. This chapter provides a theoretical background in support of the research.
The third chapter presents a scenario of tourism development in Tamil Nadu in general and Thanjavur district in particular. The fourth chapter explains the Govt. support schemes for promoting tourism industry in the study area. The fifth chapter presents the data analysis and interpretation on the perceptions of the tourists regarding the effectiveness (opinion survey) of the tourism in the study area. The sixth chapter also presents the data analysis and interpretation regarding the perceptions on the service providers and their role in Thanjavur district. Finally, the last chapter gives the findings and leading conclusions of the study and it also provides suggestions on the basis of the study. Chapter II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The review of literature is an important part of the research approach and is carried out in all areas of research study, whether in the physical, natural, or social sciences. In fields such as tourism, the review of literature not only gives the scholar an understanding of previous work that has been done, but the result of the review actually provided.
The review of the literature involves locating, reading, and evaluating reports of research as well as reports of casual observation and opinion that are related to the researcher’s planned study. Such a review is much more extensive and thorough because it is aimed at obtaining a detailed knowledge of the topic being studied, while the reading program is aimed at obtaining enough general knowledge and insight to recognize problems.
Although the general purpose of the review is to help the researcher to develop a thorough understanding and thought into previous work and the trends that have emerged. The review can also help in reading a number of important specific goals. For the purpose of the review, the relevant reviews obtained from the most important reference books, journals, abstract of completed research studies, government reports, other earlier study reports, periodicals, etc. are presented in this chapter. They have been described in the descending chronological order in accordance with the objectives of the study. 22
Chen19 has examined that the response of hotel performance to international tourism development and crisis events in Taiwan Hotel performance measures are revenue (revenue per available room and occupancy rate) profitability (return on assets and return on equity) and stock performance. There are four major contributions Pertaining to international tourism development (ITD) proxied by the growth of total inbound tourist arrivals has a more direct influence on hotel sales and profitability than it does on hotel stock performance, the absence of a strong tie between ITD and hotel stock returns that was found in previous studies is due to the time-varying discount rate caused by investors changing expectations for the prospect of future cash flows from holding hotel stocks, new evidence that while the poor performance of hotel stocks caused by the 9/21 earthquake and the 9/11 terrorist attacks was attributed to the loss of hotel sales revenue the adverse effect of the SARS outbreak on hotel stock returns is attributed not only to decreased hotel sales revenue but also to the increased discount rate and investigated whether the response of hotel stock returns to ITD depends on the state of economy and concludes that the response of hotel stock performance to ITD in business cycle contraction is statistically different from that in business cycle expansion. Further the influence of ITD on hotel stock performance is still irrelevant during expansion periods and ITD can significantly enhance hotel stock returns during contraction periods.
19 M.H. Chen. “The response of hotel performance to international tourism development and crisis events.” International Journal of Hospitality Management. 30 (1) (2011): 200-212. 23
Aref20 has investigated the relationship between sense of community and level of participation in tourism activities in Shiraz, Iran. Pearson correlation has been used to determine the relationship between these variables. The findings through survey questionnaire shows that there are significant relation between sense of community and level of participation for local tourism development. According to the results, sense of community can have a catalytic effect on development of tourism industry through enhancement of local participation.
Albalate and Bel21 have quoted that the scholars and local planners are becoming increasingly interested in the contribution of tourism to economic and social development. In the European cities that currently lead the world rankings for tourist arrivals, local governments have actively promoted tourism. Mobility is an essential issue for tourists visiting large cities. Since it is crucial factor for their comfort. It also facilitates the spread of benefits across the city. The international database of European cities to examine whether city planners respond to the additional demand for urban public transport by extending service supply. The results confirm that tourism intensity is a demand-enhancing factor in urban public transport. However, cities do not seem to address this pressure by increasing services. Tourism appears to exert a positive externality on public transport. Since it provides additional funding for the
20 F. Aref. “Sense of community and participation for tourism development.” Life Science Journal. 8(1) (2011): 20-25
Morrison et al.22 has critically evaluated on key knowledge contributions that to contemporary understanding of the phenomenon of small tourism business. The purpose is to scrutinize change and evolution in perspectives and how these impact on what knowledge is disclosed and what is not. Conventionally accepted wisdom is challenged, indoctrinated presuppositions are questioned and research methodological advancements are offered. This is achieved through a comprehensive review and critical-reflective analysis of key academic contributions spanning a period of approximately 35 years. The value is to stimulate criticality relative to what constitutes ‘truth’ within the given context.
Shinde23 has demonstrated how indigenous religious entrepreneurs drive religious tourism in a non-western context. Building on the case study of Vrindavan, an emerging religious tourism destination in India, it explains religious tourism as a natural progression of traditional pilgrimage economy, where entrepreneurship springs from socio-cultural and ritual exchanges and knowledge of religious protocols and procedures between indigenous religious functionaries and visitors. Using religious hegemony, social status and networks, religious entrepreneurs innovate,
22 A. Morrison et al., “Small tourism business research change and Evolution.” International Journal of Tourism Research. 12 (2010): 739- 749. 23 Kiran A. Shinde. “Entrepreneurship and indigenous entrepreneurs in religious tourism in India.” International Journal of Tourism Research. 12 (2010): 523-535. 25 develop new products and expand the cultural economy of rituals and performances to suit the demands of the burgeoning tourism. The tendency to consider such entrepreneurship as ‘informal’ not only exempts them from most regulations and legal responsibilities but also undermines their contribution in maintaining the ‘religious’ – the most important resources in religious tourism.
Ferguson24 has pointed out two themes on which little empirical work has been carried out in IPE: tourism and social reproduction. It focuses on changing relations of social reproduction in two tourism communities in Central America – Placencia in Belize and Monteverde and Costa Rica. In contrast to the majority of literature on social reproduction but rather an exploration of how actors in tourism communities in Central America negotiate the tensions between capitalist development and social reproduction in a context of minimal state provision. Drawing on extensive field research in these communities, the author identifies a gap in social reproduction generated by women’s intensive and anti-social working conditions in the tourism industry combined with enduring attitudes that social reproduction remains the responsibility of women. Particularly the study explores the responses to this gap, setting out two clear trends – the ‘contracting out’ of social reproduction and the construction of policies which aim to minimize the impact of tourism development on social reproduction. The researcher
24 Lucy Ferguson. “Tourism development and the restructuring of social reproduction in Central America.” Review of International Political Economy. 17 (5) (2010): 860-872. 26 argues that both of these responses represent privatized solutions to the social reproduction dilemma and urge continued support for progressive policy responses.
Kwon and Vogt25 have conducted a study on attitudes and opinions of local residents regarding place marketing and identify the role of cognitive, affective and behavioral components in residents ‘positive or negative attitudes toward place marketing. The conceptual model is developed based on attitude, reasoned action and social exchange theories. Data are collected across several destination areas are different levels of tourism development to test Doxey’s Irridex models. The results show an adequate role of the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components on positive or negative attitude formation in place marketing. Personal benefit from tourism is relevant for moderating the relationship between the three components and attitudes toward place marketing. Results imply residents form the least developed tourism country are more optimistic about increasing the local tourism economic growth as they are in the beginning stage of tourism development compared with the moderately and most developed countries, where some residents openly express a strong dislike of tourists.
25 J. Kwon and Christine A. Vogt. “Identifying the role of cognitive, affective, and behavioural components in understanding residents’ attitudes toward place marketing.” Journal of Travel Research. 49 (4) (2010): 423- 435. 27
Law et al.26 has pointed out the establishment of the Internet in the 1990s has provided researchers with the opportunity to examine the use of Internet applications in the tourism and hospitality industries. The continuous increase in the number of Internet users is evidence of the popularity of this technology, and hospitality and tourism practitioners are increasingly devoting time and effort to their websites to develop and maintain customer relationships and enlarge their market share.
Lee et al.27 have analyzed the political involvement and relationships that influenced the shows how of a tourist heritage site in Korea. It explores the dynamics of collaboration and shows how initial advantages can become conflict and inertia over time. It outlines the continuing discord among interested groups, investigates the relationships that surround the developmental process, and demonstrates how perceptual differences have became embedded. Also, the study illustrates that a structure dominated by power relations leads to conflict and inertia caused by alienation, and emphasizes the need for collaborative structures in cultural heritage tourism development.
26 R. Law et al., “Progress in tourism management: a review of website evaluation in tourism research.” Tourism Management. 31 (3) (2010): 297-313 Available online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI:10.1002/jtr.815 (Accessed on October 5, 2010). 27 Timothy Jeonglyeol Lee et al. “Conflict and progress tourism development in Korea.” Annals of Tourism Research. 37 (2) (2010): 355-376. 28
McAreavey and McDonagh28 have documented rural areas are recognized for their complex, multifunctional capacities with a range of different interest groups claiming their rights to, and use of, different rural spaces. The current rural development paradigm that is evident across the globe is epitomized by the European LEADER approach. Using evidence from the proposed National Park in Northern Ireland, we ask the question: what is the potential for sustainable rural tourism to contribute to rural development? In out analysis we consider the scope for adaptive tourism to overcome some of the ongoing challenges that have been identified in the LEADER approach. Four themes are revealed from this analysis: institutional (in) capacity, legitimacy of local groups, navigating between stakeholder interests and sustainable tourism in practice. These issues, discussed in turn, have clear implications for the new rural development programme.
Sivanantham29 has suggested that India set the ball rolling in its surge towards becoming a developed nation in the early 1990s. The new vision for a new India is reflected in the seven Sutras. Indian tourism has assumed huge proportions and diverse forms and acts as a catalyst in the national perspective. This work lays emphasis on the fact that tourism can be one of the prominent driving forces that could be instrumental in effecting a much needed image make over to the seven priority sectors.
28 R. McAreavey and J. McDonagh. “Sustainable rural tourism: lessons for rural development.” European Society for Rural Sociology. (2010): 1-20. 29 R. Sivanantham. “Tourism impact on the seven Sutras.” HRD Times. 12(8) (2010): 37-38. 29
Essential requirements for tourism Time as the hours for leisure so does the opportunity for travel changes. The overall travel pattern has moved from a two week vacation to three or four days in the mini vacation per year. Money for the majority of travel, requires discretionary income to be paid. Mobility is the access to transportation and hours required to get to their destination.
Tourism is frequently cited as a tool by which American Indians can strengthen the economics of their reservations. However, successful tourism development on such reservations requires effective tourism planning and effective tourism planning requires public participation in the planning process. The Nominal Group Technique (NGT) has proved to be a useful group process in the tourism field but its application to tourism planning on American Indian reservations has been unexplored. This study helps to fill this knowledge gap by reporting on an NGT workshop conducted on the Lake Traverse Reservation of the Sisseton- Wahpeton Oyate (people, nation) in North and South Dakota, USA. Rich information on tourism development possibilities for three lakefront properties was obtained. Possible success factors are discussed and suggestions for conducting similar future workshops on American Indian reservations are advanced (Spencer).30
30 Daniel M. Spencer. “Facilitating public participation in tourism planning on American Indian reservations: A case study involving the Nominal Group Technique.” Tourism Management. 31 (5) (2010): 684-690. 30
Vellecco and Mancino31 have focused on tourism sustainability and environmental policies. It presents the findings of an empirical research study on environmental awareness in three Italian areas. The aim of the research is to study local stakeholders’ environmental awareness so as to verify their willingness to support environmental needs. Institutional stakeholders and local tourism entrepreneur have been interviewed at each site. The areas have been analysed as case studies in order to evaluate the local communities’ commitment towards protecting the environment. In addition, the opinions of different stakeholders within each site and across sites have been compared. This work also underlines the importance of endogenous processes of a socio-cultural type, such as primary drivers in innovative eco-compatible behaviours, compared with the role played by market-driven external forces or traditional governmental regulation. The findings demonstrate that, the lacking shared responsibility, conflicts and tensions inside the local community paralyse innovative environmental behaviours when they ought really to be turned into opportunities for debate so that shared strategies and solutions may be identified.
Wang et al.32 with both qualitative and quantitative approaches, examined the success factors of cultural tourism development. Wang identified why some cities may find it challenging to sustain cultural tourism development. Wang suggested that the lack of advantageous
31 Immacolata Vellecco and Alessandra Mancino. “Sustainability and tourism development in three Italian destinations: stakeholders’ opinions and behaviours.” Service Industries Journal. 30 (13) (2010): 2201-2223. 32 S. Wang et al., “A case study: discussion of factors and challenges for urban cultural tourism development.” International Journal of Tourism Research. (2010). n.p.
Cerovic et al.33 have studied that the private accommodation is an important segment of tourism offer of Primorsko-goranska county (PGZ). The share of private accommodation in total accommodation capacities in PGZ is growing and sources from year 2008 record that it represented 49.70 per cent of total capacities. Therefore, this article analyses the main characteristics of the kind of accommodation, the main problems and trends in the improvement of private accommodation in PGZ.
Gao et al.34 have pointed out that China’s rural tourism has undergone over 20 years of development and exhibited some unique features in its development pattern, scale and business operational models in accordance with China’s political, social and economic systems. Government plays a decisive role in developing rural tourism in China. However, rural tourism has been valued mainly as an economic means for rural development during the country’s modernization process. Overlooking rurality as an essential issue in rural tourism may lead
33 Zdenko Cerovic et al. “Characteristics of private accommodation in Primorsko-goranska county.” Economic Research. 22 (3) (2009): 73-85. 34 S.L. Gao et al., “Rural tourism development in China.” International Journal of Tourism Research. 11 (2009): 439-450. 32 development to a wrong direction, which could jeopardize the sustainability of the industry.
Guttentag35 has stated that the volunteer tourism is an increasingly popular form of travel that attracts growing research attention. Nevertheless, existing research has focused primarily on the benefits of volunteer tourism, and many studies have simply involved profiling volunteers or investigating their motivations. However, there are numerous possible negative impacts of volunteer tourism that deserve increased attention from both researchers and project managers: a neglect of locals’ desires, a hindering of work progress and completion of unsatisfactory work, a disruption of local economies, a reinforcement of conceptualizations of the ‘other’ and rationalizations of poverty, and an instigation of cultural changes.
Lim and Cooper36 have identified that the current challenges facing the sustainable development of island tourism and to develop a new conceptual approach to sustainable development based upon optimization. The optimization process for island tourism discussed through the development of a new life cycle model – the multifunctional interactive process cycle that is calibrated using a set of 15 island tourism status indicators and seeks to explain how a complex and dynamic tourism
35 Daniel A. Guttentag. “The possible negative impacts of volunteer tourism.” International Journal of Tourism Research. 11 (2009): 537-551. 36 Charles C. Lim and Chris Cooper. “Beyond sustainability: Optimising Island tourism development.” International Journal of Tourism Research. 11 (2009): 89-103. 33 system can be developed that takes a destination towards an optimal sustainable state to satisfy both visitors and the local community.
Connel et al.37 have studied the light of the increasing pace and scale of tourism activity in New Zealand, the concept of sustainable tourism has become a key ingredient in the nation’s tourism strategy. This paper explores sustainable tourism planning in New Zealand at the level of local government, and in particular, focuses on the implementation of the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) as a mechanism for achieving sustainable tourism. Using the findings of a survey of Regional Councils and Territorial Local Authorities, the study explores public sector planning responses to tourism impacts and sustainability concerns in New Zealand. The paper extends the earlier work of Page and Thorn 1997. Towards sustainable tourism planning in New Zealand: public sector planning responses. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 5(1): 59-77; 2002. Towards sustainable tourism development and planning in New Zealand: the public sector response revisited. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10(3): 222-238, which identified major issues of concern at local council level with regard to tourism impacts and argued the need for a national vision for tourism to ensure that the RMA achieved its original goals. Since than, a national tourism strategy has been published and changes in legislation have further empowered local authorities to further progress the sustainability that significant progress has been made in developing tourism policies at the local level, but that a number of
37 J. Connell et al., “Towards sustainable tourism planning in New Zealand: Monitoring local government planning under the resource management act.” Tourism Management. 30 (6) (2009): 867. 34 constraints and issues limit the development of New Zealand as a sustainable destination.
Gao et al.38 in their article have provided an overview and brief evaluation of China’s rural tourism. Beginning with the form of poverty alleviation through tourism, China’s rural tourism has undergone over 20 years of development and exhibited some unique features in its development pattern, scale and business operational models in accordance with China’s political, social and economic systems. Government plays a decisive role in developing rural tourism in China. However, rural tourism has been valued mainly as an economic means for rural development during the country’s modernization process. Overlooking rurality as an essential issue in rural tourism may lead development to a wrong direction, which could jeopardize the sustainability of the industry.
Hodges39 has conducted an ethnographic case study of the relationship the development of heritage tourism and the role of material culture in memory practices in rural Southern France. Drawing on anthropological fieldwork in the village of Monadieres, it provides an analysis of how artifacts in the locality’s build environment have been renovated and revalued in a climate of historical change. This was the consequence of varied acts of commemoration by both independent
38 S. Gao et al., “Rural tourism development in China.” International Journal of Tourism Research. 11 (2009): 439-450. 39 Matt Hodges, “Disciplining memory: heritage tourism and the temporalisation of the built environment in rural France.” International Journal of Heritage Studies, 15 (1) (2009): 76-99. 35 individuals and the local council in which heritage tourism development was not necessarily the end-goal. Nevertheless, these acts were implicated in the council’s ‘disciplinary programme’ to produce a local infrastructure for heritage tourism. The article therefore explores how this industry co-habits with and colonies modern memory practices at a micro-level. To this end it adapts analytical tools from the anthropology of time, which enable an integrative analysis of these differing ‘temporalisations’ of the past.
Kavitha and Baby40 have concluded that tourism industry has expanded rapidly over the past few years and underpinned by the government support, rising income level and various international sports events, the Indian tourism industry will continue to grow at the fastest pace in the coming years. The World Travel and Tourism Council have identified India as one of the foremost tourism growth centers in the world, in the coming decade. In order to attract more visitors, India still needs to upgrade its airports, roads and other infrastructure to global standards. However, the industry may have to cope up with several challenges which will limit its growth.
Magi and Nzama41 have said that many of the tourism policies and strategies in South African have been formulating with the intention of
40 Kavitha and Baby, M., “Acceleration of Indian tourism with new visions.” In Indian Tourism Industry in 21st Century: Challenges and Responses [A. Vijayakumar (ed.)] New Delhi: Sonali Publication (2009): 20-26. 41 Lindisizwe Magi and Thandi A. Nzama. “Tourism strategies and local community responses around the world heritage sites in Kwazulu-Natal.” South African Geographical Journal. 91 (2) (2009): 94-102. 36 supporting communities by affording them opportunities for job creation, employment and poverty alleviation. Notwithstanding that these policies and strategies have been discharged at various times, they seem not to have been well understood or assimilated by the local communities. They have explored the level at which tourism policy mandates are implemented and the extent to which these elicit positive community responses. In addition, their article seeks to establish activities within the World Heritage Sites. The findings indicate that local communities from Simangaliso and Ukhahlaba-Drakensberg World Heritage Sites were not fully conversant with the policies and strategies that were meant to enhance their participation in tourism activities. Furthermore, not all communities supported the promotion of Sustainable tourism development in their areas. Finally, local authorities have advocated for a better interpretation and execution of the existing policies and strategies.
Ritchie and Hudson42 have made an evaluation about the understanding and meeting the major challenges in consumer/tourists experience research. These challenges have both theoretical and managerial dimensions. Based on an extensive and comprehensive review of the current literature in the field, there are six main streams of theoretical thinking and empirical research. These streams were identified as the fundamentals of the experience, experience-seeking behaviours, methodologies used in experience research, the nature of specific tourism
42 J.R.B. Ritchie and S. Hudson. “Understanding and meeting the challenges of consumer/tourist experience research.” International Journal of Tourism Research. 11 (2009): 111-126. 37 experiences, managerial issues in the design and delivery of experiences, and the evolutionary trail of experience thinking.
Sivanantham43 has concluded that in the years to come, information and communication technology will pay a very crucial role in the development and promotion of travel and tourism industry. New Technology like on-line reservation systems in hotels and travel agencies, touch screen information kiosks, interactive TV’s virtual tours etc. have added new dimension to the concept of marketing information technology today has spread to all parts of the world and the tourism has been greatly affected by this. Communication and information technology has great capacity to accelerate the globalisation of the tourism industry.
Walton44 has stated that the field of tourism history has been developing rapidly, especially since the 1980s. It is important not only in its own right, but also as a contributor to wider understanding of issues and processes in tourism studies and tourism management more generally. In his study offers a critical examination, on a global scale and from an interdisciplinary perspective, of the development and ramifications of tourism history, with special reference to coverage of the period since the eighteenth century. It assesses the current state of play in this emergent sub-discipline and suggests some avenues for its future development.
43 R. Sivanantham. “Computer Technology in Tourism.” In Indian Tourism Industry in 21st Century: Challenges and Responses. [A. Vijayakumar (ed.)] New Delhi: Sonali Publication (2009): 195-199. 44 John K. Walton. “Prospects in tourism history: Evolution, state of play and future developments.” Tourism Management. 30 (2009): 783-793.. 38
Dickinson and Robbins45 have made their study on the nature of the problem by analyzing key stakeholders’ representations of the tourism transport problem and tourists’ travel behaviour at a rural tourism destination in the UK. Exploratory research involving in-depth interviews with residents identified a typical emphasis on local travel problems and identified tourist arrivals by car as a major contributor. Data compiled using travel diaries and a survey however, revealed car-based visitors had fewer concerns. Problems were seen to be minor with little or no need to modify behaviour to cope in any way. Analysis suggests perceptions of problems are to a large extent context contingent and are socially constructed and reproduced with consequent implications for destination management.
Dwyer and Forsyth46 have expressed the yield potential of different source markets and segments can underpin destination marketing by both public and private sector organizations. The standard yield measure relates to expenditure injected into a destination from different market segments. This measure has several limitations, which are discussed in the paper. With the increasing sophistication of economic models such as computable general equilibrium, models, it is now feasible to develop new and more useful measures of tourism yield, which directly measure the gains to different stakeholders. Several economy-wide impact measures of
45 Janet E. Dickinson and Derek Robbins. “Representations of tourism transport problems in a rural destination.” Tourism Management. 29 (2008): 1110-1121
Antarctica is often described as one of world’s last wildernesses. For a very long time, its isolation from human settlements provided an effective protection from intensive human visitation; however, over the past two decades, human activities in Antarctica – in particular tourist activities – have grown and diversified rapidly. In view of environmental and other concerns, regulating Antarctic tourism has become one of the major issues of debate within the Antarctic Treaty System. One of the questions that has received much attention since 2004 is the question of whether additional measures are needed to regulate (e.g. prohibit) the future development of permanent land-based facilities (such as hotels, visitor centres, logistic facilities) for tourism in Antarctica. A number of State governments involved in the Antarctic Treaty System have proposed to prohibit such developments; however, the question has not yet received a clear answer. After a brief introduction to the Antarctic Treaty System, this article provides a definition of permanent land-based facilities for tourism and an overview of current and past land-based tourism facilities in Antarctica. Next, the question of whether such facilities are likely to further develop in the near future is discussed and an inventory is made of 40 arguments for and against such developments. Environmental issues will be discussed first, followed by other considerations. Based on this information, a number of regulatory options are described for consideration by policy makers. The authors argue that there is a need for regulating permanent land-based tourist facilities in Antarctica and they express their views in the conclusion of respect of the most favourable option.
McKercher et al.47 have explored and identified the impact of distance on global tourist flows through an analysis of departing visitor share from 41 major source markets to 146 destinations. The study concludes that 80 per cent of all international travel occurs to countries within 1,000 kilometers of the source market and that, with few exceptions, distant destinations have great difficulty in attracting more than a 1 or 2 per cent share of departures. However, high volatility in share within each distance cohort was also noted. Regression analysis of variation in share by distance suggests that market access and the level of tourism development within a destination distort movement patterns regardless of distance. Relationship variables played an important role in short-haul travel; a mix of source, destination, and relationship characteristics influence travel to medium haul destinations; and destination attributes influence share at long-haul destinations.
47 Bob McKercher et al., “The impact of distance on international tourist movements.” Journal of Travel Research. 47 (2) (2008): 208-224. 41
Oviedo-Garcia et al.48 have analysed residents ‘perceptions of the effects of tourism. Economic, cultural and environmental effects are identified as determinants of residents’ attitudes towards tourism development and planning. Authors speculate that there are different patterns of resident’s supports depending of their differential benefits obtained from tourism. A conceptual model is developed and empirically tested in Santiponce, a small, their support for tourism development and for tourism planning.
Feng49 has examined that the Chinese government is making tourism an important rural development strategy. Local governments and outside developers jointly manage and develop natural and cultural resources to increase tourism revenues. The government sells development and management rights to large for-profit corporations. The study examines one such project in Fenghuang Country, Human Province, where Yellow Dragon Cave Corporation (YDCC) and the local government of Fenghuang Country are jointly promoting tourism. Pleasant climate, stunning views, “colorful” ethnic minority cultures and the newly discovered and partially restored Ming Dynasty “Southern China Great Wall” are the primary tourist attractions in Fenghuang Country.
48 M. Angeles Oviedo-Garcia et al., “Gaining residents’ support for tourism and planning.” International Journal of Tourism Research. 10 (2008): 95- 109 (http: www.interscience.wiley.com). 49 X.H. Feng. “Who benefits? Tourism development in Fenghuang country, China.” Human Organization. 67 (2) (2008): 207-220. 42
Jelsy Joseph and Adalarasu50 in their study on ‘A vision of tourism sector in India, have come to a conclusion that the vast civilization heritage of our country ranging from Himalayas to Kanyakumari has a lot to attract tourists. India is poised to become a prominent tourism players as WTTC forecasts. In truth India’s was below its justified position, considering its size population and resource. In future partnerships would have to be developed to sustain the growth of tourism.
Khadaroo and Seetanah51 have recognized the role of the transportation network as an essential component of successful tourism development and state that “transport plays an important role in the successful creation and development of new attractions as well as healthy growth of existing ones.” Provision of suitable transport has transformed dead centres of tourist interest into active and prosperous places attracting multitudes of people.
Revathy52 in her article Tourism in India focuses on the ‘incredible’ opportunities that India has to struggle to market itself to the world tourists. For a long time, tourists activity of the rich a some what unnecessary-distraction for the Poor in India. Hence, no concerted efforts were made to develop tourism as an industry in the country. The tourism
50 Jelsy Joseph and Adalarasu, “A vision of Tourism sector in India.” Indian Journal of Marketing. 41 (2008): 29-32. 51 J. Khadaroo and B. Seetanah. “The role of transport infrastructure in international tourism development: A gravity model approach.” Tourism Management. 29 (2008): 831-840.
Raymond and Hall53 recommended that the organizations ‘should develop programmes which will be of genuine value for the local communities’, should approach projects ‘as a learning process rather than simply an “experience”’, and ‘opportunities for interaction with other cultures should be deliberately facilitated.’
Richter and Steiner54, in their article have revealed the challenges claim that liberalizing state-regulated markets in developing countries may induce lasting economic development. An analysis of the rise of tourism in Egypt during the past three decades suggests that the effects of liberalization and structural adjustment are constrained by the neo-patrimonial character of the Egyptian political system. Since the decline of oil-rent revenues during the 1980s tourism development has been the optimal strategy to compensate for the resulting fiscal losses. Increasing tourism revenues have helped in coping with macro economic imbalances and in avoiding more costly adjustment of traditional economic sectors. Additionally they provided the private elite with
53 E. Raymond and C. Hall. “The development of cross-cultural (mis)understanding through volunteer tourism.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 16(5) (2008): 530-543 [cf. Guttentag, Daniel A.]
Reddy55 has stated that sustainable tourism principles are difficult to implement in developing countries. Within this context, his article is engaged in the identification, selection and evaluation of sustainability indicators for rapid assessment of tourism development in one of the remotest and most sensitive destinations in the world, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India (ANI). It reviews the indicator sets and research on indicator development frameworks and examines the identification and assessment of rapid economic indicators for the ANI. The ANI indicator development strategy considered indicators that are developed and assessed mainly for developed countries and evaluated a feasible bottom- up approach, which is mainly based on local knowledge for sustainable tourism initiatives in less developed islands.
Sequeira and Nunes56 have said that the International tourism determinants have been studied in recent research, and focus has been given to estimation of demand equations. Country risk has been somewhat
55 M.V. Reddy. “Sustainable tourism rapid indicators for less-developed Islands: an Economic perspective.” International Journal of Tourism Research. 10 (2008): 557-576. 56 T.N. Sequeira and P.M. Nunes. “Does country risk influence international tourism? A dynamic data analysis.” The Economic Record. 84 (265) (2008): 223-236. 45 neglected in the analysis. Given adequate controls for price and income, country risk is a robust and significant determinant of tourism specialization of countries: a 1 per cent increase in country risk causes a 0.2 per cent fall in tourism specialization. Policy-makers should be aware of the negative effect country risk has in tourism, as this is seen as one of the most promising sectors for development. This study questions the nature of the problem by analysing key stakeholders’ representations of the tourism transport problem and tourists travel behaviour at a rural tourism destination in the UK. Exploratory research involving in-depth interview with residents identified a typical emphasis on local travel problems and identified tourist arrivals by car as a major contributor. Data compiled using travel diaries and a survey however, revealed car-based visitors had fewer concerns. Problems were seen to be minor with little or no need to modify behaviour to cope in any way. The analysis suggests perceptions of problems are to a large extent content contingent and are socially constructed and reproduced with consequent implications for destination management.
China provides many interesting opportunities for tourism research owing to its unique historic, economic and cultural background. Their study provides an overview of tourism research in China and provides an insight into the unique cultural contexts and complexities that have influenced tourism development and tourist behaviour. The perspectives, traditions and contexts of Chinese tourism research are explored by focusing on two important research areas: tourism development and tourism cultural studies. As a result of China’s increasing openness to the 46 international academic world, Western tourism research has begun to have a significant impact on research in China. However, the uncritical adoption of Western theories and research paradigms is not always appropriate. Key issues for facilitating the future development of tourism research in China are discussed by Xu and others.57
Gronau and Kagermeier58 in their article expressed that the main focus of transport policy and transport studies was on the reduction of the use of motorized, individual transport, in particular with regard to daily commuter traffic. The main concepts concentrated on creating an attractive public transport supply and, where possible, improving the infrastructure for non-motorized traffic in order to open up alternative forms of travel. Although these concepts produced noticeable effects on everyday travel, they could not cope with steadily rising problems in the field of leisure traffic. Therefore, primarily supply oriented, autocratic desktop transport policies cannot be seen as a promising approach within the leisure context.
Schott59 has examined the distribution channels structure as well as the underlying factors influencing the most prominent channel choices
57 H.G. Xu et al., “Tourism research in China: Understanding the unique cultural contexts and complexities.” Current Issues in Tourism. 11 (6) (2008): 473. 58 W. Gronau and A. Kagermeier. “Key factors for successful leisure and tourism public transport provision.” Journal of Transport Geography. 15 (2007): 127-135.
Erdogan and Baris60 have investigated the general nature of environmental protection, waste management, purchasing, energy use, and conservation practices of hotels in Ankara, Turkey. It has explored the extent of environmental protection practices so the hotel industry could evaluate its position on environmental issues and so that other interested parties, including academics, can obtain fresh information for a distinctive part of the world. The data were collected by means of questionnaires and interviews. The study found that the policies and practices of Ankara hotels generally lack attributes relevant to environmental protection and conservation, and that hotel managers mostly lack the necessary environmental responsibility. It is thus necessary to develop an integrated system of policy and practice that involves not only the hotel management and staff, but also all parties concerned with environmental protection and sustainability, and to re-evaluate and reconsider national, local, and hotel policies and training activities.
60 N. Erdogan and E. Baris. “Environmental protection programs and conservation practices of hotels in Ankara, Turkey.” Tourism Management. 28 (2) (2007): 604-614 (DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2006. 07.003). 48
Jacobsen61 revealed that the contribution to research on sustainable tourism development by utilizing an empirical approach to clarify visitors ‘subjective perceptions and assessments of tourism supplies and tourism- related amenities and infrastructure with respect to environmental performance and protection practices. These aspects are analysed mainly with regard to tourists’ self-reported environmental concerns and their country of residence. Disclosing such tourist perspectives and opinions is not only interesting in its own right but might also act as a supplement and a corrective to local view points. This study of international motor tourists should additionally be regarded as a basis for further monitoring and as a building block for a knowledge-based platform serving aspirations towards more sustainable tourism and improved environmental performance.
Khadaroo and Seetanah62 have found the significance of transport infrastructure as a factor in destination development, showing it to be part of the classical demand for international tourism functions. An application involving the island of Mauritius is presented whereby total tourist arrivals are modeled. The findings show that tourists from Europe/America and Asia are particularly sensitive to the island’s transport infrastructure. Those from Europe/America are also sensitive to
61 Jens Kr. Steen Jacobsen. “Monitoring motoring: A study of tourists’ viewpoints of environmental performance and protection practices.” Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism. 7 (2) (2007): 104-119. 62 J. Khadaroo and B. Seetanah. “Transport infrastructure and tourism development.” Annals of Tourism Research. 34 (4) (2007): 1021-1032. 49 its non-transport infrastructure. Both types of infrastructure, as well as income of tourists, distance and relative prices are important ingredients in their own respect in the tourism demand equation. Mauritius is an expanding destination, with the European and American markets being most promising.
Robbins et al.63 have studied that the facilitating successful access to special events is key to their success, yet a transport and events research agenda is still to emerge and transport is often peripheral to the tourism destination management literature. They have used a conceptual framework to analyse the transport implications of holding special events. They concludes with comment on where and when it is best to host events from a transport perspective and mechanisms to facilitate more sustainable travel choices to events within destination areas.
Kolland64 has expressed that each society appears to generate specific forms of tourism. Developments of tourism will be highlighted in four stages, with a clear analytical emphasis on international tourism. First, the article deals with general social conditions that have impacted tourism. Furthermore, it is discussed, whether traveling has been democratized, Le. Whether it has been made accessible to larger portions of the population, and how the interactions between different groups of
63 D. Robbins et al., “Planning transport for special events: A conceptual framework and future agenda for research.” International Journal of Tourism Research. 9 (2007): 303-314.
Nyaupane and Thapa65 have studied tourism development and associated environmental impacts are evident in various regions of the world as communities struggle to find an optimal balance between economics and conservation. The growing pains of tourism development have usually fragmented local residents with respect to their perception of impacts and support for tourism. Empirical research has analyzed resident perception and attitudes towards tourism destinations and rural areas. This study was to examine the perception of environmental impacts of tourism between residents and managers within a protected area, i.e. Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP), Nepal, India. Data were collected on-site among local residents and managers. Environmental impacts of tourism were operationalized using 13 items on a five-point Likert scale (strongly agree to strongly disagree). Overall, on comparison of descriptive and statistical analyses, local residents were consistently more likely than managers to perceive fewer negative and greater positive impacts of tourism on the environment.
65 Gyan P. Nyaupane and Brijesh Thapa. “Perceptions of environmental impacts of tourism: A case study at ACAP, Nepal.” International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology. 13 (1) (2006): 51-61. 51
Nyaupane et al.66 have suggested that tourism development in mountain region is reported to bring economic growth to host communities. However, the literature reveals that the economic, environmental and cultural impacts of tourism development in these regions vary greatly and that a number of critical factors may explain that variability. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore the role of community involvement and number/type of visitors on tourism impacts in mountain destinations. The study followed a controlled comparison method (Eggan, F. (1954) Social anthropology and the method of controlled comparison. American Anthropologist, 56(5): 743-763) including field observations and individual and group interviews in two popular mountain destinations in Asia: Annapurna, Nepal and Northwest Yunnan, China. The findings suggested that level of host involvement in management and number/type of tourists helped explain these destinations’ varying degrees of economic leakage, local control, and socio-economic inequity. Moreover, both destinations appeared to cope with their challenges through cooperative community efforts supported by non-governmental agencies.
Phillips and Jones67 have identified the importance of coastal zones to the tourism industry and the need to protect such resources is not only
66 Gyan P. Nyaupane et al., “The role of community involvement and number/type of visitors on tourism impacts: A controlled comparison of Annapurna, Nepal and Northwest Yunnan, China.” Tourism Management. 27 (6) (2006): 1373-1385. 67 M.R. Phillips and A.L. Jones. “Erosion and tourism infrastructure in the coastal zone: Problems, consequences and management.” Tourism Management. 27 (3) (2006): 517-524. 52 vital to the economy of nations but presents a growing dilemma for many localities and regions. Beaches have becomes synonymous with tourism and with current predictions of climate change and sea-level rise; they are under significant threat of erosion worldwide. From an assessment of the effects of erosion, including evaluation of impacts on coastal destinations and tourism development, the consequences for global tourism business are projected.
Saarinen68 has analysed that the sustainability has become an important policy issue in tourism, it arouses discussion and criticism, and an increasing need to understand the nature of the limits of growth. How these limits are approached and evaluated in discussions on a local scale. The purpose is to recognize that behind the different in their focuses. These are referred to as resource, activity, and community-based traditions of sustainability. Further, the relationship between sustainable tourism and sustainable development is critically discussed.
Hughes and Allen69 have conducted a study on Central and Eastern countries that emerged from experiences of communist government had to re-adjust to consequent shifts in tourism flows. Cultural tourism has been seen to have particular not only as a new growth market but also, for political reasons, as a means of producing favourable images of theses
68 J. Saarinen. “Traditions of sustainability in tourism studies.” Annals of Tourism Research. 33 (4) (2006): 1121-1140. 69 H. Hughes and D. Allen. “Cultural tourism in central and eastern Europe: the views of ‘induced image formation agents’.” Tourism Management. 26 (2005): 173-183. 53 countries. Tourist board representatives in tourist-generating countries are key agents in the image formation process. The views of such agents in the UK were ascertained in this study in order to determine their perceptions of cultural tourism as part of their country’s product offer, the rational behind the promotion of this tourism and their awareness of the consequences. This was done by interview with representatives of a number of countries. It is concluded that cultural tourism was seen very positively and it is of importance to all but it was seen in market rather than in political terms. Tourist board interviewees had a particular ‘heritage’ view of cultural tourism and recognized few problems associated with the use of culture for tourism purposes.
Shaalan70 has identified that Egypt is looking into the possibilities for diversifying its tourism opportunities throughout the country. The main target for expanding the tourism sector is nature-based tourism. The coral reefs and rich marine life in South Sinai and the Red Sea coast have-made these two areas among the premier scuba diving destinations in the world. Many beach resorts are now in operations and there are still hundreds to be constructed. However, previous tourism development in Egypt has resulted in a series of negative environmental impacts. The ambitious development plans to receive 16 million tourists by 2017 should take into consideration sustainability concepts. The government and developers have significant roles to play in adopting and implementing environmentally sound policies and practices to avoid the degradation of
70 I.M. Shaalan. “Sustainable tourism development in the Red Sea of Egypt threats and opportunities.” Journal of Cleaner Production. 13 (2) (2005): 83-87. 54 the natural heritage of Egypt for the sake of the current as well as future generations.
Wallace71 has reported that the anthropology of tourism is a relatively recent topic within both academic and applied anthropology started in the 1960s and 1970s. Valene Smith’s edited work Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (1977) marks the beginning of the field as a serious academic concern. Since then it has grown rapidly. Anthropolgists were (and some continue to be) ambivalent about studying tourists, but initially they were concerned with the impact of tourists and tourism on local communities, especially in rural regions. Much of the initial findings suggested that tourism generally had negative impacts on communities that had become tourist destinations. In this volume, the contributing authors were asked to reflect more on the positive and practical contributions of anthropology to the field of tourism studies and to the tourism industry itself.
Haley et al.72 have identified and examined the attitudes of residents in Bath, United Kingdom, towards tourism developed. The study holds that impact research conducted on hosts’ perceptions is predominantly descriptive and lacking in a consistent approach to measurement. The primary aim here is to establish a benchmark study for
71 T. Wallace, “Tourism, tourists and anthropologists at work.” NAPA Bulletin - Introduction. 23 (2005): 1-26.
Tasi et al.73 have studied the option pricing method in the agency problem between airlines and travel agencies. An airline Agency Option Pricing model is employed whereby different ticket price processes, the quantity targets of tickets sold, the correlation between the ticket price and ticket quantity, and various incentive programs affect the agency costs between airlines and travel agencies. It is found that airlines should cautiously design their incentive programs to mitigate the impact caused by the agency problem that could influence the operations of travel-related suppliers.
Forstner74 has expressed that many community-based tourism ventures face marketing problems similar to those of other rural producers. They depend on intermediaries, such as private companies, membership organizations, public sector institutions and non-governmental organizations, to facilitate market access. The study
73 H.T. Tasi et al., “A study of the option pricing method in the agency problem between airlines and travel agents.” Journal of Air Transport Management. 20 (2004): 151-160. 74 K. Forstner. “Community ventures and access to markets: The role of intermediaries in marketing rural tourism products.” Development Policy Review. 22 (5) (2004): 497-514. 56 analyses the strengths and weaknesses of each type of intermediary, based on different levels of marketing support. Reflecting discussions about marketing assistance in other rural sectors, it argues that intermediary institutions have different areas of expertise and experience different constraints in terms of capacity-building, marketing know-how, financial resources and overall livelihood impacts. Instead of pursuing individual support strategies, it is therefore necessary to develop combined approaches of marketing assistance, depending on location, tourism resources and existing organizational structures.
Mason75 has found that the musical heritage is a profitable resource in the development of culture tourism worldwide, yet the identities of the communities whose music is recontextualized at venues are frequently co-opted in the process. Centering on an Aboriginal tourism company operating in Ottawa, Canada, this paper demonstrates how marginalized communities having greater control over the space where products are consumed gain more flexibility and agency in the struggle to reappropriate the semantic, social and economic uses of their cultural assets. The study’s findings confirm that interpreters are responding to opportunities generated by tourism development and changes in federal-Aboriginal relations to challenge non-native stereotypes and resignify aesthetic forms with indigenous meaning through musical interaction with tourists.
75 K. Mason. “Sound and meaning in aboriginal tourism.” Annals of Tourism Research. 31 (4) (2004): 837-854. 57
Negi76 in his book has explored that “according to Lickorish all persons staying for more than 12 months and less than 24 hours should be excluded from the category of tourists. He has further suggested that for the latter (those staying for less than 24 hours) we should use the word “excursionists” and “tourist visitors.” He writes that the “excursionist” should in principle be interpreted to mean any-person traveling for pleasure for a period of less than 24 hours in a country other than in which he resides and not undertaking any gainful occupation in the country. Transit visitor should in principle be interpreted to any person traveling in a country during a period of less than 24 hours provided that any stops made are of short duration and for other than tourist purposes.”
Hampton77 has pointed out that the international tourism is an increasingly important source of income and employment for many developing countries with over 690 million annual international arrivals (World Tourism Organisation data). He considers the impact of tourism in the city of Yogyakarta, in Java, Indonesia, and asks whether one subsector of international tourism, namely backpacker tourism, provides a way for local people to enter this globalised industry. The study examines the emergence of small-scale, bottom-up tourism and its transformatory effect upon a previously poor kampong (urban village). It is suggested that the nature of small-scale, locally owned tourism businesses, particularly their
76 Jagmohan Negi, International Tourism and Travel – Concepts and Principles. p.26. [quoted by A.H. Murray Sir James, New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. vol.1926 (Oxford) I, part I]. 77 Mark P. Hampton. “Entry points for local tourism in developing countries: Evidence from Yogyakarta, Indonesia.” Geografiska Annaler. 85 B (2) (2003): 85-101. 58 minimal capital requirements, may be seen as a form of ‘pro-poor tourism’ and may provide a useful component of local economic development strategies for poor communities. Further, small-scale tourism development may also be seen as an effective local response to some of the effects of globalization, specifically increasing flows of international tourists to developing countries.
Mbaiwa78 observed that the Okavango Delta is one of Botswana’s leading tourist-destination areas, mainly because of the rich wildlife resources it sustains and its scenic beauty. Tourism has stimulated the development of a variety of allied infrastructure and facilities, such as hotels, lodges and camps, airport and airstrips, in the Okavango region. Through its backward linkages, wholesale and retail businesses have also been established, especially in Maun; to offer various goods to the tourist industry. Tarred roads and other communication facilities have also been developed in Ngamiland district partly to facilitate tourism development. Tourism in the Okavango Delta also provides employment opportunities to local communities and it is a significant source of foreign exchange for Botswana. Despite its positive socio-economic impacts, the industry is beginning to have negative environmental impacts in the area such as the destruction of the area’s ecology through driving outside the prescribed trails, noise pollution and poor waste management. This, therefore, suggests that tourism in the Okavango Delta has socio-economic and
78 I.E. Mbaiwa. “The socio-economic and environmental impacts of tourism development on the Okavango delta, north-western Botswana.” Journal of Arid Environments. 54 (2) (2003): 447-467. 59 environmental impacts, issues which are addressed-by this paper based on the concept of sustainability.
Tourism is one of the largest and fastest growing industries in the world. It is an increasingly important source of income, employment and wealth in many countries. Its rapid expansion has, however, had detrimental environmental (and socio cultural) impacts in many regions. In his article the investigator has examined the main economic benefits and environmental impacts of tourism, and review the development of the international sustainable tourism agenda. While much of international tourism activity takes place within the developed world, this article plans to focus on the (economic) development of the industry in developing countries, the investigator conclude that new approaches to sustainable tourism development in these countries should not only seek to minimize local environmental impact, but also give greater priority to community participation and poverty alleviation. In particular, that more emphasis should be given to a ‘pro-poor tourism’ approach at both national and international levels by Neto.79
Sharpley and Forster80 made a case study on the implications of hotel employee attitudes for the development of quality tourism in Cyprus. They concluded that the issue of quality has grown significance
79 F. Neto. “A new approach to sustainable tourism development: Moving beyond environmental protection.” Natural Resources Forum. 27 (3) (2003): 212-222. 80 R. Sharpley and G. Forster. “The implications of hotel employee attitudes for the development of quality tourism: the case of Cyprus.” Tourism Management. 24 (6) (2003): 687-697. 60 for tourism businesses and destinations alike. This has been influenced by a number of factors, such as expansion of consumer rights and the alleged emergence ‘new’, quality conscious tourists. In particular, it is the need to retain or increase competitive advantage that has underpinned the drive for quality in tourism-certainly, many destinations, especially those operating in the highly competitive summer-sun market, are now adopting quality tourism development strategies. However, little or no attention has been paid to the role of tourism industry employees, particularly those in hotels, in the success of quality management programmes. The purpose of this study is to address this omission. Based upon a survey of hotel employees in Cyprus, a number of factors have been identified that may support or limit the drive towards quality service provision, with a variety of implications for the destination as a whole as well as individual hotels. In particular, hotel management should implement strategies based on reward systems, empowerment and reducing staff turnover, whilst there is an important co-ordination and guidance role to be played by the national tourism organization.
Teye et al.81 have stated that in recent years, tourism has been playing a more significant role in the economics of several African countries, including Ghana. The purpose of their study is to examine attitude of residents of two of its towns toward tourism development. Factor analysis of scaled items measuring their attitudes resulted in seven tourism-related factors: social interaction with tourists, beneficial cultural
81 V. Teye et al., “Resident’s attitudes toward tourism development.” Annals of Tourism Research. 29 (3) (2002): 668-688. 61 influences, welfare impacts, negative interference in daily life, economic costs, sexual permissiveness, and perception of crowding. Results indicate residents’ expectations from tourism development were not met and also individuals working in related businesses have negative attitudes toward the industry.
Karma82 has explained that the environmental impacts of tourism development can also be direct, indirect and induced effects apart from being positive and negative. The direct positive environmental impacts of tourism include the preservation and restoration of historic monuments or heritage sites, the establishment of national parks and wild life sanctuaries, the protection of reefs and beaches, the maintenance of forests etc. On the contrary, tourism development may have direct negative environmental impacts on the quality of air, water and noise levels.
Williams and Balaz83 have stated that the domestic tourism is not homogenous understate socialism but involves collective, commercial, and informal provision. Moreover, it has not been monolithically institutionalized, but is significantly influenced by different social and cultural legacies in the Czech and Slovak territories. During the transformation there was an apparent paradox, for some forms of holiday increased during the economic crisis. However, this can be seen as
82 Krishna K. Karma, Economics of Tourism Pricing Impacts Forecasting, p.212. 83 Allan M. Williams and Vladimir Balaz, “From collective provision to commodification of tourism?” Annals of Tourism Research. 28 (1) (2001): 27-49. 62 a logical outcome to changing economic conditions, and access to tourism actually became more socially differentiated. They conclude that extensive privatization has not meant a unilinear and inexorable shift to a market system, for tourism remains a bricolage of collective, market, and informal provision.
Fleischer and Felsenstein84 have studied that the promotion of small-scale tourism is intuitively perceived as a suitable forms of economic development for rural areas. However, its impact is controversial and not always obvious. To examine these issues, they have presented an empirical analysis of public support to small-scale tourism enterprises in rural areas in Israel. Using the tools of cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis, public assistance for this type of activity is shown to be able to generate considerable returns. Methodological issues in this kind of analysis are also discussed and are presented the policy implications arising with respect to the suitability of different forms of tourism activity in rural area.
Jithendran and Baum85 pointed out human resources development for tourism in India has a very recent origin and suffers from lack of a strategic approach. The sustainability oriented development of Indian tourism would require HRD strategies focusing on sustainability based
84 A. Fleischer and D. Felsenstein. “Support for rural tourism does it make a difference?” Annals of Tourism Research. 27 (4) (2000): 1007-1024. 85 K.J. Jithendran and T. Baum. “Human resources development and sustainability – The case of Indian tourism.” International Journal of Tourism Research. 2 (2000): 403-421. 63 industry practices, tourism development, value systems and behavioral patterns among all the stakeholders. The important target groups in such an approach would be the tourism industry personnel, the host community and the tourists. Introduction of tourism at the school level on a more extensive basis throughout the country, provision of vocational and professional courses based on the assessment of actual skill requirements on the industry, streamlining of the tourism education at the university level, especially in terms of course contents, delivery and industry responsiveness are some of the strategies to be adopted by the India tourism for HRD at the pre-employment level. Co-operation and communication between the education and industry in development and delivery of education and training, and establishment of systems to provide education and training available at the local level to equip people in remote and marginal level to equip people in remote and marginal areas are also equally important.
Cleverdon and Kalisch86 have explored that the tourism as an industry is increasing rapidly in developing countries. Due to historical inequality in global trading relationships on the basis of ‘core-periphery’ dependency globalization and liberalized free trade, mainstream mass tourism reinforces the social and economic disadvantages of southern destinations. The ‘Fair Trade Movement’ has sought to redress unequal trading by promoting fait trade in commodities with small producers in the South, enabling them to take control over the production and
86 R. Cleverdon and A. Kalisch. “Fair trade in tourism.” International Journal of Tourism Research. 2 (2000): 171-187. 64 marketing process and challenging the power of transnational corporation. They have examined the feasibility of fair trade in tourism. It explores the obstacles and opportunities that might lead to establishing a definition of fair trade in tourism, incorporating criteria that would be workable and practical for both partners in the South and North.
Evans87 has studied the tourism policy in London in the context of local environmental plans and control government policy for tourism and hotel development. Rationales for local authority tourism policies are assessed in relation to city-level planning imperatives and local land-use plan formulation. A comparative analysis of borough development plans and the treatment of tourism is based on a survey of London’s 33 unitary authorities. He presents a World City case study of urban tourism from the position of the environmental planning process and in the light of the highly concentrated distribution of hotel provision and tourist activity in London.
Li88 has found that many persuasions have recognized the experiential features of geography, such as the consciousness arising from the spatial and temporal bonds between people and places. Until recently, however, tourism researchers have largely overlooked those features. In partial response to this omission, the investigator presents
87 G. Evans. “Planning for urban tourism: A critique of borough development plans and tourism policy in London.” International Journal of Tourism Research. 2 (2000): 307-326. 88 Y. Li. “Geographical consciousness and tourism experience.” Annals of Tourism Research. 27 (4) (2000): 863-883. 65 a phenomenological exploration of leisure tourism experience. By describing the lived experiences of Canadian and how geographical consciousness influences the tourists’ experiences.
Baum and Hagen89 have studied that the issue of seasonality is well documented in the tourism literature, particularly in relation to peripheral regions of northern Europe and North America. The reasons for significant variation on the demand-side are also well documented and relate to climatic, demographic, lifestyle as well as structural or institutional factors. A review of tourism development policies for most peripheral tourism destination regions in the British Isles, Scandinavia and Canada reveals ‘extending the season’ or ‘reducing the impact of seasonality’ as a key objective. There has been very mixed success in achieving this objective and, where it has been possible, other structural factors within the economy or society (such as school vacation dates) have impeded the impact of response.
Hashimoto90 has conducted a study on “comparative evolutionary trends in environmental policy: reflections on tourism development.” As tourism is an industry that involves the environment and natural resources, its physical and social impacts have reached a point where they can be no longer neglected. Numerous conferences and conventions have taken
89 Tom Baum and Laura Hagen. “Responses to seasonality: the experiences of peripheral destinations.” International Journal of Tourism Research. 1 (1999): 299-312. 90 A. Hashimoto. “Comparative evolutionary trends in environmental policy: Reflections on tourism development.” International Journal of Tourism Research. 1 (1999): 195-216. 66 place, and the tourism industry has initiated not only intellectual campaigns, but also action programmes, the tourism industry and its “environmentally friendly” movement, however, do not stand on their own; they are often influenced by national environmental policies. In this study, the current national environmental policies of Britain, Germany, China, Taiwan and Japan are summarized and differences in their respective emphases are highlighted along with the resulting implication for tourism.
Welford et al.91 have criticized some of the literature and guidance provided for businesses considering responses to the environmental aspects and impacts of their tourist activities. It concentrates on the role of individual business organizations within the tourism industry and examines both supply-side (production) and demand-side (consumption) policies. In its review of a number of guidelines the study attempts to make recommendations for improving both the provision of tourism services through supply chain management and destination management, and the education of the consumer in ways which make tourism more consistent with the concept of sustainable development. This emphasizes the need for businesses involved in tourism provision not only to look at the supply side and the demand side of their activities but also to provide stronger signals between the two parts so that more meaningful progress is made towards sustainable tourism. It places considerable emphasis on the role of intermediaries in bridging the gap between demand and supply.
91 R. Welford et al., “Tourism and sustainable development: An analysis of policy and guidelines for managing provision and consumption.” Sustainable Development. 7 (1999): 165-177. 67
Carlsen92 have argued that the tourism destination management is an increasingly competitive and complex business involving the coordination of economic, social and geographic elements within a designated tourist area. Traditional research in tourism destination management has tended to use a reductionist approach in order to monitor certain flow variables (visitor numbers, expenditure) or to measure discrete relationships between variables (tourist expenditure and employment, visitor numbers and social impacts). The limitations of this approach in research are now becoming apparent, as tourism development impinges on many elements within a destination, and a new approach to research in tourism destination management is needed.
A systems approach to tourism management in small island tourist destinations (less than one million population) using soft systems methodology (SSM) is discussed. It is envisaged that SSM would best be applied to management of island tourism destinations because it can accommodate social and environmental process, as well as economic factors that have been the foci of previous research. Furthermore, it is argued that the tourism system is an open system in that it responds to change in social, natural and economic factors and is evolving toward an increasing state of complexity.
92 Jack Carlsen. “A systems approach to Island tourism destination management.” Systems Research and Behavioral Science. 16 (1999): 321- 327. 68
Hall93 has raised several conceptual questions concerning the actual and symbolic representations of inequality and differentiation expressed in leisure and tourism mobility which have significance for members of host communities visited, transport and land use planning in host areas, tourists and the tourism industry. Within this framework, the article explores two sets of conceptual issues which are positioned at the interface of transport and tourism. First, transport has the potential to act as a gate keeper to culture contact, constraining or encouraging host-tourists interaction. Second, the role of tourist mobility at a local level can be critical for issues of inequality and externality effects. The substantial tourism impacts literature has only occasionally addressed social dimensions of leisure transport’s external costs, and the transport geography literature has rarely acknowledged the differentiation of tourists and non-tourists competing for transport and transport space. It is included that transport and land-use planners need to recognize and respond to tourism’s externalities and their implications for inequality and sustainability issues.
Hall94 has studied a limited number of analyses undertaken on tourism development and post-socialist processes of restructuring in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), most attention has been paid to the more advanced societies of Central Europe. By contrast, Europe’s less developed and relative unstable south-eastern corner, where tourism development issues may take on a different complexion, has been
93 Derek R. Hall. “Conceptualising tourism transport: inequality and externality issue.” Journal of Transport Geography. 7 (1999): 181-188. 94 Derek R. Hall. “Tourism development and sustainability issues in central and south-eastern Europe.” Tourism Management. 19 (5) (1998): 423-431. 69 relatively neglected. Within this context, tourism’s role in post-socialist restructuring in Central and Eastern Europe is examined, reflecting on issues of mass tourism and niche segregation. Rural tourism is examined as a vehicle for sustainable development in South-eastern Europe, and some of the paradoxes facing issues of sustainability in tourism development are examined in relation to recent development processes. With a dynamic mix of mass and niche markets to target, the potential of rural tourism development in South-Eastern Europe continues to be constrained by regional instability.
Singh95 has suggested that the steps taken by the government to increase the foreign tourist traffic to India include vigorous publicity campaigns with emphasis on consumer advertising, setting up of public relations with overseas media agencies, tour operator and travel agencies promotion of special interest tourism and marked India in segments launching off season schemes and promotional schemes, development of infrastructural facilities of transport systems including charter traffic etc.
Dorairajan96 has said that the most important economic benefit of tourism is the earnings of foreign exchange. The receipts from international tourism provide a valuable source of earnings for many countries both developed as well as developing. The importance of earnings for developed counties is however, much more than those for
95 K. Singh, Fifty Year of India Tourism Policy. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers and Distributors (1998): 26. 96 N. Dorairajan, “Projections – Prospects and Problems.” National Seminar on 9th Five Year Plan, December 11-13, 1997, p.96. 70 developed countries. Although tourism is sensitive to the level of economy activity in the tourist generating countries, it provides more stable earnings than being provided by primary products. The income from tourism has tended to increase at a higher rate then merchandise export in a number of countries. There is now almost an assumed channel of financial flows from the richer countries to the not so richer, raising the lather’s export earnings and rate of economic growth.
Johnson97 has reviewed some of the developments which, since 1989, have taken place in the tourism industry of the two republics which make up the former Czechoslovakia. These developments are placed in their political, economic and institutional context. The focus is on foreign visitors and inward tourists. The problems of data availability are noted and evidence is provided indicating the overwhelming significance of non-staying excursionists and the relatively short duration of stays made by tourists. The dominance of Prague as a destination is indicated. Visitor characteristics, popular destinations and the problems facing the tourism industry are discussed. Tourist visitors to the republics are likely to continue to be the rather more specialized interest groups. Policies are needed to improve infrastructure, promote the integration of tourist services, maintain visitor numbers and encourage guests to stay longer, visit additional locations and increase their spending.
97 M. Johnson. “Czech and Slovak tourism.” Tourism Management. 16 (1) (1995): 21-28. 71
Godfrey98 reported that the Human Settlements Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe held its 18th Meeting of Experts on Human Settlements Problems in Southern Europe in Nicosia, Cyprus, 6-8 June 1994. The key theme of discussion concerned the problems and prospects of planning for sustainable tourism in Mediterranean countries. Conference delegates were primarily national government officials concerned with the planning and management of natural and human habitats in their respective countries.
Sen99 who undertook the study on behalf of ICRIER, has argued that the economic cost of providing accommodation alone would far out weight the gross benefits of mass tourism not taking into account the deleterious effects of mass tourism on environment and local culture. On the other hand, it was found that five star deluxe hotels employ per room merely 60 per cent of the persons that would be employed in the four or three star hotels. Sen, therefore has concluded that the employment effect of mass tourism would be only about 33 per cent higher than that of elite tourism.
98 Kerry B. Godfrey. “Planning for sustainable tourism development in the med.” Tourism Management. 16 (3) (1995): 243-245. 99 P. Sen. The future of international Tourism: with reference to India. Working Paper No.26. 72
Research Gap A perusal of the literature on tourism highlights the problems facing tourism industry and concentrated on the development of tourism products. The above survey indicates that though a large number of studies have been conducted on various aspects of tourism development, no worthwhile research has been conducted related to various factors that hinder the development of tourism in Thanjavur district and various problems faced by the tourists and the service providers. Thus, there exists a research gap and this study entitled, “Tourism development in Tamil Nadu with special reference to Thanjavur district” is an attempt to fill the gap.
Chapter III TOURISM SCENARIO IN TAMIL NADU AND THANJAVUR DISTRICT
This chapter consists of two parts. The first part narrates the scenario of tourism development in India in general and Tamil Nadu in particular. The second part describes the profile of the study area that is Thanjavur district and its tourism scenario in a detailed manner. Before presenting the analysis tourism scenario in Tamil Nadu, an overview of tourism scenario in India as a whole is given here under.
“India is a fabulous world of splendor and rags the one country under the sun with an imperishable interest the land that all men desire to see.” - Mark Twain
The most basic feature characteristic of tourism is diversity and India is a land of contrast. Thus this country has something to offer to everyone. The beauty of its ancient monument, the beat and rhythm of its folk and classical dances that have come down the ages almost unchanged, its colourful crowded bazaars contrasting with the peace and grandeur of the snow capped mountain tops, the quite back-waters of Kerala and their beautiful beaches and above all its well-meaning, charming people these are of few of the countless facets of India which are timeless in their appeal. All these go to make India a paradise for tourists.100
100 The New Encyclopedia Britannica, 21 (1986): 1. 74
Tourism Development in India: Pre-Independence Period Active efforts have been made to reform and promote tourism in India from the very beginning of the pre-independence period. The following will highlight this point:
In India, the importance of tourism had been recognized even before the Second World War. Though the war largely and adversely effected the industry of tourism and came in the way to tourist promotion activities of the Government, yet the maiden effective effort was made in 1945 to promote tourism in India. In that year the Sargent Committee was constituted by the Government of India under the chairmanship of Sir John Sargent who was the then Educational Adviser to the Government of India. The main objectives of the Committee were to survey and find out possibilities and potentialities of developing tourist traffic in the country.101
Tourism Development in India: Post-Independence Period Tourism in India developed properly only after a central tourist organization was established after the recommendations made by the Sargent Committee. In the year 1949 an exclusive Tourist Traffic Branch was created. After this whole time attention was paid to the development of tourism in India.102
101 Gulab Nabi, Socio-Economic Impact of Tourism, p.42 102 Ibid., pp.45-46 75
As a result of the recommendations of the Sargent Committee, regional tourist offices were set up in the metropolitan cities of Bombay, Delhi, Calcutta and Madras. As per the recommendations, an ad-hoc Tourist Traffic Committee was appointed in 1948. This committee was entrusted with the job of suggesting measures for promoting the progressive tourism in India.
In the years to come, the Tourist Traffic Branch expanded its activities in various ways and directions. The Tourist Traffic Division expanded considerably and in 1955-56 the headquarters establishment was expanded from one branch to four branches. Each of the branches had a wide range of duties and responsibilities. The four Tourist Traffic Divisions were: 1. Tourist Traffic Section 2. Tourist Administrative Section 3. Tourist Publicity Section 4. Distribution Section
The genesis of tourism development in India India is a country with a variety of customs and conventions, civilizations and religions and has something to show and offer to everyone. It is colourful crowded bazaars contrasting with the peace and grandeur of the snowcapped mountain tops. The quite backwaters of Kerala and their beautiful beaches, and above all her well-meaning charming people these are a few of the countless facets of India which are timeless in their appeal. 76
India is endowed with the God-given bounties and beauties of Mother Nature – the sky-kissing peaks of mountains, rivers and valleys, seas and oceans and dales and vales. All these beauties have attracted tourists and they have made India a sweet and sunny paradise for tourists.103
A land of all seasons in India India is a land of contrasts-from tropics to snows. It is vast, varied and strikingly beautiful. The second most populous and the seventh largest country in the world, India has the most ancient cultural heritage. More than one hundred and twenty crore people, diverse in many ways, inhabit over 32,87,782 square kilometers of the India soil. It has a land frontier of 15,200 kilometres, and a coastline of about 6,000 kilometers. The variety of its scenery, its intensive and equally varied agriculture, its extremely diversified industry, its big cities and thickly populated areas, its vast open countryside, its ports, its variety of languages and finally its manifold relations with other nations of the world-all of these make India an exciting and fascinating place.104
103 Gulab Nabi, op.cit., p.40 104 Tourism Development Principles and Practices, p.326. 77
Formation of ministry of tourism in India A separate Department of Tourism was created on 1st March 1958 in the Ministry of Transport. Its main duty was to deal with all matters pertaining to the promotion of tourism in India. The new department was put under the charge of the Director General who had under him one Deputy Director General and four Directors. Each one of them was given the full-fledged charge of administration, publicity, travel relations, travel and transport and planning and development. By Presidential orders dated 14th March, 1967, the Department of Aviation and Tourism which was earlier under the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation was formed into a separate independent ministry named as the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation. It had two constituent departments: (i) Department of Tourism and (ii) Department of Civil Aviation. The Ministry was put under the direct charge of a full-time Minister. It was only after a period of about eighteen years that the subject of tourism was given due importance and was accorded a separate entity. Thus it got an independent transport department. With the formation of the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation, tourism received the importance due to it and thus it achieved sound and all-round expansion in its activities.105
105 Gulab Nabi, op.cit., pp.48-49 78
Chart 3.1 Organisation setup of the Ministry of Tourism under Minister of Tourism (MoT)
Secretary
Director General of Tourism
Additional Chairman Joint Director General Director Hotel, Administration General Restaurant and Travel Services
Deputy Director Deputy Director General Deputy Director General Secretary Administration General Planning and Market and and Finance Publicity and Programme Research Conference
Director Deputy Director Deputy Director General Supplementary General Travel, Trade and Hospitality Accommodation, Hotel Division Wildlife Division
Source: Annual Report 1992-93, New Delhi: Ministry of Tourism, Government of India.
The Tourism Department of the Central Government is headed by the Director General of Tourism. The government of India has given due importance to the Director General with high status at par with an Addl. Secretary, as overall in-charge of tourism in India. The Department of Tourism is an independent body. It frames its own policies and plans and is free to execute them The Director General is assisted by one Additional Director General, one Chairman, one Joint Director, a Deputy Secretary and, five Deputy Directors General. Apart from these, there are also regional sub-offices in India and abroad. Within the country there are four 79 regional offices situated at Bombay, Calcutta, New Delhi and Chennai. Besides these offices, there are seven sub-offices at the focal points of international tourist interest, namely, Agra, Aurangabad, Cochin, Jaipur, Jammu, Khajuraho and Varanasi.106
Department of Tourism (DoT) It was on the 1st March 1958 that a separate tourism department was created in the ministry of transport to deal will all matters concerning tourism. Thus a long felt need of such a department was at last met. The new department was not under the charge of the director general who had under him one Deputy Director General and from Directors each in change of administration, publicity, travel relations and planning and development.107
The functions of the department of tourism are both the promotional and organizational which are conducted by the following divisions. 1. Planning and programming 2. Publicity and conference 3. Travel Trade and Hospitality 4. Accommodations 5. Supplementary accommodation and building 6. Market research and 7. Administration
106 Gulab Nabi, op.cit., pp.49-50. 107 M.A. Khan. Introduction to Tourism, Economic and Social Significance. pp.233-234. 80
World Tourism Organization The World Tourism Organization (WTO), an inter-governmental technical body dealing with all aspects of tourism, began its legal existence on January 2, 1975. It was born of the International Union of Official Travel Organizations (IUOTO). The swift expansion of travel had created the need for a world body able to deal with tourism problems at the government level, and this led to the transformation of IUOTO into WTO. Like its predecessor, the WTO has a very emphatic technical character, essentially creative and dynamic, performing a well-defined service for its member states.
Pacific Asia Travel Association The Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA) was founded in the year 1951 as a non-profit corporation to stimulate interest in the Pacific region as a vacation land, and to develop, promote and facilitate travel to and among the many Pacific destinations.
PATA’s first conference was held in January 1952 in Honolulu and its headquarters established in San Francisco, USA in 1953. PATA has its own director for Europe who is based in London and works to promote traffic from the European markets into the Pacific region. PATA’s first Asian office was opened in Manila, Philippines in 1976.
PATA is a non-profit organization set up with the objective of developing, promoting and facilitating travel to and within the Pacific area and South-East Asian region including India. 81
The activities of PATA including assisting small and up and coming destinations to develop their infrastructure, providing expertise, planning group travel schemes, destinations, hotels operations and discounts. It provides up-to-date information and practical and theoretical experience in the field of tourism. The annual conferences of PATA and its workshops provide greater scope to its member to share their ideas and exchange views about promotion of tourism in their respective regions.108
Tourism in India Tourism in India was seen as a more service sector for a long time. It has now been recognized as an export industry due to multiple advantages. Through tourism gained importance belatedly, it has grown at a rapid pace and enhanced its share in international tourism arrivals as well as into foreign exchange earnings. Now, it is one of the largest service industries in India, with a contribution of 6.23 per cent to the national GDP India. According to world travel and tourism council, India will be a tourism hot spot from 2009 to 2018 having the highest ten year growth potential. The travel and tourism competitiveness report 2007 ranked tourism in India sixth in terms of price competitiveness.
108 M.A. Khan, op.cit. pp.241-242. 82
TABLE 3.1 Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) in India during 1997-2010
FTAs in India Percentage change over Year (in million) the previous year 1997 2.37 3.8 1998 2.36 -0.7 1999 2.48 5.2 2000 2.65 6.7 2001 2.54 -4.2 2002 2.38 -6.0 2003 2.73 14.3 2004 3.46 26.8 2005 3.92 13.3 2006 4.45 13.5 2007 5.08 14.3 2008 5.28 4.0 2009 (P) 5.11 -3.3 2010 2.63 10.8 @ (Jan–June) (P)
P: Provisional, @ Growth rate over Jan-June 2009 Source: (i) Bureau of Immigration, Government of India, for 1997-2008 (ii) Ministry of Tourism, Government of India for 1997-2008
Table 3.1 shows the foreign tourist arrivals in India from 1997 to 2010. In the year 1997, the number of arrivals is 2.37 million and in 2010, it is 2.63 millions. The number of foreign tourist arrivals is slowly increasing from 1997 to 2010. The Government has taken many efforts to attract the tourists from various countries. During this period the growth 83 of the tourists arrival has increased by 215.61 per cent, eventhough it shows the negative trend in 2001 and 2002.
TABLE 3.2 Foreign exchange earnings (FEE) from tourism in India during 1997-2010
FEE from Tourism in India Percentage change over Year (Rs. in crore) the previous year 1997 10511 4.6 1998 12150 15.6 1999 12951 6.6 2000 15626 20.7 2001 15083 -3.5 2002 15064 -0.1 2003 20729 37.6 2004 27944 34.8 2005 33123 18.5 2006 39025 17.8 2007 44360 13.7 2008 # 50730 14.4 2009 # 54960 8.3 2010 # 31373 27.1 @ (Jan–June)
# Advance Estimates, @ Growth rate over Jan-June, 2009. Source: (i) Reserve Bank of India, for 1997 to 2007. (ii) Ministry of Tourism, Government of India for 2008- 2010.
Table 3.2 gives the details of foreign exchange earnings through tourism from 1997 to 2010. It shows that during 1997, it is 10,511 crores and in 2010, it is 31,373 crores. Thus it is evident that tourism plays a vital role in enhancing the foreign exchange earnings. In general, the 84 foreign exchange earnings from tourism have increased by 422.88 per cent during the study period.
TABLE 3.3 Top 10 countries for foreign tourist arrivals (FTAs) in India in 2009
FTAs* S. No Source country Percentage (%) Share (in Million) 1. USA 0.803 15.72 2. UK 0.749 14.66 3. Bangladesh 0.458 8.97 4. Sri Lanka 0.241 4.72 5. Canada 0.221 4.33 6. France 0.195 3.82 7. Germany 0.194 3.80 8. Australia 0.149 2.92 9. Malaysia 0.134 2.62 10. Japan 0.124 2.43 Total of top 10 Countries 3.268 63.98 Others 1.840 36.02 All Countries 5.108 100.00
* Provisional Source: Bureau of Immigration, Government of India, New Delhi, 2010.
Table 3.3 shows the top ten international markets for India in 2009. The USA tops among the ten countries, United Kingdom people, followed by Bangladesh, numbering 0.458. India attracts only less number of people from Malaysia and Japan. The Government should implement 85 tourism plans to attract more number of tourists from all over the world, by adopting suitable advertisement policies globally. These 10 countries account for 63.98 per cent of the total foreign tourists arrivals in India.
TABLE 3.4 Share of top 10 States/UTs of India in number of domestic tourist visits in 2009
Domestic Tourist Visits* in 2009 Rank State/UT Number Percentage Share (%) 1. Andhra Pradesh 157489927 24.2 2. Uttar Pradesh 134831852 20.7 3. Tamil Nadu 115755800 17.8 4. Karnataka 32701647 5.0 5. Rajasthan 25558691 3.9 6. Maharashtra 23739130 3.7 7. Madhya Pradesh 23106206 3.6 8. Uttarakhand 21934567 3.4 9. West Bengal 20528534 3.2 10. Gujarat 15909931 2.4 Total of top 10 States 571556285 87.9 Others 78482388 12.1 Total 650038673 100.00
*Provisional Source: State/UT Tourism Departments. Note: Figures for Maharashtra has been estimated.
Table 3.4 shows the domestic tourist visits in top ten states in India during 2009. Andhra Pradesh receives more number of domestic tourists and its percentage of share is 24.2. Next to it, Uttar Pradesh shares 20.7 per cent followed by Tamil Nadu sharing 17.8. Karnataka and Rajasthan 86 receives less number of domestic tourists. The state and central Governments are supposed to concentrated by adopting strategies to get more tourists in states. These 10 states account for 87.9 per cent of the states total domestic tourists arrivals in India.
TABLE 3.5 Share of top 10 States/UTs of India in number of foreign tourist visits in 2009
Foreign Tourist Visits* in 2009 Rank State/UTs Number Percentage Share (%) 1. Tamil Nadu 2369050 17.3 2. Maharashtra 1999320 14.6 3. Delhi 1958272 14.3 4. Uttar Pradesh 1532573 11.2 5. West Bengal 1180418 8.6 6. Rajasthan 1073414 7.8 7. Andhra Pradesh 795173 5.8 8. Kerala 548737 4.0 9. Bihar 423042 3.1 10. Himachal Pradesh 400583 2.9 Total of top 10 States 12280582 89.6 Others 1436940 10.4 Total 13717522 100.00
* Provisional Source: State/UT Tourism Departments. Note: Figures for Delhi and Maharashtra have been estimated.
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Table 3.5 shows foreign tourist visits in top ten states/UTS from 2009. Tamil Nadu attracts more number of foreign tourist visits and its percentage of shame 17.3. Next to it Maharashtra shares 14.6 per cent followed by Delhi sharing 14.3 per cent, Bihar and Himachal Pradesh less numbers of foreign tourists. The state and central Governments are supposed to concentrate by adopting strategies to get more tourists from abroad. These top 10 states constitute 89.6 per cent of the total foreign tourist arrivals in India. TABLE 3.6 Share of India in International tourist arrivals in world and Asia and the Pacific region 1997-2009
Percentage (%) International Percentage (%) share and rank of Tourist Arrivals share and rank of FTAs in India in Asia and (in million) India World Year India the Pacific Asia and (in million) World the % Share Rank % Share Rank Pacific 1997 593.0 89.0 2.37 0.40 2.67 1998 611.0 88.3 2.36 0.39 47th 2.67 1999 633.8 97.6 2.48 0.39 46th 2.54 2000 683.4 109.3 2.65 0.39 50th 2.42 11th 2001 683.4 114.5 2.54 0.37 51st 2.22 12th 2002 703.2 123.4 2.38 0.34 54th 1.93 12th 2003 691.0 111.9 2.73 0.39 51st 2.44 11th 2004 762.0 143.4 3.46 0.45 44th 2.41 11th 2005 803.4 154.6 3.92 0.49 43rd 2.53 11th 2006 847.0 166.8 4.45 0.53 44th 2.67 11th 2007 904.0 181.9 5.08 0.56 41st 2.79 11th 2008 919.0 184.0 5.28 0.57 41st 2.87 11th 2009 880.0 181.6 5.11 0.58 41st 2.81 11th (P)
P: Provisional Source: (i) UNWTO Tourism Market Trends 2007 Edition for the years upto 2005. (ii) UNWTO Barometer June 2009 for 2006 and 2007 and Barometer June 2010 for 2008 and 2009. 88
Table 3.6 shows the international tourist arrivals in region-wise from 1997 to 2009, the world arrivals are 593.0 millions and Asia and the Pacific receives only 89.0 millions. The rates of world share 47th rank in 1998 and 11th place in 2009. The world arrivals in the year 2009 are 880.0 millions in which India and Asia and the Pacific 181.6 millions. It is seen the percentage of annual change for India is slowly increasing from 2.37 in 1997 to 5.11 in 2009. It occupies 41st place in the case of foreign tourist arrivals in India.
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TABLE 3.7 Number of domestic and foreign tourist visits of all States/UTs in India 1997-2009
No. of domestic % No. of Year foreign tourist % change tourist visits change visits (in Million) 1997 159.88 14.1 5.50 9.3 1998 168.20 5.2 5.54 0.7 1999 190.67 13.4 5.83 5.3 2000 220.11 15.4 5.89 1.1 2001 236.47 7.4 5.44 -7.8 2002 269.60 14.0 5.16 -5.1 2003 309.04 14.6 6.71 30.1 2004 366.27 18.5 8.36 24.6 2005 391.95 7.0 9.95 19.0 2006 462.31 18.0 11.75 18.1 2007 526.56 13.9 13.27 12.9 2008 562.98 6.9 14.11 6.4 2009 650.04 15.5 13.72 -2.8 (P)
P: Provisional Source: State/UT Tourism Departments compiled data Note: Figure for Chhattishgarh, Delhi and Maharashtra have been estimated
Table 3.7 shows the domestic and foreign tourist visits from 1997 to 2009. The number of domestic tourist visits in 159.88 million and foreign tourist visit 5.50 millions during the year 1997 and in 2009 the domestic tourist visits has increased to 650.04 millions and foreign tourists visit has increased 13.72 millions. It is less than compared to our population. 90
TABLE 3.8 Foreign Tourist Arrivals and Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism for the years 2000 - 2010
(%) (%) (%) Percentage Percentage FEE Percentage FEE FTA Change Change (in Change Year (Rs. in Over Over Million Over (in nos.) Crore) Previous Previous US$) Previous Year Year Year 2000 2649378 6.7 15626 20.6 3460 15.0 2001 2537282 -4.2 15083 -3.5 3198 (-) 7.6 2002 2384364 -6.0 15064 -0.1 3103 (-) 3.0 2003 2726214 14.3 20729 37.6 4463 43.8 2004 3457477 26.8 27944 34.8 6170 38.2 2005 3918610 13.3 33123 18.5 7493 21.4 2006 4447167 13.5 39025 17.8 8634 15.2 2007 5081504 14.3 44360 13.7 10729 24.3 2009 5282603 4.0 50730# 14.4 11747# 9.5 2009 5167699 -2.2 54960# 8.3 11394# (-) 3.0 2010 5583746@ 9.1 64889# 18.1 14193# 24.6
Source: Annual Report 2010-11, Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, p.66.
Table 3.8 shows foreign tourist arrivals in India from 2000 to 2010. In the year the number of arrivals 2649378 in number and foreign exchange earnings 15,625 crores, 3460 millions US$ and in 2010, it is 5583746 in numbers foreign exchange earning (FEE) 64889 in crores and 14193 in millions US$. The number of foreign tourist arrivals is slowly increasing from 2000 to 2010 and foreign exchange earning it is evident that tourism plays a vital role in enhancing the tourism development.
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Tourism Development in Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu, the Southern-most State of India, nestles in the Indian Peninsula between the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Indian Ocean in the South and the Western Ghats and Arabian Sea on the west in the north and west. In the north and west, the state adjoins Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala. Tamil Nadu, with an estimated area of 1,30,058 sq. km ranks eleventh among the states of India in size. The population of Tamil Nadu as per the 2001 census is 62.40 million, constituting 6.05 per cent of the total population of India. Chennai (Madras) is the capital city other important cities/ places and Coimbatore, Salem, Madurai etc.
Tamil Nadu known for its ancient language and rich cultural tradition has numerous places of tourism interest for people belonging to other parts of the country and also other nations. Tourism in Tamil Nadu has flourished since ancient times. During the glorious days of Chera, Chola, and Pandiya, the three kingdoms of Tamil Nadu, people from different parts of the world had visited the land to take part in the religious-cultural celebrations like the ‘Indira Vizha.’ The widespread trade relations with many countries which date-back to 5000 years in history also contributed to the spread of the social cultural progress and economic prosperity of the people of the land. The celebrated Chinese tourist Yuwan Swang and Fahien have mentioned about the rich cultural and political diversity of the Tamil people. In the medieval times, Marco Polo and Ibun Bathutha were the famous travellers visiting Tamil Nadu.
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The temples of Tamil Nadu, many built more than two hundred years ago, provide both historical and religious attraction for visitors from for off places. For people of the Hindu religion, a visit to Kasi and Rameswaram are a must in lifetime. While Kasi is located on the banks of river Ganga in North India, Rameswaram is an Island in the Southern end of Tamilnadu. Similarly the numerous temples located all over the state also have varied historical significance.
The European colonization has also led to the development of many places during the last for hundred years, which have attained historical significance. For example the Dutch premises in Tranquebar a small seaside town in Thiruvarur district still has its Dutch remnants of 17th century. The spread of Christianity and Islam has also contributed to the increase in the number of places of tourism interest in the state. The shrine of Mother Mary in Velankanni and the Nagoor Durga are important places visited by large number of tourists.
Chennai, the capital city of Tamil Nadu well known as “Madras” besides being a traditional place of interest for its temples also speaks volumes of the British legacy of the last three centuries. The beautiful “Marina Beach” the second largest in the world also adds to the tourism interest of the city.
From North to South Tamil Nadu have many places like Thanjavur, Tiruchirappalli, Madurai, Tirunelveli and Nagarcoil, which are of religious and historical significance. The hill stations of Ootacamund, 93
Kodaikanal and Yercaud, also invite tourists from far and near. Thus the entire state has numerous places which year after year attract an increasing number of tourists for a variety of reasons.
TABLE 3.9 Geographical, meteorological and demographic data for Tamil Nadu
S. No. Items Statistics Geographical Data 1. Latitude 8° 5’n to 13° 35 N 2. Longitude 76°15’E and 80° E 3 Area sq. km 1,30,058 Meteorological Data 1. Average Annual Rainfall (mm) 964.2 2. Temperature C° Minimum 11.8 and in hill area 3.3 Temperature C° Maximum 45.0 Demography 1. Total population 2001 (million) 62.40 2. Urban population 2001 (million) 82.67 3. Population density (sq. km) 480 persons 4. Decennial growth rate (1991-2001)% 11.72 5. Literacy rate % 73.45
Source: Final Report, Best practicals adopted by the State Government for the Development of Tourism, p.142.
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Museum of Tamil Nadu The first museum was founded by Ptolemy at Alexandria around 300 B.C. for Literary and Scientific study. The word Museum comes from the Greek word “Moseion” means “temples of Muses” or “Place of study”. A Museum is a permanent exhibition that creates a lasting impression in the minds of the onlooker. They serve as audiovisual means of education. They promote national integration and international understanding. Museums use their collections not only for entertainment but also for public education and research. Some museum collect and display masterpieces of art others tell the existing story of mankind through the relics of past ages. Today the term Museum includes scientific, technological collections, botanical, zoological gardens and aquariums.
Fort St. Museum (1948) it houses the fine collection of original writings of the various personalities. Portraits of past governors, painting of the storming of Srirangapatna and scenes of earlier Chennai adorn the walls. Medieval weapons, collections of coins, silver wares, porcelain, manuscripts and engravings are displayed. The marble statue of Cornwallis is unique. The flag staff on the rampart facing the sea and the main gate is 150 feet high. Governor Yale hoisted the union jack over Fort St. George.
Art and Craft Tamil Nadu has a distinctive tradition in fine arts and exquisite crafts. The origin of most of the art and craft tradition of the state is 95 related to the influence of temple economy that prevailed for long periods in history. The rich temples of the region not only gave patronage to craftsmen but constant construction work in these temples helped the craftsmen regularly upgrade their knowledge and experience. Today, the craft traditions have developed into full-fledged industries in themselves. Among the art and craft of Tamil Nadu, basketry, kolam, Tanjore arts and weaving are well known.
Dances of Tamil Nadu Temples in Tamil Nadu were the fulcrums of society and even today arts forms that have their origin in religious worship continue to colour daily life.
Bharatanatyam Bharatanatyam, whose antiquity is well established, is the most popular of Indian dances. It is said to have originated to Tanjore. Bharatanatyam is a purest form of classical dance. It is a blend of Nritta (the rhythmic movement of the body without any expression of emotion), Nirtya (the combination of rhythm with expression through eyes, hands and facial movements) and Natya (the dramatic element).
Bharatanatyam dance form is said to derive its name from Bharata Muni, the author of Natya Shastra (treatise on dance) written between 2nd century BC and 2nd century AD. The dance was then called Sadir. The four borthers Chinnaiah, Ponniah, Sivanandam and Vadivelu collectively famous as the Tanjore Quartrette codified Bharatanatyam in its present 96 form. Their compositions form the bulk of dancing even today. Male gurus called Nattuvannars imparted training. This was the time when art received maximum encouragement and dancers were given land and valuables as gifts and were placed in high esteem.
Bharatanatyam saw its decline with the advent of the Mughals who in turn promoted Persian dancers. They took to prostitution to earn a livelihood thus putting Bharatanatyam into disrepute. Girls from good families stopped learning dance and dancing came to be considered as a lewd profession in the latter half of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century.
Bharatanatyam was again revived by Rukmini Devi and E. Krishna Iyer, Rukmini Devi started the institution Kalakshetra in 1936, and since then there has been a wave of reform. Today many recognised universities offer degree in Bharatanatyam, and artistes are given international recognition and honour.
The music for Bharatanatyam is based on Carnatic classical music. The chief musical instruments in Bharatanatyam are the Mridangam and a pair of cymbals. Sometimes Veena, Violin, Ghatam and Flute are also used. The Vidwan (expert) sets the refrain, which the Mridangam supplies fractional measures of the broad beats. The dance direction is done by Nattuvanar giving the Thaalam using hand symbols and singing Vaarthai. There will be two singers as well. The dancer follows the Mridangam and 97 cymbals. A Tambura is often incorporated in the orchestra to provide the Swara or scale for the refrain.
The costumes of the dancer are very gorgeous, which consists of Paijama or Dhoti and Jacket of Kanchipuram silk and Banaras silk. The dancer wears a lot of ornaments of shining stones on neck, ears, hands and head, Jasmine garland in the hair and foot trinket with small bells. Women wear a Veni or semi circle of real or artificial flowers round the bun or plait of the hair. In the centre of the forehead a Tika or dot is impressed.
The modern Bharatanatyam was regularized by Thanjavur Brothers, Ponnayya, Chinnayya, Sivanandam and Vadivelu. The modern form of Bharatanatyam presentation is the arrangement of four Nattuvans of Pandanallur. The Vidwan, Menaskshi Sunderam Pillay of Pandanallur, the greatest teacher of Bharatanatyam is a direct descendant of the four brothers.
It was Rukmini Devi Arundale, the celebrated dancer and scholar who took this dance from out of the temple and gave it a new respectability. She started a school at Tiruvanmiyur (the village just outside Chennai) named Kalak-Shetra. The age-old, Gurukulam system of education is still followed and many classes are conducted are conducted in sylvan surroundings.
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Folk dances Tamil Nadu has rich tradition of folk arts and crafts displaying traditional skill and dexterity handed down from generations. The folk music and dances represent the rustic ethos, aesthetic values and melody. The conduct of folk dances and music on occasions of temple festivals and community functions gives entertainment, myth and merriment to the villagers. The Therukoothu (Street Play), Thappattai Attam, Karagam and Kavadi, Dummy Horse Dance and Peacock Dance, Oyilattam and Silambam are all rural programmes of art forms, very old but still conducted and enjoyed by people with abiding interest and enthusiasm.
Tourist Wealth of Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu is an enchanting state where modern technology and contemporary vitality co-exist with tradition and old architecture. It is a year round destination. The tourist wealth of the state can be broadly grouped under the following heads.
1. Hill Resorts The state consists of mountain ranges pastoral landscape, exotic plants and shrubs and grassy hillocks. Notable hill resorts are Udhagamandalam, Kodaikanal and Yercaud. The small roads that swirl around the estates and hillocks provide refreshing experiences.
Udhagamandalam, known as the queen of hills, is all set to add more feathers to its cap. The Nilgiris mountain railway which way inaugurated in 1899 is likely to get world heritage status. Similarly the 99
Rose Garden at Udhagamandalam is likely to be declared as the Garden of excellence by the international rose federation.
2. Beach Resorts Tamil Nadu has 1076 km long spectacular coastline, which is one seventh of the country’s total coastline. Tamil Nadu’s coast line has sugar white bays and sun drenched beaches. Marina Beach is the second largest in the world.
3. Water Falls Water falls in the state like Hogenikkal, Courtallam, Thirparappu, Kumbakarai, Papanasam etc. one some spectacles and breathtaking experience.
4. Wildlife Sanctuaries Sanctuaries at Mudumalai, Anamalai, Mondantherrai and Kalakkadu are the important wild life sanctuaries which transform magically from the tropical wet ever green to the dry deciduous and thorn forests.
5. Zoological Parks The Arignar Anna zoological part at Vandalur, Chennai draws huge crowds and one can see a variety of wildlife in their natural habitat.
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6. Bird Sanctuaries The clacking and squawking of birds in the bird sanctuaries are melodious. Notable bird sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu Vedanthangal is the famous bird sanctuary located in Kancheepuram district. Other bird sanctuaries are Pulicat in Tiruvallur district. Koothankulam in Tirunelveli district Karaivetts in Perambalur district and Kodiakkarai in Nagapattinam district.
7. Botanical/Horticultural Gardens The horticultural gardens at places like Ooty and Coonoor are immaculately maintained to provide visual feast to the eyes.
8. Temples, Churches and Mosques They are exquisite and extravagant, delicate and district, yet at the same time they are integrally linked with each other. They display the indignity and artistic skill of sculptors. People voted through on line to accord. Wonder of world states to Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple. The histories of some of the temples and monuments date back even to 1000 years.
9. Heritage Monuments Monuments at Mamallapuram and Gangaikonda Cholapuram have unique and inspiring architecture. They are marvels of engineering skills of the bygone era of great ancient rulers.
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10. Mangroves Mangroves at Pichavaram in Cuddalore district one of the largest mangroves in the world. Mangroves are also found in Muthupet in Thiruvarur district. It is now believed that Mangroves act as a good deterrent in arresting the force of Tsunami, which struck the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu on December 26, 2004. By planning saplings, artificial Mangroves are developed to arrest Tsunami erosion in the marine areas.
11. Lakes The Pulicat Lake in Tiruvallur district is the second largest saltwater lagoon in India (after Chilika Lake in Orissa).
The following are the important tourism centres in Tamil Nadu.
Chennai Chennai is a sprawling metropolis and the capital of Tamil Nadu. Places to see include fort St. George, a former bastion of the British East India company presently housing the Tamil Nadu state legislature and secretariat; Marina, the second longest beach in the world. Anna and MGR memorials, Santhome Cathedral Basilica a magnificent cathedral built over the tomb of St. Thomas; Planetarium, Theosophical Society, the world headquarters of the society of all faiths, located on the banks of River Adyar and founded by Annie Besant, Olcott and Blavatslly; Kalakshetra, when Bharatha Natyam and other classical dances of India are taught; National Deer Park, which includes a Children’s Park and a Snake Park located with in the metropolitan city; Arignar Anna 102
Zoological Park, memorials to national leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Kamaraj and Rajaji, Valluvar Kottam, built in memory of Saint Thiruvalluvar, who wrote the world famous couplet-Thirukkural, Kapaleeswerar Temple, a fine example of Dravidian temple, architecture dedicated to lord Siva; Government Museum and Art Gallery one of the oldest in the country, housing a superb collection of bronzes etc.
Kancheepuram Kancheepuram the city of Thousand Temples is one of the seven sacred cities of India. A former capital of the Pallavas, it is famous for its exquisitely woven silk sarees. Places to see include Ekambareswarar Temple, Varadarjaswamy Temple, Vaikundaperumal Temple, Kamakoti Mutt, Kailasanathar Temple, Kamakshi Amman Temple and Silk Fabric Weaving Centers.
Mamallapuram Once a flourishing of the Pallavas if ancient India, this monument centre is today a World Heritage site and is renowned as a major beach resort holiday centre in South India. Places to see include shone temple, Five Rathas Arjuna’s Penance and Tiger’s cave. About 14 kms North is a Crocodile Bank and 17 kms West is Thirukazhukundram, a pilgrim centre. There are boating facilities at Muttukkadu backwaters midway between Chennai and Mamallapuram and another one at Mudaliar Kuppam on ECR beyond MGM on the way to Mamallapuram Amusements Parks like VGP Golden Beach, Little Folks and MGM Dizzy World are situated.
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Chidambaram Chidambaram is famous for the temple dedicated to Lord Nataraja, the cosmic Dancer (Lord Siva). The Annamalai University Located here is a major residential university. Pichavaram (16 kms from here) is a place of rare scenic beauty with its severe backwaters dotted with dense mangrove forests, which boats of unique avifauna, T.T.D.C’S Arignar Anna Tourist Complex at Pichavaram houses Restaurant and offer boating facilities.
Thanjavur The home of Carnatic music, musical instruments dance and traditional handicrafts, Thanjavur is famous for the Brahadeswarar Temple which is a world heritage site. The Temple constructed more than thousand years ago by the Chola King Raja, Raja, is an architectural marvel. The town of Thanjavur is also head quarters of the district of the same name.
Chettinad Chettinad is the home of the Chettiar community. Chettinad of famous for its palaces and mansions and lip smacking food. The palaces and mansions reflect a conglomeration of architecture and building styles. Burma teak motif had made tiles, stained glass windows, elaborate chandeliers and intricate carpentry are all unique ingredients of Chettinad mansions. Every home is an architectural splendour.
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Tiruchirapalli Tiruchirapalli is known for its Rock Fort temple located at a higher of over 83 metres other renowned temples are Lord Ranganathaswamy Temple (Srirangam), the Siva Temple at Thiruvanaikaval and Samayapuram Mariamman temple. Worth while excursions include Narthamalai, Sithannavasal, Kudumiyanmalai, Kodumbalur famous for their ancient monuments and Jain Caves with intricate war paintings. Grand Anicut, across the Cauvery River, built by the Chola King Karikalan in the second century A.D. is an engineering marvel and a fine picnic spot. Aavudayarkoil (110 kms) away is known for its life size sculptures, Mukkombu (20 kms) is another picnic spot, Viralimalai (28 kms) is famous for its Murugan Temple and Peacock Sanctuary.
Rameswaram One of the most sacred towns of India, it is well known for its temple corridor, the longest of its kind, the Bathing Ghat, Ganthamathana Parvatham, Kothandaramar Temple, Kurusadai and other nearby Islands.
Kanyakumarai Another famous pilgrim centre situated at the lands’ end of India, at the confluence of the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Place to see. Place to see Kumari Amman Temple, the colossal 133 – foot tall Thiruvalluvar statue, Gandhi memorial, Beach and Vivekananda memorial. Excursion centers include Temple with musical pillars (13 kms).
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Kodaikanal Kodaikanal is one of India’s most beautiful hill stations located at an altitude of 2133 mts (7000 Feet) frequented by tourists in large numbers through out the year. Places of interest include Bryant’s Park, Pillar Rocks, Lake, Solar observatory, Perumal Peak, Silver cascade, Telescope Houses at Coaker’s walk and near Kurinji Andavar Temple, Bear Shoal Falls, Borijam lake, Museum and Orchidarium at Sacred Heart College, Shenbeganur, very good trek routes and available.
Courtallam Courtallam, the spa of the south is situated at an elevation of 167 mts in the Western Ghats. This is a popular health resort. Its waterfalls are known for their curative properties. Its bracing climate extends particularly from June to September which is the main tourist season. Excursion centers Thiruchendur Murugan Temple (99 kms), Tirunelveli (58 kms), Rajapalayam (68 kms), Tenkasi (5 kms) and Mundanthurai Tiger Sanctuary (75 kms).
Udhagamandalam Popularly referred as “Queen of Hill stations” Ooty (Udhagamandalm) is located at a height of 2,286 mts (7500 feet) popular tourist attractions include the Botanical Gardens, Lake, Doddabetta and Mukurti Peak. The Pykarakam and Sprawling Tea Plantations, Trek routes are available TTDC has a telescope house at Doddabetta, Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary is 60 kms from here Kotagiri is 29 kms from here Coonoor is located 19 kms on Ooty – Coimbatore road. 106
Mudumalai This is a famous wildlife sanctuary located at a distance of 60 kms from Ooty. Coimbatore is the nearest Airport. Regular bus services are available. The nearest rail head is Udhagamandalam. The will life includes Elephant, Guar, Tiger, Panther, Sambar, Spotted Deer, Wild Boar, and Bison Porcupine etc. The avifauna is varied with miruvets, horn bills, fairly Blue Birds, Jungle Fowl and Flying Lizard etc. The Bandipur Wildlife Sanctuary (Kerala) is abutting the Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary.
Hogenakkal A health resort known from its water falls. Hogenakkal is set amidst lush green woods parisal (a boat made of hide and palm fiber) ride through River Cauvery is a pleasant experience. Bangalore is the nearest airport; Dharmapuri is the nearest rail head on the Bangalore Salem Route 130 (kms) Chennai is 350 kms from here.
Yercaud Located in the Shervarayan Hills in Salem District, Yercaud is a hill station visited by tourists, through out the year altitude 1500 mts (500 feet) places of interest include the lake, Anna Park, or Chidorium, Lady’s seat, Pagoda point, Bear’s cave and the Shervarayan Temple.
Madurai Madurai, once capital city of the Pandiyas, is the second largest city in Tamil Nadu. It is famous for the Meenakshi Temple with its 107 towering gopuram and rare sculptures other important attractions include Thirumalai Naicker Palace, Mariamman Tank, Koodal Azhar Temple and Gandhi Museum. Excursion centers. The Murugan Temple, Thirupparankundram (8 kms) Lord Azhagar Temple, Azhagal Koil (21 kms) and Lord Subramanya Temple Solaimalai, Mandapam (25 kms) is above Lord Azhagar Temple on a hillock, Palani Temple (122 kms) and Suruli Waterfalls (128 kms).
TABLE 3.10 Tourist arrivals in Tamil Nadu (in lakhs) Domestic Foreign Year Growth Rate Total Tourists Tourists 2000 229.82 7.86 100 237.68 2001 238.12 7.73 103.43 245.85 2002 246.62 8.05 103.66 254.67 2003 270.59 9.02 109.80 279.61 2004 300.77 10.58 111.35 311.35 2005 323.39 11.79 107.65 335.18 2006 392.14 13.35 120.98 405.49 2007 506.47 17.53 129.22 524.00 2008 626.18 20.40 123.39 646.58 2009 780.37 23.69 124.29 803.69 2010 1030.10 28.04 131.66 1058.14
Source: 1. Statistical Hand Book of Tamil Nadu 2007 2. Tamil Nadu Tourism and Cultural Department Policy Note 2009- 2010. 3. Indian Dance Festival 2010-2011 Government order 25th December 2010 25 January 2011. Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu p.11. 108
The above table depicts the position in regard to tourist arrivals in Tamil Nadu during the period from 2000-2010.
Tamil Nadu promotes zero-tolerant tourism without any compromise on socio cultural values and customs this has resulted in generating quality tourism. The tourists are invariably aesthetic and mature who appreciate the culture heritage of the state. Tamil Nadu is now ranked third in attracting both domestic and foreign tourists. Proactive efforts continue to make Tamil Nadu the most preformed destination in India.
In the year 2009, the tourist arrival was 803.69 lakhs tourists visited Tamil Nadu. During the year 2010, the tourist arrival was 1058.14. When compared the tourist arrivals for the above one years, it has recorded an increase of 254.45 lakhs in the year 2010.
Profile of Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation (TTDC) The Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation TTDC is a Government of Tamil Nadu Undertaking which was established in the year 1971. The main aim of the creation of TTDC is to develop the tourism sector in Tamil Nadu with the multiple activities performed by the TTDC, its performances are positively established for the past more than three decades. The TTDC is actively working towards the development of the tourism industry particularly in Tamil Nadu by creating different centers exclusively for tourism relatives.
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Preservation of cultural heritage of Tamil Nadu is the most significant social benefit from tourism. Cultural heritage is a composite of many aspects of our history and present the arts, the architecture, the archaeological and historical sites constitute one aspect of cultural heritage.
The Temples, Mosques, Churches and Gurudwaras constitute another. Handicrafts, Paintings, Sculptures, icons, Stone works etc. constitute another. Dance and musical forms, Festivals, customs, Folk rites and ritual constitute another aspect of cultural heritage museums archives, educational institutions, libraries, theatres etc. constitute another. Beliefs, attitudes are values are also part of cultural heritage these cultural resources need to be preserved protected, revived, published and handed down to posterity the TTDC opened its branches almost all important tourism points in order to focus the above items.
Tourism actually represents an assembly of several industries. The industries that are connected with tourism are Petroleum products industry, railways, airways, roadways, automobiles construction material industries, construction labour, hotel and restaurant industry personal care products industry, Forestry products industry had arts and crafts products industry, entertainment services industry, bar and beverage industry photo products / service industry. Literature and book industry, textile and personal use products industries and so on. It may be put these industries into six broad types. Accommodation industry, travel service industry, food and beverages industry, personal use products industry, shopping 110 goods industry and entertainment industry. The TTDC protect the cultural heritage of Tamil Nadu in a systematic manner in order to attract tourists from India and Accommodation industry is by far the most important industry connected with tourism. Accommodation facilities of different types-hotel, motel, campsites yatri-niwas, youth hostel, paying guest accommodation in, cantles (country hotels) etc., hotel segment is by far the most significant of all the types of accommodation. Accommodation industry development is crucial to tourism growth. Home away from home’s is the concept of accommodation. Location, accessibility, tariff, facilities etc., count. The TTDC maintains accommodation facilities and hotels in important tourism spots since these have been very essential to tourists in order to facilitate their stay.
Travel industry is the assemblage of all males of transport with infrastructure. Transport needs of tourists differ from that of short distance commuters. Comfort flexibility, speed, fairness of fare, safety etc., all count. Long distance hall is generally fulfilled by airways, medium distance by road sector. Road ways happen to be the complementary mode and its development holds the key to tourism development. Road that are narrow and of potholes and vehicles that are vexatious make travel. Transport development must precede tourism development.
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Chart 3.2
Organizational Chart
Department of tourism and culture
Secretary to Government
Directorate of tourism Tamil Nadu tourism development corporation
Director of tourism Chairman
Joint director Managing director
Deputy director
Assistant director General manger General manager (finance)
24 tourist officers and publication officer and Accounts officer
Staff Managers
Staff
Source: A.K. Raina Neelujain, Dynamics of Tourism, New Delhi: Kaniskha Publishers (2004): 55.
Tourist offices and tourist information centres twenty four tourist offices (18 with in state) and twenty six tourist information centres are functioning within and outside Tamil Nadu to facilitate tourists.
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TABLE 3.11 Tamil Nadu tourism at a glance
1. No of Tourist office : 24 (18 in Tamil Nadu and 6 in outside state) 2. No of Tourist information centers : 24 (18 in Tamil Nadu and 6 in outside state) 3. No of world Heritage monuments : 5 4. No of monuments maintained by :85 state Archaeology Department 5. No of monuments maintained by : 247 Archaeological survey of India in Tamil Nadu 6. No of Forts : 11 7. No of Temples maintained : 14 8. No of Temples maintained by Hr : 38436 and CE 9. No of major ports : 3 10. No of major Hills stations : 3 11. Second Largest Beach : Marina 12. Highest Peak in Tamil Nadu : Doddabetta (2636 mts) 13. No of international Airports : 3 14. Total Length of Railway line in : 3941 kms Tamil Nadu 15. Total Number of Youth Hostels : 7 16. Total Number of Hotels Tamil :53 Nadu 17. Total Number of Boat Houses : 8 18. Total Number of coaches : 20 19. Total Number of Telescope Houses : 3 20. Amusement Parks : 23
Source: Tourism Policy Note 2009-2010, Tamil Nadu General, p.42
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Tourist Information centers Air Ports Chennai (international terminal), Chennai (Domestic terminal), Madurai, Coimbatore, Tiruchirappalli.
Railway stations Chennai (Central), Chennai (Egmore), Madurai, Coimbatore, Rameswaram, Tiruchirappalli, Tirunelveli.
Bus Stands Chennai metropolitan Busterminus Koyambedu, Rameswaram. Other Places Gudalur (The Nilgiris District), Tranquebar (Nagapattinam District), Hotel Tamil Nadu Complex, Thanjavur, Panchalankurichi (Thoothukudi District).
Outside Tamil Nadu Tourist Offices New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkatta, Panaji (Goa), Jaipur, Agra. Tourist information centers Place State 1. Railway Junction Bangalore Karnataka 2. Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 3. Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 4. Ahmadabad Gujarat 5. Bhubaneswar Orissa 6. Lucknow Uttar Pradesh
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TTDC offers comfortable accommodation TTDC offers comfortable accommodation at reasonable cost at all tourist important centers in Tamil Nadu. There are the following important accommodation facilities like such as Restaurant Attached, Conference Hall, Swimming Pool, Permit Room (Bar), Telephone / TV Facilities, Lawn services, Car parking, ISD / STD Facilities, Laundry Services, Doctors on Call, Children Amusement and Indoor Games.
Services on Tourism in TTDC
Hotel Management system (Hms) TTDC has implemented Hotel Management System (HMS) in major hotels. Hotels Tamil Nadu, Mamallapuram, Tiruchirapalli, Madurai-1, Madurai-2, Kodaikanal, Yercaud, Udhagamandalam, Coimbatore, Rameswaram, Tiruchendur, Thanjaur and Kanniyakumari for operating the hotel functions with billing facilities.
Tours Management System (TMS) TTDC has implemented Tours Management System covering the entire tour operations conducted by TTDC at Tourism complex and sales counters for operating the entire functions of tours billing facilities.
Boat house Management System TTDC Boat houses operations are monitored through computer where in the Boat position can be viewed at any time. This system has been implemented at Muttukadu, Kodaikanal, Pykara, Pichavaram and Yercaud. 115
Website in Tamil Language launched A website WWW.TamilNaduTourism.Org/tamil has been launched recently for the benefit of domestic tourists.
Major initiatives and Achievements of TTDC - Popularizing lesser known tourist spots incentives to entrepreneurs. - Subsidy for converting heritage buildings into heritage hotels. - Rural Tourism areas identified for promotional activities. - Tourist friendly campaigns Virunthinar Portuthum Virunthinar Potruthum programmes organized. - Emphasized responsibilities of hosts and guests through Responsible Tourism concept with the need for clean environment. - Strengthening medical tourism initiatives. - Bed and Break fast (Home stay) scheme. - Tourism development schemes through convergence of funds from other Departments. - Production of innumerable tourist literature – folders posters, colourful calendar etc. - Release of attractive advertisements and commercials. - Participation in travel marts abroad and upcountry. - Publicity campaigns with in the country. - Effective Market. - Showcasing cultural heritage through Fairs and Festivals. - Digitizing the services of Tamil Nadu Tourism. - Broad Based on line booking of Tourism services. 116
- Draft Tourism master plan through HUDCO. - MICE Market explored – three regional level seminars in Chennai Eco Tourism Governance Medical Tourism, Responsible Tourism to high light MICE market. - Cleanliness Campaigns. - Monthly News letter to disseminate tourism activities events and services.
Festivals with Assistance from the state Government - Pongal Tourist Festival All over India – January - Chithirai Vishu Festival, Papanasam – April - Tea and Tourism Festival, Udhagamandalam – April - Chithirai Full moon Festival, Poompuhar – May - Kattabomman Vizha, Panchalamkurichi – May - Salangai Natham and Bhagavatha Mela, Thanjavur – May - Mango Festival, Krishnagiri - Summer Festival at all Hill stations – May - Kandhoori Festival, Nagore – May - Sara Thiruvizha, Courtallam – July - Thirupparappu vizha, Kanniyakumari District – July - Adipparkky, Hogenekkal – July - Velankanni Festival, Velankanni – August - World Tourism day in all tourist centers – September - Sathaya Vizha, Thanjavur – October - Thiruvannamalai Deepam Festival – November
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Tamil Nadu Tourism participated in all Government Exhibitions at Madurai, Tirunelveli, Thanjavur, Coimbatore and Vellore and showcases the tourism wealth of Tamil Nadu which includes lesser known centers in the districts. Tamil Nadu Tourism has participated in Tourism and Travel Trade meet and Fairs conducted all over India and high lighted the rich tourism potential of out state.
World Tourism Day Celebrations Rural Tourism is emerging as an important segment. Tamil Nadu has tremendous potential in Rural Tourism and this is showcased in the World Tourism Day celebrations appropriately as to height light the theme for the world Tourism Day. “Tourism responding to the change of climate change” This Department organized a number of activities like cleanliness campaign Tourism Awareness Campaign and tourist friendly campaign in Chennai and at important tourist spots in all Districts.
PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA: THANJAVUR DISTRICT Thanjavur, one of the 31 districts in Tamil Nadu in South India, is commonly known as the ‘Rice Bowl’ of the South. The district is situated in the south east coast of Tamilnadu State.
Geographical Area The composite Thanjavur district is bifurcated and later trifurcated and now we have Thanjavur, Thiruvarur and Nagappatinam Districts. The district lies on the East coast of Tamil Nadu. It is situated between 9.50’ and 11.25’ of the northern Latitude and 78.45’ and 79.25’ of the eastern 118
Longitude. The district is bounded in the North by the Coleroon which separates it from Perambalur and Tiruchirappalli districts and on the East it is bounded by Thiruvarur and Nagappattinam districts and on the south by the Palk Strait Pudukkottai district and on the west by Pudukkottai and Tiruchirappalli districts. There are no hills in the district. The district being predominantly agricultural one is called the Granary of the South.
Population According to 2001 census, the total population is 22,16,128 of which 10,69,638 are males and 119500 are females. The 2001 population census reveals that 14,76,256 persons are literate that is 66.61 per cent of population and of which 8,14,354 are males and 6,61,902 are females. The total area of the district is 3396.57 sqkm. The density of population is 652 per sqkm. The total workers in the district are 8,97,123 of which 6,18,471 are male and 2,78,652 are female. The rural workers are 6,48,543 and urban workers are 2,48,670.
Rainfall The maximum temperature of the district 39°C and the minimum temperature is 29°C. The normal rainfall in the district during South West monsoon is 342 mm (June to September) and during North East monsoon 545.7 mm (October to January). But the actual rainfall in 2007 was 252.8 mm is southwest monsoon and 445.1 mm in North West Monsoon. Summer showers occur during March, April and May.
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Production The number of dairies in the district is one and milk chilling plant is one. In the district 59 milk co-operative societies function and render service to the rural people. The length of the coastal line is 45.1 km and the number of coastal block is two. There are 27 coastal centres in the district. The marine fish production is 11,726 MT and the inland fish production is 920 MT. The district has vast scope for the development of marine and inland fishing activities. The total forest area under reserved forests is 3836.03 hectares. The turnout of forest production particularly Timber is 3642.94 cu.m. The outturn of cashew nuts is 4.54 tons and fire wood 54 tons.
Industries In the district there were 232 registered working factories in 2007. At that time, the number of man-hours work was 17.87 lakhs. There were 8 registered trade unions in 2006. There are no large scale industries in the district but there were 10 medium scale industries 504 small scale industries and 331 cottage scale industries in 2007.
Medical Facilities Thanjavur district is well equipped with medical and health facilities. Under modern medicine there are 16 hospitals, 16 dispensaries, 58 primary health centres, 309 health sub centres and 16 other medical institutions. The total number of beds in hospitals and dispensaries is 4878. There are 231 doctors and 538 nurses.
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Education and Road Facilities In Thanjavur District, there are 4 universities in which 3 are deemed universities. There are 27 Arts and Science Colleges. In the district there is one medical college and 3 engineering colleges. There are 11 colleges for education and 7 teachers training institute. In total there are 2167 schools which include nursery and primary Schools, middle schools, high schools and higher secondary schools. In the district the total road length is 8693 kms which includes national highways, state highways etc. In total the railway length in the district 218.69 km and there are 20 railways stations. It is connected with good communication facilities like post and telegraph and telephones.
In the district there are 3 revenue divisions with 8 revenue taluks, 50 revenue firkas and 906 revenue villages. In Thanjavur district there are 3 municipalities, 15 panchayats union and 59\89 village panchayats. There are 3 development divisions and 14 blocks in the district.
The deltaic region The deltaic region covers the whole northern and eastern portion of the district where the Cauvery with its wide network of branches irrigate more than half of the district. It comprises the whole of Kumbakonam taluk and parts of Thanjavur, Papanasam taluk.
Non-Deltaic region The rest of the southern and western areas of the district are non- deltaic or upland region. A good portion of upland regions which was dry 121 has now been brought under irrigation with the help of Grand Anicut canal, fed by the Cauvery Mettur project and by extension of the Vadavar river. Non-deltaic region is also devoid of hills and slopes gradually seawards.
Drainage Cauvery is the main river of Thanjavur district. It drains towards with its distributory branches in all directions. The Grand Anicut built across the river by the king Karikal Chola in the second century A.D., is a standing monuments depicting the skills of Tails is harnessing river of agriculture. Cauvery-Kollidam and Cauvery-Vennar-Vettar are the Chief river system of the district. Numerous distributaries of these two systems are draining the entire district there by promoting agricultural activities with in increased irrigation facilities, Kollidam, Vadavar, Vennar, Vettar, Kudamurutti, Pamaniyar etc., are the major distributaries of river Cauvery from October of January the river system get water from north-east monsoon with in the district. There is usually a preliminary fresh in the Cauvery in June.
Transport and communication The nearest Airport located at Tiruchirapalli. There is one important railway Junction in the district (i.e.) Thanjavur. The rail links directly with Chennai, Mysore and Other important towns in the state. There are more than 100 registered transport undertakings in this district. The Tamilnadu state Transport Corporation with its Head quarter at Kumbakonam has strength of 300 buses 2008-09. It operates town and 122 other services all over the district and also to some important towns in neighboring district and also the union territory of Pondicherry town bus services are made cheaper to suit most of the rural population. During this decade the transport facility was made to the public by the introduction of minibus services taxi and cab permits in small towns also.
Trade and commerce The trade of the district mainly consists of rice, fish, handloom, metal works and handicrafts. The items of import chiefly consists of silk and cotton yarn brass sheets, copper, timber and other consumer goods. The trade is carried on both by rail and road. Regarding surface transport, most of the exports and import passes through the ports of Chennai and Tuticorin. To help the trading and commercial establishments there are in all 166 bank branches function in various parts of the district 2008-2009.
The following table shows the area, population and literates as per 2001 census.
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TABLE 3.12 Area, population, literates – sex-wise by blocks and municipalities (as per 2001 Census)
Sl. Name of the Blocks / Areas Population Literates No Municipalities (sq.kms) Persons Male Female Persons Male Female Municipalities 1. Thanjavur 36.31 215314 106625 108689 170356 88881 81475 2. Kumbakonam 12.58 139954 69785 70169 108582 57353 51229 3. Pattukkottai 21.83 65533 32718 32815 47890 25850 22040 Block 1. Thanjavur 392.79 195484 97206 98278 132591 73471 59120 2. Budalur 286.01 97419 48493 48926 61700 34225 27475 3. Thiruvaiyaru 163.75 113370 56095 57275 75471 41570 33901 4. Orathanadu 409.79 165466 81115 84351 100106 57291 42815 5. Thiruvonam 211.65 79370 39281 40089 42674 25305 17369 6. Kumbakonam 176.00 186988 93432 93556 122450 68306 54144 7. Thiruvidaimarudur 190.47 183027 91310 91717 126248 69692 56556 8. Thiruppanandal 168.67 107401 53656 53745 66952 37765 29187 9. Papanasam 143.58 139951 68403 q71548 92550 50084 42466 10. Ammapet 243.97 115142 57434 57708 69954 39538 30416 11. Pattukottai 295.27 132882 64710 68712 84481 46955 37526 12. Madukkur 178.25 82187 39708 42479 52645 28917 23728 13. Peravurani 220.94 105364 51872 53492 66366 37809 28557 14. Sethubavachatram 244.71 91286 44795 46491 55240 31342 23898 Grand Total 3396.57 2216138 1096638 1119500 1476256 814354 661902
Source: District Statistical Hand Book 2006-07, Thanjavur District.
The total area of the district is 3396.57 sq. km and the population is 22,16,138 in which 10,96,638 are male and 11,19,500 are female. The total literates are 14,76,256 in which 8,14,354 are male and 6,61,902 are female.
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TABLE 3.13 Population by religion
Percentage (%) S. Persons in Persons in Religion No District Tamil Nadu In the Tamil District Nadu 1. Hindu 1925677 54985079 86.89 88.11 2. Muslim 163286 3470647 7.37 5.56 3. Christian 124945 3785060 5.64 6.07 4. Sikh 38 9545 0.00 0.02 5. Buddhist 28 5393 0.00 0.01 6. Jain 657 83359 0.03 0.13 7. Other 201 7252 0.01 0.01 Religions 8. Religions not 1306 59344 0.06 0.10 stated Total 2216138 62405679 100.00 100.00
Source: District Statistical Hand Book 2006-07, Thanjavur District.
From the above taluk elucidate that the population by religion in the district the population belongs to Hindu religion is the high that is, 86.89 per cent which is lower than the percentage in Tamil Nadu (88.11).
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TOURIST SPOTS IN THANJAVUR DISTRICT Brahadeeswarar Temple The Brahadeeswarar temple, called the Big Temple, is dedicated to Lord Siva. It was built by the great Chola King Raja Raja (A.D. 1985- 1012). It is an outstanding example of Chola architecture. Recognizing its unique architectural excellence, UNESCO has declared it a World Heritage Monuments.
The 64.8 metre tall vimanam (lower over sanctum sanctorum) is testimony to the engineering skill of the Cholas in keeping with the size of the temple. It has a gigantic “Mahalingam” in the shrine, measuring 4 meters in height. A monolithic Nandhi chiseled out of single rock, measures 5.94 meters in length, 2.51 meters in breath and 3.66 meters in height. It is the second largest Nandhi in India. The Nandhi or bull is the vehicle of Lord Siva. Beautiful Chola fresco paintings adorn the inner walls of the Temple.
One of the outstanding temples in South India, the Brahadeeswarar temple is the Chola dynasty’s finest contribution of Dravidian temple architecture. What makes the construction so unique is the variation from the usual temple building style of having a tall gopuram and smaller vimanam. At the Big Temple the vimanam soars high while the gopuram is smaller. The 64.8m tall, 14 tier pyramid shaped vimanam raised from a square base is topped by a huge monolithic cupola carved from an 81.3 tonne block of granite. It was raised with the aid of a 6 km long inclined plane. 126
The palace Just 1 km away from the Brahadeeswarar Temple is a magnificent palace, surrounded by huge fort walls. Dating back to the fourteenth century A.D. it was built partly by the Nayaks and partly by the Marathas. The Maratha royal family resides in this palace. It is a fascinating building with huge corridors, spacious halls, decorated rooms, tall observation towers, beautiful stucco works, wonderful fresco painted walls and ceilings, an underground tunnel and intricate carvings. The royal family’s sacred “Chandramauleeshwarar Temple” is located within the palace walls.
Art gallery The art gallery has fabulous collection of bronze icons, stone sculpture and pieces of art. The collection is unique for its large representation of Hindu Gods and Goddesses, myths and legends. The exhibits are priceless for their historical association.
Saraswathi Mahal Library Thanjavur Maharaja Serfoji’s Mahal Library is one among the few libraries in the world with texts of the medieval period. It is a treasure house of knowledge carefully fostered and nurtured by successive dynasties of Nayakas and the Marathas of Thanjavur. It contains are valuable collection of manuscripts, books, maps and paintings on all aspects of Art, Culture and Literature. The Encyclopaedia Britannica, in its survey of the Libraries of the world, describes it as “the most 127 remarkable Library in India”. This Library was made Public Library in 1918.
Sangeetha Mahal (Hall of music) Also in the Palace is the Sangeetha Mahal, acoustically perfect music hall. It is a striking example of the engineering skill of ancient builders.
Royal Museum and Serfoji Memorial Hall Located in the place complex, it displays rare antiques belonging to the Maratha Royal Family. The artifacts, manuscripts, weapons, royal robes and handicrafts made out of ivory, jade, lacquer, glass, porcelain, wood, cloth and leather are worth seeing.
Sharjah Madi This is in the eastern part of the palace, built in the Saracenic style by Raja Serfoji after his return from Varanasi. It is six-storied and well- known for its ornamental balconies. Its spacious halls bespeak the grandeur of this palace. It enables the tourists to have a panoramic view of Thanjavur City.
Rajarajan Manimandapam It is the southern part of Thanjavur. It was built during the 8th World Tamil Conference in 1995. This Manimandapam has a museum in its ground floor.
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Schwartz Church This Church was built adjacent to Siva Ganga Tank in A.D. 1779 by Rajah Serfoji as a token of his affection to his tutor Rev. C.V. Schwartz, a Danish missionary.
Sivaganaga Tank This water tank lies beyond the North West compound of Brahadeeswarar Temple. It is surrounded by large walls and known for its sweet water.
Rajagopala Beerangi (Cannon) This is huge cannon is placed at the eastern gate of the Fort. The places is called ‘Beerangi Medu’. The Cannon is amazing in size and the quality speaks of the metallurgical knowledge of the people of those times. The Beerangi is the biggest in India.
Tholkappiyar Sadukkam This Sadukkam (Square) was built during the 8th World Tamil Conference. One can have a panoramic View of Thanjavur town from the tower.
Tamil University Established here in 1981, the Tamil University is engaged in research and advanced studies in Tamil. It is devoted to the cause of promoting Tamil literature and language. It enables advanced studies in Tamil like Literature. Grammar, Linguistics, Religion and Philosophy, 129
Manuscriptology, History, Epigraphy, Sociology, Folklore, Anthropology, Arts, Sculpture, Music, Drama, Legal Studies, Administration, Science, Engineering, Computer Science, Medical Science, Encyclopedia and Adult Education.
Punnainallur Mariamman Temple The temple dedicated to Goddess Mariamman was built by Maratha ruler Tulajaji A.D. 1677 It is 6 kms east of Thanjavur.
Thanjavur Art Plate Thanjavur art plate is traditional metal craft of Tamil Nadu with its intricate workmanship and value. The popular Thanjavur art plates feature designs of deities, birds, flowers and geometric patterns, beaten out from the back of copper and silver sheets. These are than encrusted on a brass round plate, tray or pot (Kudam) or cup (Panchapathra). Generally the designs follow a theme, mythological or non-religion and sometimes special motifs on requirement. Now a days a part form brass wooden bases they are covered with transparent vinyl rounds. Usually the art plates are made in round shape of wall hangings or mounted on wooden bases in a variety of ways, extensively used as mementoes or giveaways. These wooden bases are also made in the shape of a temple tower or in floral shape. They are most popularly used as government mementoes.
Thanjavur Paintings Thanjavur paintings take their name from their place of origin. These paintings, generally of the Hindu deities with ornamentation in 130 gold, were traditionally used in worship 400 years ago. The main deity, represented in a symbolic stance, is centrally placed while some narrative and illustrative subjects are also painted colours used are generally strong and vivid and comprise of deep green, blue, red in the background while figures are mainly depicted in white, yellow, green and blue. The colours are applied in a flat brush stroke with variations, the final effect being derived from the use of gold and the setting of gems which gives the paintings an ornamental and rich look. Thanjavur paintings now hang in officer and homes, although their original religious purpose has given way to an ornamental one.
Thanjavur Garlands Thanjavur garlands are made from the beads of sandal wood power-paste in cotton string. The number of strings range from one to ten. The strings are adorned with zari twisted and designed in different shapes along with colorful foils, then knotted with a cane piece. Having the richness of sandal perfume and also rich is colour, these popular garlands are made in Thanjavur and thus the name used for garlanding the deities and VIPs in functions as mark of respect.
Thanjavur Cut Glass Work Attractive and eye catching at the first glance these flashy products are made from coloured glass pieces and coloured paper in attractive patterns used for house ceremonies (Kolu, Seemantham) showcasing traditional elements.
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Thanjavur Dancing Dolls The Thanjavur district in Tamil Nadu is known for its dancing dolls as the dancing dolls are known to be invariably from Thanjavur. These dolls get the name from the prominent swaying heads of the dolls that are balanced from the pointed neck that helps balance the head is a swaying motion. The Thanjavur dolls are made from burnt Kaliman (clay) and coloured. The most famous of these dolls are of a squat sitting couple and a folk artists as dummy horses (Poikal Kudhirai).
Thiruvaiyaru It is situated on the banks of the Cauvery. Thiruvaiyaru has an old Siva Temple dedicated to Panchanatheeswarar. Pilgrims flock to this temple throughout the year. Thiruvaiyaru is renowned for its association with Saint Thiyagaraja, who along with Muthuswamy Dikshitar and Shyama Sastri constitute the Trinity of Carnatic Music. The Thyagaraja Aaradhana is held in January at the “Samadhi” of the saint-poet on the riverbanks.
Exponents of Carnatic music come to Thiruvaiyaru and perform during the ‘aaradhana’ to pay homage to Thiyagaraja.
Poondi Matha Basilica This Basilica in Poondi village is a Roman Catholic Pilgrim Centre like Velankanni. It attracts pilgrims from all over India. Accommodation is provided to the pilgrims by the Church authorities.
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Thirukandiyur The two Temples, Brahmasirekandeeswarar Temple and the Harasapavimochanam Perumal Temple are located here. It is one of the Attaveeratta Sthalangal.
Grand Anicut Karikala Cholan (second century A.D.) initiated construction of the Grand Anicut by raising flood banks in the River Cauvery to irrigate the wasteland beside the river. This ancient dam consists of a solid mass of rough stone and clay, stretching across the River Cauvery. It is a fine picnic spot.
Thingalur – Chandran Thiruppalayam is a small village 8 km away from Thiruvaiyaru situated along the Thiruvaiyaru – Kumbakonam bus route Thingalur is a hamlet 1.5 km south of Thiruppalanam. Further a crescent is said to adorn the main lingam of this temple this way also be the cause of the name Thingalur. It is attended by above 1000 devotee district in the every day. Thingalur is one of the Navagraga temples Chandran Moon is the separate Sthalam.
Papanasam Papanasam is historical town. There are two famous temples. One is the Pallaivananathar Swamy Temple constructed by the Chola Kings. The other is the 108 Sivalayam Temple, which has 108 Sivalingas. The 133 granary constructed by the Nayaks (A.D. 1600 – 1634) is a grand sight. This State Archaeological Department has declared as a monument.
Palaivananathar Swamy Temple There is a famous granary of Nayak Dynasty which can stone about 1500 bags of paddy and is a protected monument of Archaeological Department and is situated in Sri Palaivananathar Swamy Temple in Thirupalathurai Village 15 kms, South West Kumbakonam. It was built by stone of line. The other is the 108 Sivalayam Temples which has 108 Sivalingms. The Sivalinga here was worshipped by Rama and Sita for abduction of their sins. The granary constructed by the Nayaks (1600- 1634) is a grand sight. The state Archaeological Department has declared it a monument. Navarathiri is the any annual which is attended by about 1000 devotees.
Thirukarugavoor Arulmighu Mullaivanathar and Karpagarakshambigai Temple is situated in the river bed of Vettaru a branch of Cauvery, at a distance of 20 kms, North-East from Thanjavur and at distance of 20 kms, South- West from Kumbakonam. This sthalam Thirukarugavoor is of age old greatness and extensively sung by the Great Saiva Saints Thirugnana Sambandar and Thirunavukkarasar on the presiding deities God Eswara Mullaivananathar and Goddesses Karpagarakshambigai, protecting the foetus of the one and all devotees, who pray her with all sincere devotion.
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Kumbakonam The four large temples – Sarangapani, Kumbeswarar, Nageswara and Ramaswamy temples – located here are noted for sculpture and carvings. It is believed that a bath in the Mahamaham Tank on Mahamaham day will cleanse one’s sins. The Mahamaham Festival, celebrated here once in 12 years, is unique.
Darasuram The Airavatheeswarar of Darasuram Temple built by Raja Raja Chola II (Rajendra Chola) is an example of twentieth century Chola architecture, and is well preserved even to this day. The frontal columns of the temple have unique miniature sculpture. Darasuram is also a silk weaving centre. UNESCO declared this as a heritage site.
Sri Naganathan Swamy Temple (Rahu) Sri Naganantha Swamy temple (Sri Rahu abode) is an ancient temple dedicated to Lord Shiva which is located at Thirunageswaram 7 km cast of Kumbakonam. It is believed that Rahu Bhagavan (one of the nine orbiting planets of sun) absolved his curse by worshipping the Lord here. One can see the rare Rahu Bhagavan idol with his consorts in this temple. Devotees perform milk abishegam to get rid of their Rahu dosham or its evil effects. During the time of the abishegams when the milk is poured on Rahu idol, the milk turns bluish in colour to the eyes of the devotees. Annually this temple is attended by about 5000 devotees.
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Uppliyappan Koil It is 6 kms Kumbakonam and 46 kms from Thanjavur. It is dedicated to Lord Venkateshwara. The name of the Lord means “one who does not eat salt”. It is located on the bus route from Kumbakonam on Nachiarkoil.
Swamimalai Temple Sri Swaminatha Swamy Temple is built on an artificial Swamimalai, a small town near Kumbakonam. The hill temple has sixty steps coinciding with the Tamil years. The presiding deities are life images of Muruga and Siva the son importing the divine message “Pranava” to his father. Sri Swaminatha Swamy is in six Feet high granite idol in a standing posture offering a spectacular view to devotees this temple is one of the six abodes (Arupadaiveedu) of Lord Murugan on the way to Swamimalai a famous Vinayaga temple is located in Thiruvalanjuli village where the Vinayaga idol is din white colour. The main festivals are Karthikai, Thai Pongal more than 2000 local devotees attend them.
Ayravatheeswarar Temples Sri Ayravatheeswarar temple known for architectural skill is located in Darasuram near Kumbakonam and was built by Rajendra Chola. Famous icons have been discovered during recent renovations and this temple is a protected monument under the control of Archeological survey of India. Darasuram the Ayravatheeswara of Darasuram temple built by Raja Raja Chola (Rajendra Chola) is an example of 12th century 136
Chola architecture and is well preserved even to this day the frontal columns of the temple have unique miniature sculptures Darasuram is also a silk weaving center which attract more than 1000 of devotees from all over India and other countries.
Sarangapani Temple This temple is also located near to big bazaar of Kumbakonam. It is considered one among the three major shrines of lord Vishnu and it was renovated during the period of Nayaka kingdom of sixteenth century Sarangapani temple consists of the biggest Gopuram (150 ft) and five Praharas and one holy tank, known as ‘Porthamarai Kulam’ which is located behind the temple. The Karuvarai and Vimanam are made of with 12 sculptures columns shaped like a chariot. This temple has a big chariot. The chariot rounds the four car streets once in a year. This is celebrated by the people in and around the town.
Someswar Temple It is situated in the southern portion of Sri Sarangapani temple. This temple faces the Northern side with a small Gopuram at the eastern portion near the entrance. The architectural style and element of this temple resembles the Dravidian Architecture of thirteenth century of Chola period. Arumugam and Thenar Mozhi Ammal are the other deities located in this temple complex.
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Nageswaran Temple Nageswaran temple otherwise known as ‘Koothandavar Kovil’ is located near the old bus stand area. Adhithya Cholan of Chola dynasty constructed this temple during twelfth century. This temple stands as a great marvel of Chola’s architecture, building technology and astronomy. The design and orientation are designed and structured in such a way that it allows the sun rays inside the temple and reflected on the “God Shiva” only during the month of Chithirai (May-June) therefore, it bears another name called “Sooriya Kottam” or “Keel Kottam”, the Karuvarai (Room of God) of Nageswaran temple has similarity with that of Sarangapani temple, as it is in the form of a chariot. The temple consists of two Gopurams in the Eastern and Western directions.
Ramasamy Temple Achutha Nayaka of Thanjavur constructed the Ramasamy temple during sixteenth century. This temple is located on the south western portion of “porthamarai kulam” this temple consists of one Gopuram, one Maha Mandapam and Karuvarai. The columns of Maha Mandapam are enriched with intricate stone carving works of the story of Lord Rama. Vamana Avatharam, Meenakshi Kalyanam, Sugreeva Pattabishekam are some of the famous carving works of this temple. The outer prahara consists of a 219 wall painting, which explain the series of incidents from the great Epic “Ramayanam”.
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Chakarapani Temple It is located in the northern portion of big bazaar street near the river Cauvery. It is the second biggest Vaishnavite temple in Kumbokonam town the eastern and western entrances of the temple are known as “Dakshinayavayil” and “Utharayanavayil” respectively and outer prahara of this temple is made in the front of a balcony. Agampara Vinayakar, Panchamuga Ancheneyar and Vijayavalli are the important idols located in this temple complex. The devotees believe that if one worships faithfully for one mandalam (48 days), the Lord Chakkarapani graces the prayer.
Mahamaham Tank There are many teerthams (holy water) in Kumbakonam of which the Mahamaham tank is well known. The tank covers an area of 2 acres and is surrounded on all sides by picturesque mandapams. There is a belief that it contains a number of other teerthams in the form of wells. Every year in the month of Magha (February-March) a festival is conducted here and the image of Lord Kumbeshwara is taken out in a procession. The great Mahamaham festival, attracting Lakhs of people from far and wide is celebrated in honor of Sri Kumbeswara Swami and it takes place every 13th year. The exact time when the festival lakes place is the conjunction of the moon with the Makha Nakshatra and Jupiter on the full-moon time of the month of Magha. It is believed that on these auspicious days the tank receives supplies of water from Ganges and eight other holy rivers and all the deities are said to remain present here on that occasion. This has been surrounded on all sides by 16 beautiful 139 mandapams which are stated to have been built in the year 1542. To the north of the Mahamaham tank there is a shrine dedicated to Lord Siva under the name Kasiviswanatha Temple for all the Nava Kannikas have been built here.
Thirunageswaram This temple is 5 kilometers from Kumbakonam. It is a vast Shiva temple known for it is a shrine to Raghu, one of the nine celestial bodies of Navagrahas. Legend has it that the mythological serpents Aadhi Seshan Dakshan and Kaarkotan worshiped Shiva here. Legend also has it that it that King Nala worshiped Shiva here as in Tirunallar.
Bodhendra Saraswati Swamigal Athistanam Bodhendra Saraswati was the fifth-eighth Sankaracharya of the Kamakoti Mutt, Kanchipuram and was the author of the authoritative work “Namamirta-Rasayanam”, which is a treatise on the efficacy of reciting the names of Bhagavan in many of his writing, chiefly in Namamirta Rasayana and Namamirta Rasadaya. It was the “Nama Siddhanta” of Bodhendra that was ultimately responsible for the evolution of Bhajana Sampradaya as an institution is the religious use of the Hindu community in south India. Bodhendra performed Tatanka Pratistha at Jambukeswaram and while returning to Kanchi he attained Videha Mukti at Govindapuram on a full moon day in the month of proshtapada of the cyclic year prajotpatti (1692 A.D). It is said the spiritual presence of Bodhandra still abides at the Adhistana at Govindapuram. It is said that in the calm silence of the night a melodious voice uttering Rama Nama is 140 heard rising form subdued tones to a crescendo and then fading into silence again.
Tiruvalanchuzhi Shiva Temple This temple is 8 kms from Kumbakonam. It is known more popularly for its shrine to Sweta Vinayakar said to be made of the foam of the milky ocean. There is a large praharam with a beautiful greenish garden.
Bronze castings Bronze sculpture made at Swamimalai. The ancient craft of panchaloha (bronze) casting of Lens which reached its apogee of excellence under the cholas is done by the cire per dye or lost wax method. The icon is first made in wax and three layers of clay applied on the wax model which is then allowed to dry. When perfectly dry, the clay coated mould is heated over an open ground oven and the molten wax forced out through appropriate holes in the icons. When the mould is completely drained of wax, molten metal is poured into the mould and allowed to set. The mould is broken after a few days and the bronze icon emerges. Chiseling, detailing and polishing follow. The icon is now complete the only one of this kind in creation.
Patteeswaram It is located at a distance of 6 miles from Kumbakonam and is approachable only by a village road. It is said that a pot containing 141 ambrosia (Amrita) while drifting about in the deluge touched at this spot. Such spots of rare mythological antiquating dating back to pre-creation.
Pre-creation days must have a corresponding sanctity. Patteeswaram temple is one among them Patteeswaram is a Siva temple of antiquity with many rare specimens of the past. The eldest daughter of Kamadhenu Patti and the Tamil Saint Gnanasambandam worshipped Lord Shiva in this temple. Another legend connected with this temple is that Lord Rama visited this temple for getting rid of his Chaya Dosha (Stigma of reflection). At the Northern entrance to the temple there is a deity Goddess Durga. It is considered to be the most powerful deity in the locality. Originally the Chola Kings installed and worshipped this Goddess in their fort. After the fall of Chola Empire, the idols, of the four deities were removed and installed inside the Patteeswaram temple. The Goddess is very powerful from that time her arrival at this temple. The original temple has lost its prominence and people throng for blessings from her.
Thiruvidaimaruthur This place is about 8 kms from Kumbakonam and 48 kms away from Thanjavur. The River Cauvery passes through this place. The presiding deity is Mahalingeswarar and Goddess is known as Perunalmulaiyammai. People suffering from mental affliction visit the place for relief.
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Kanjanur God Agneeswaraswamy and Goddess Sri Karpagambal Temple is located at Kanjanur in Thiruvidaimaruthur Taluk 20 kms North East of Kumbakonam. It is a faith prevail it if we pray God and Goddess all over sins will be removed from us any annual festival which is attended by about 1000 devotees.
Sooriyanar Kovil (Sun Temple) Sooriyanar Kovil is one of the Navagraha temples dedicated to lord Suriyan (Sun) it is 58 kms from Thanjavur large number of people worship the sun God here. Sooriyanar Kovil is in a village 2 km north if Aduthurai in Thanjavur district this village is famous for its sun temple perhaps the only one in Tamil Nadu dedicated to the sun. Sun was called by many different names such as Suryapusan, Bhanga Varuna, Vishnu, Aryaman, Virasavan and Amsuman. This Temple is falling west with a three tier Rajagopuram (tower) nearly 60 feet in height.
Mahalingaswamy Temple Sri Mahalinga Swamy temple at Thiruvidaimarudur is a very big temple and it’s believed that Brahmahathi Dosham was removed from king Varagunapandian in this temple. Navarathiri is the any annual which is attended by 1000 local devotees.
Thirubuvanam There is a thirteenth century Chola temple dedicated to Lord Siva known as Kumpaheswarar. The Temple occupies an important place in temple art. It is one of the major silk weaving in the State. 143
Thirubuvanam Silk Many people are engaged in the work of silk wearing in Thirubuvanam. The excellence of craftsmanship can be seen from richly brocaded sarees. There are 10 silk weavers cooperative societies and many private merchants are involving in the silk business tourists used to visit the silk shops and buy the items required by them.
Orathanadu There is one famous Siva Temple situated at Orathanadu town. Those who are not able to visit Kasi in North India can have a Dharsan of Kasi Viswanathar and Kasi Visalakshi Amman at Orathanad town itself since the main deity in this temple is Kasi Visalakshi Amman and Kasi Viswanathar. White revolution is well implemented in Orathanad Taluk. There is one big live stock farm Orathanad town itself.
Manora Manora is situated on the shores of the Bay of Bengal in Sarabendrarajanpattinam village, about 20 kms south of Pattukottai Town. Manora is grand old town with lovely architecture and scenic surroundings. Manora is memorial (Fort) Tower built in 1814 A.D by Raja Serfoji of Thanjavur, in commemoration of the victory of the British army over Napoleon Bonaparte, the French emperor, in the historic “Battle of Waterloo” Manora is a pleasing blend of Roman Pillar architecture. The sea, the breeze and the fisherman’s houses make Manora a nice place to visit.
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Navagraha Temples (Nine temples) 1. Suriyanar Koil (Sun Temple): One of the Navagraha Temples dedicated to Lord Suriyan (Sun) in Thanjavur District. This place is 58 kms away from Thanjavur. This is the only place where the image of the Sun is worshipped. 2. Thingalore (18 kms from Thanajvur): One of the Navagraha Temples dedicated to Chandran (Moon). It is situated on Thanjavur to Kumbakonam route. It attracts more pilgrims on all days. 3. Vaitheeswaran Kovil (90 kms): One of the Navagraha Temples dedicated to Lord Angarahan (Mars). It is on the way to Chidambaram. 4. Thiruvankadu (95 kms): One of the Navagraha Temples dedicated to Lord Budhan (Mercury). It is nearer to Mayiladuthurai. 5. Alangudi (36 kms): Guru Temple – One of the nine planets. It is dedicated to Lord Guru. 6. Kanchanur (57 kms): One of the Navagraha Temple, dedicated to Lord Sukran (Venus). It is situated on the way to Mayiladuthurai. 7. Thirunallur (95 kms): The Siva temple here has a famous shrine dedicated to Saneeswaran. It is believed that one can get rid of all problems if one prays here. 8. Thirunageswaran (47 kms): It has a Navagraha temple dedicated to Lord Rahu. It is 6 kms east of Kumbakonam and 47 kms from Thanjavur. 9. Keezhaperumpallam (93 kms): One of the Navagraha Temple dedicated to Lord Kethu. It is nearer to Poompuhar.
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TABLE 3.14 Tourists arrivals in Thanjavur district (in lakhs)
% to % to Domestic Foreign Growth Year total total Total tourists tourists Rate tourists tourists 2000 14.16 96.32 0.54 3.67 14.70 100 2001 14.95 96.45 0.55 3.54 15.50 105.44 2002 15.20 96.51 0.55 3.49 15.75 101.61 2003 15.46 96.50 0.56 3.50 16.02 101.71 2004 16.77 96.71 0.57 3.29 17.34 108.23 2005 16.83 96.72 0.57 3.17 17.40 100.34 2006 17.45 97.27 0.49 2.73 17.94 103.10 2007 22.37 97.35 0.61 2.65 22.98 128.09 2008 25.81 97.18 0.75 2.82 26.56 115.58 2009 29.15 96.94 0.92 3.05 30.07 113.21 2010 49.15 98.04 0.98 1.95 50.13 166.71 Average 20.04 96.90 0.64 3.07 22.22
Source: Tourist Office, TTDC, Thanjavur.
The tourists’ arrivals in Thanjavur district is presented in table 3.13. Tourist arrivals in Thanjavur district is ever increasing. They rose from 14.70 lakhs in 2000 to 50.13 lakhs in 2010 recorded a growth of 166.71 per cent of the total tourists, on an average 20.04 per cent are domestic tourists and foreign tourists constitute only 0.64 per cent.
Chapter IV GOVERNMENT SUPPORT SCHEMES FOR THE GROWTH OF TOURISM
This chapter mainly presents the various support schemes and the policies of the government towards the development of tourism in Tamil Nadu in general and Thanjavur district in particular.
TOURISM POLICY AND SCHEMES In order to develop tourism in Tamil Nadu in a systematic manner, position it as a major engine of economic growth and to harness its direct and multiplier effect for employment and poverty eradication in an environmentally sustainable manner, the tourism policy was formulated in the year 2002. The policy attempts to.
Imbibe tourist friendly culture among the state holders and service providers under the campaign “Virundinar Potruthum-Virandinar Potruthum” to ensure a pleasant stay by the tourist which has generated a more acceptable word of mouth publicity and repeated by visitors.
Highlight quality and affordability through effective publicity both within and out side the country.
Conduct marketing meets at potential tourist centres
Frequent meetings with hoteliers, tour operators, representatives of Airlines, Railway authorities and state holders for new promotional avenues. 147
Promote lesser known tourist spots to add more alternatives and to ease the pleasure on core destinations. Financial assistance for tourism The central and the state governments are involved in tourism financing because they are interested in promoting tourism for two reasons-economic development of their own people and for earning foreign exchange from visitors. Government financing comes in the following ways.
To make a destination or an area grow into an important tourist centre, it is essential to build infrastructure in the form of roads, rails, power houses etc. and these are provided by the government from the national budget.
Apart from direct expenditure on tourism in the finding of highways, railways, airlines power projects and tourism administration, governments indirectly help financing tourism projects (i.e.) loans are offered with interest subsidy to entrepreneurs wishing to start a tourism project like hotel/resort in an area which the government wishes to develop, providing grants to the person to encouraged him to construct buildings to hotels and other related projects to tourism, along with taxation relief etc.
The government of India has decided that to provide loans to hotel for different criteria. The tourism finance corporation of India, was incorporated as a public limited company on January 17, 1989. 148
It provides financial assistance for setting up and or developing tourism related activating, facilities and services. These include (a) hotels (b) restaurants (c) holiday resorts (d) amusement parts (e) complexes for entertainment education and sport (f) safari parks (g) rope ways (h) cultural events (i) convention halls (j) transport tread and tom operating agencies (k) air taxi services (l) tourist emporia and (m) sports facilities.
Financial outlay The government of Tamil Nadu has been taking very special interest for promotion of tourism to meet the demand of the visiting tourists, infrastructure facilities like rest shed public convenience, parking lot, drinking water, roads civic amentias etc. have been provided at all destinations/places/spots through the centre and state funds.
TABLE 4.1 Budget Allocation for tourism 2006-2010
Year Budget Allotment (Rs. in crores) 2006-07 63.57 2007-08 51.53 2008-09 62.04 2009-10 62.90
Source: Tourism Policy Notes 2010-2011, Government of Tamil Nadu, p.44.
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Table 4.1 enumerates the budget allocations for tourism from 2006- 2007 and 2009-2010. During the year 2007-2008 the government of Tamil Nadu allocated Rs.51.53 crores for the development of tourism. The allocation for the year 2009-2010 has increased to Rs.62.90 crores.
Tourism friendly campaign Virunthinar Potruthum, Virunthinar Potruthum
(tpUe;jpdh; nghw;WJk;/ tpUe;jpdh; nghw;WJk;) Tamil Nadu is the state where hospitality and guest care are not a profession but a way of life. Guest care is enshrined in our literature and scripts. ‘Thirukkural’ has devoted a chapter on ‘Virunthombal’ (Hospitality) Taking good care of tourists itself is a tourist attraction. Word of mouth publicity can go a long way in attracting tourists. Tamil Nadu tourism has taken up a guest-care mission for inculcating virunthinar potruthum, virunthinar potruthum (Tourist – friendly culture) in the minds of stakeholders as well as others.
Tamil Nadu tourism organized a novel programme to make the city traffic police tourist friendly. As part of the initiative Virunthinar potrathum, Virunthinar potruthum” a group of traffic police personnel took a pledge that they would be courteous to tourists.
They promised to greet tourists with a smile, provide them proper guidance, and ensure tourist to not fleece them, direct them to approved tourist guides, provide them safety and protect their belongings.
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To get the airport employees to be more tourist friendly, the tourism department organized a programme at the Chennai airport. Programmes were conduct at Salem, Erode, Dharmapuri, Coimbatore, Thanjavur, Thiruvarur, Nagapattinam and Thiruvallur. After the completion of training in the major tourist destinations, similar capsules will be held in the other tourist centres.
Tourism master plan for Tamil Nadu The tourism department has appointed HUDCO (Housing and Urban Development Corporation), a premier Government of India Techno-Financing institution in the country, as consultant to prepare a “Tourism master plan for Tamil Nadu.”
The master plan identifies the tourism potential in Tamil Nadu and suggests ways and means to market it. It will also formulate projects for the development of the tourism infrastructure.
WTM (World Travel Mart) World Travel Mart at London brings stakeholders from all corners of the world under one roof. Tamil Nadu tourism participated in the WTM (World Travel Mart) held at London from 12th to 15th November 2007. More than 100 countries participated in the world travel mart. They evinced great interest in visiting Tamil Nadu and writing articles. The tourist wealth of Tamil Nadu and the steps taken for promotion of Tamil Nadu were highlighted. Invitations to visit Tamil Nadu were extended to the foreign delegates. 151
TAAI convention To enhance tourist arrival, Tamil Nadu tourism co-sponsored TAAI (Travel Agents Association of India) convention held at Chennai from 05.10.2007 to 08.10.2007. The tourist attractions and potentials were show cased during the convention.
Know India programme To create awareness among non-resident Indian youth, Tamil Nadu tourism partnered with the ministry of overseas Indian affairs, Government of India, and organized a tour of Tamil Nadu for 12 days in January 2008. Tamil Nadu tourism participated in Pravasi Bharatiya Divas 2008 at New Delhi. In order to highlight tourism potential, Tamil Nadu participated in the exhibitions held at Singapore and Malaysia in 2007, with huge Tamil Diaspora.
Training in hotel management and catering technology Tourism being essentially a hospitality oriented industry, it becomes necessary to inject professionalism in various fields like reception, cooking, hospitality and interior decoration. In Tamil Nadu there are two government catering institute viz., State Institute of Hotel Management of Catering Technology (Thuvakudi), Tiruchirappalli and Institute of Hotel Management Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition (Taramani), Chennai.
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Tourism police The task of Tourism department never ends with merely attracting tourists to Tamil Nadu. The tourism Department is equally concerned about offering adequate security to the tourist at the tourist spots. To ensure this vital cause it is proposed to introduce police in our state at important places. To begin with, Tourism police would be posted at Mamallapuram and Kanyakumari on experimental basis.
Information Technology The tourist offices at Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli, Rameswaram, Chennai, Mamallapuram, Chidambaram, Poompuhar and Thanjavur have been computerized. It is proposed to install fax machines at the tourist offices at Chennai, Mamallapuram, Chidambaram, Poompuhar, Thanjavur, Rameswaram, Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari. After completing the computerization process it is proposed to connect. The tourist offices, tourist information centres, units of Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation with each other through Wide Area Network (WAN) connecting. The ultimate aim is to provide the tourist with ON-LINE booking facility for TTDC’s package tours and hotels.
Converting heritage buildings into heritage hotels Tamil Nadu tourism is taking many promotional efforts to increase tourist arrival. The Government has announced a subsidy of 10 per cent on conversion cost to convert heritage buildings into heritage hotels.
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Guide training course With a view to creating employment opportunities and show caring Tamil Nadu Tourist Spots in a better perspective to globetrotting tourist, it was decided to train 400 unemployed graduates as Tourist Guides. Accordingly, 180 unemployed youths were trained as guide during 2007- 2008. 220 guides will be trained during 2008-2009.
Publication of pamphlets In the years 2007 and 2008, Tamil Nadu Government published tourism folders. Tamil Nadu tourist may image CD, Calendar, for the year 2008 and informative general folders were published. 10 varieties of posters on lesser known tourist (LKT) centres were published to gear up the dissemination system. Special pamphlets about the following places will be published in 2008-2009. 1. Kanyakumari 2. Madurai 3. Rameswaram 4. Mamallapuram 5. Tiruchirappalli 6. Chidamparam 7. Yercaud 8. Thanjavur
Promotion and marketing Tamil Nadu, a year round destination with tremendous multi-varied segments and potential, should be showcased. This target of showcasing 154 promotional activities for the year 2008-2009 will be done by initiation. Innovating marketing drives, to cope with the latest trend marketing will be focusing medical tourists with a brand of affordability and multi fold cheaper benefits in Tamil Nadu will be tapped from the main tourism stream through marketing.
Introduction of Hop-on, Hop-off tour To facilitate the tourists to visit the places of tourist interest from Chennai to Mamallapuram with out any hardship and spend their time as they like, a “Hop-on, Hop-off tour” will be introduced by Tamil Nadu Tourism during 2008-09. A sum of Rs.72.00 lakhs has already been sanctioned. The state transport corporation will introduce “Hop-on, Hop- off tours” in Chennai city.
Publicity and campaign In the year 2007-2008, the special publicity campaigns conducted at New Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Bhubaneswar, Kolkata, Bangalore and Chandigarh attracted considerable tourists to Tamil Nadu. Publicity campaigns were conducted during the year 2008-2009 to tap other state tourists in the destinations listed below. 1. Cochin (Kerala) 2. Calicut (Kerala) 3. Pune (Maharasthra) 4. Jaisalmer (Rajasthan) 5. Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) 6. Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh) 7. Siluguri (West Bengal) 155
Gold cards and Platinum cards through online TTDC had launched the gold card and platinum card scheme during 2008. This scheme has also been launched through online on 17.02.2010. The Gold card/Platinum card holders are eligible for attractive discounts in TTDC hotels. Tourists can now get the gold and platinum cards through on-line by clicking www.tamilnadu tourism.org/ onlinecard.
Launching of virtual tours TTDC has launched the virtual tours in its website on 30.09.2009 covering the major destinations Tamil Nadu. The tourists clicking the website of TTDC can virtually have the experience of visiting these places in person. They can choose the spots to be visited after viewing these places.
The virtual tour offers 360 degree panoramic view of the various tourist places. This facility was appreciated by the media as a novel venture and so far 3.71 lakh people from 149 countries have visited this site.
Mobile tourism One luxury coach was re-conditioned and converted into a mobile publicity vehicle for promoting tourism among the public in Tamil Nadu. The vehicle displays major tourist destinations of the state. Video films on tourism are screened in the vehicle for the benefits of tourists. Attractive tourist brochures are distributed to the tourists and the public. 156
Keeping is view the basic principles and guidelines of the tourism policy, the ministry of tourism has been broadly implementing the following government supportive scheme for Thanjavur district. 1. Creation of infrastructure facilities like, drinking water, public convenience like, parking lot approach road, construction of rest shed. 2. Development of road in lesser known tourist spots. 3. Development of basic amenities in pilgrimage centres and picnic spots. 4. Renovation and reimbursement of monuments places (sound and light programme). 5. Conducting Fairs and Festivals through the year in familiar tourist spots. 6. Tourist Friendly Auto rickshaws launched scheme. 7. Tourism Awareness Programme 8. Printing of advertisement materials like tourism folders, posters information booklets, CDs about the tourism places of Tamil Nadu, especially Thanjavur district. 9. Prevention of plastic materials and creations of awareness in tourism places in Thanjavur district. 10. Stay by Day Scheme in Thanjavur district.
Tamil Nadu tourism has identified rural tourism areas for development and they have been developed in a phased manner. Many tourist spots in Panchayat union areas have been identified and funded copiously to promote domestic tourism the details of rural areas fund provided. 157
TABLE 4.2 Tourism development fund scheme for Thanjavur district in 2009-2010 (Rs. in lakhs)
S. Amount Name of the project No. sanctioned 1. New tourism products development of Manora in Thanjavur district under Tamil Nadu rural tourism 31.95 fund schemes 2. Development of Kumbakonam in Thanjavur district under destinations development schemes under 187.00 ministry of tourism, Govt. of India 3. Thanjavur widening and improvements to Grand Anicut-Kaveripattinam road (Swamimalai temple). 100.00 under tourism Department/Highways Department fund schemes
Source: Tourism Policy Notes 2010-2011, Government of Tamil Nadu, pp.13, 34, 39.
1. Creation of infrastructure facilities at tourist destinations To increase the number of tourists visiting Thanjavur, it is proposed to create infrastructure facilities of international standards. Under this scheme comes the development of dam sites. It is also proposed to identity centres in the in the district with tourism potential and declare them as district tourist centres/circuits. These centres would include the place of worship, water falls, minor wild life sanctuaries and other lesser known tourist places. The Thanjavur district tourist centres will be provided with infrastructure facilities like hotels, approach roads, toilets, street lights, drinking water etc. of high standard. 158
2. Development of road in lesser known tourist spots The Government has identified lesser known tourist destination for focused development and to ease the pressure on core tourist spots. This measure would decongest the popular destinations and create employment opportunities in the newly identified destinations with the high way department fund for widening and improvements to Grand Anicut- Kaveripattinam road (Swamimalai temple).
3. The basic amenities at tourist destinations The object of this scheme is to develop and improve basic amenities such as drinking water supply, sewerage and sanitation systems, in particular, “pay and use toilets” provision of cloak room facilities, hygienic caterings etc. at the tourist centres initially eighteen tourism centres will be selected for this purposing during the period of time.
4. Renovation and reimbursement of monuments places (Sound and light programme) Sound and light shows will be set up at big temple and Swamimalai to attract more tourists. Sound and light shows at Thanjavur palace and Manimandapam will be upgraded using the services of professionals and using advanced technique in audio visual communications and acoustics.
5. Conducting cultural festivals and fairs Thanjavur’s ancient and rich cultural legacies and heritage and a variety of living traditions and cultures spread over throughout the district have high marketability. Therefore promoting cultural tourism, festivals 159 such as Saint Thiyagaraja Aradhana Music Festival, Thiruvaiyaru (January), Pongal (Tourist) Festival, Thanjavur (January), Brahan Natyanjali (February), Salangai Natham (March), Masimaham festival at Kumbakonam once in 12 years last held in 2004. World Tourism Day celebrated in the 27th September of every year. Rajaraja Chola’s Birthday- Sathaya Tiruvizha at Thanjavur October every year.
6. Tourist friendly auto rickshaws launched scheme ‘Tourist friendly Autos’ a novel scheme was launched in the state during the year 2007-08. The Tamilnadu Tourism Development Corporation (TTDC) launched tourist-friendly auto rickshaw scheme in Thanjavur. 16 auto rickshaws in Thanjavur have been chosen to be introduced under the scheme, which seeks to ensure friendly and reliable service for tourist visiting the towns. The distinctly painted auto rickshaws also carry pictographs of tourist attractions painted on the back with the TTDC logo. Selected auto drivers are issued photo identity cards after certification from the Home department. The auto drivers have already been provided orientation training on behavioural and language aspects so as to ensure friendly service.
7. Tourism Awareness Programme Tamil Nadu tourism has conducted training programmes to sensitive stakeholders and the hoteliers, travel agents, taxi and auto rickshaw drivers, traders, police personal, temple employees and airport staff. The training programmes were conducted at Thanjavur. Through such measures this department has succeeded in incorporating a 160 responsible and tourist friendly mind set among the key players like taxi, auto rickshaw drivers etc. This has helped in extending the stay of tourist as well as generating more repeat visitors.
8. Advertisement materials Advertisements on event specific campaign like Summer Vocation, Indian Dance Festival and Pongal Festival were released in leading national news papers and magazines. Periodically advertisements on local events and festivals related to domestic tourism are being publicized in vernacular dailies and magazines. News items regularly appear in them high lighting the attractions with the help of advertisement materials like tourism folders, CDs, posters information booklets about the tourism places of Tamil Nadu especially Thanjavur district.
9. Prevention of Plastic Zone Thanjavur is blessed with certain km. Tourist places should be kept neat and tidy and it is the duty of the local populace to protect the beaches form dust and debris. Thanjavur tourism has taken initiatives to clean the places with co-operation of the local bodies. “No plastic” campaigns were organized in the entire state.
10. Stay by Day scheme in Thanjavur district The pilgrim centres in the state are accessible over night by bus or train and one can reach the destination early in the morning. Departures are till late into the night. This gives travellers enough time for relaxed sightseeing and shopping. However the pilgrim tourists, especially from low income groups, are often deterred from travelling with families, 161 because of the lake of suitable resting rooms at affordable prices for the long day. Lodges are expensive and not seen as acceptable for stay with families.
In order to meet the requirement of pilgrim tourist from low income groups and to facilitate them to visit pilgrim centres by incurring minimum expenditure, it in proposed to introduced new scheme by name “stay by day.” Under this scheme works self help groups will be encouraged to provide rest rooms with basic facilities. The following facilities would be offered to the tourist at affordable prices.
Booking and transport arrangements from the train/bus station (for a fee)
Morning Tiffin.
A guide (optional) to show them around the temple as sightseeing place.
Lunch.
Mosquito-free, clean, well-lit rooms for taking bath etc and afternoon rest. Guest can leave their luggage safely here when they go out for shopping or for the darshan.
‘Tiffin’/‘Dinner’ for the night train or bus.
Therefore tourists especially the family and women tourists from low income groups are likely to welcome these stay-by-day family homes. Initially it is proposed to open one centre each at Kumbakonam and Thanjavur as a pilot project with the help of a voluntary agency. 162
Special discounts reservation facilities and general offer
Avail 15 per cent discount upon continuous stay in a minimum of 3 Tamil Nadu Hotels.
Avail reimbursement of one way auto fare for one day stay and up and down auto fare for 2 and more days stay at any of the TTDC hotels.
Avail 10 per cent discount on stay in TTDC hotels continuously for three days.
Inter unit reservation facilities available at all TTDC’s Hotels.
Discount for 5 rooms is 10 per cent, 10 room is 15 per cent, 15 rooms is 20 per cent and 20 rooms is 25 per cent. 25 per cent discount for 10 students and above with accompanying staff in any youth hostel on production of bonafide certificate from the head of the institution.
5 per cent discount for regular clients who had stayed in our unit not less than 10 days in a particular TTDC Hotels during the calendar year.
20 per cent discount to senior citizen, war widows and 25 per cent to physically challenge for availing this senior citizen concession. Photo ID in original along with Xerox copy should be produced. The others should produce copies of required certificate. One person can avail himself of these discounts for one room only.
10 per cent discount would be extended during season and 20 per cent discount during off season to gold/platinum card holders irrespective of the rooms they take. Chapter V ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA – PERCEPTIONS OF THE TOURISTS
This chapter mainly analyses the primary data collected from the study area during the year 2009-2010. A total of 495 samples were selected from the universe of which 25.05 per cent represent foreign tourists, 34.94 constitute national tourists and 40.01 per cent consists of the local tourists. Thus, by using the stratified random sampling techniques 495 samples were collected from the universe among them three categories of the respondents that is foreign tourists, national tourists and local tourists. The collected data were edited, tabulated and analysed properly by using the statistical tools such as percentage analysis, factor analysis, chi-square test, regression analysis, multiple correlation analysis, and discriminate analysis.
TABLE 5.1 Age group classification of the respondents
Foreign National Local Total Age group No. % No. % No. % No. % Below 20 8 6.45 30 17.34 32 16.16 70 14.14 21-40 46 37.09 55 31.79 72 36.36 173 34.95 41-60 37 29.83 41 23.69 51 25.75 129 26.06 60 and above 33 26.61 47 27.16 43 21.72 123 24.85 Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100 Source: Computed from primary data. 164
Distribution of the respondents according to their age is presented in table 5.1. It is seen that a large number of foreign tourists belong to the middle age group of 21-40, that is 37.09 per cent, following them, 6.45 per cent belong to the age group upto 20, 29.83 per cent belong to the age group 41-60 and 26.61 per cent belong to the age group of 60 and above. Thus the average age of the foreign tourists is worked out as 45.32 years.
Regarding the national tourists, a large number of tourists belong to the age groups 21-40 and 41-60 and only 17.34 per cent belong to the age group below 20. But in the distribution of local tourists it is observed that youngsters’ arrival is 16.16 per cent, 36.36 per cent belong to 21-40 and only 21.72 per cent belongs to age group of above 60. There is no specific reason for such variation. Generally, youngsters spend their years on education and aged people prefer to go on pilgrimage and tour. Thus the average age of the national tourist is calculated as 41.79 years, and that of the local tourists is estimated as 40.61 years. Hence the study concludes that the average age group of the foreign tourists is greater than that of the national and local tourists.
165
40
35
30
25
20 in percentage
15
10
5
0 Below 20 21-40 41-60 60 and above Age group
Foreign National Local
Fig.1. Age group classification of the respondents. 166
TABLE 5.2 Sex-wise classification of the respondents
Foreign National Local Total Sex No. % No. % No. % No. % Male 80 64.52 106 61.27 125 63.13 311 62.83 Female 44 35.48 67 38.73 73 36.87 184 37.17 Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100 Source: Computed from primary data.
The above table 5.2 gives the sex-wise classification of foreign, national and local tourists. It is seen that male tourists account for 64.52, 61.27 and 63.13, which is out-moded the female tourists overall.
TABLE 5.3 Classification of the marital status of the respondents
Foreign National Local Total Marital status No. % No. % No. % No. %
Married 48 38.71 109 63.01 127 64.14 284 57.37
Unmarried 76 61.29 64 36.99 71 35.86 211 42.63
Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
From the table 5.3 presented above, it is evident that 61.29 per cent foreign tourists, 42.63 per cent local tourists and 63.01 per cent tourists and 36.99 per cent of the national tourists are unmarried. 167
70
60
50
40
in percentage 30
20
10
0 Male Female Sex
Foreign National Local
Fig.2. Sex-wise classification of the respondents. 168
70
60
50
40
in percentage 30
20
10
0 Married Unmarried Marital status
Foreign National Local
Fig.3. Classification of the marital status of the respondents. 169
TABLE 5.4 Religion-wise classification of the respondents
Foreign National Local Total Religion No. % No. % No. % No. % Hindu 7 5.64 81 46.82 103 52.02 191 38.59 Christian 57 45.97 38 21.97 46 23.23 141 28.48 Muslim 28 22.58 31 17.92 25 12.63 84 16.97 Others 32 25.81 23 13.29 24 12.12 79 15.96 Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100 Source: Computed from primary data.
The above table 5.4 gives the religion-wise classification of foreign, national and local tourists. It is seen that majority of international tourists are Christian, that is they form 45.97 per cent of the total tourists followed by others 25.81 per cent, Muslim 22.58 per cent, Hindu tourists are less in number, forming only 5.64 per cent.
In the distribution of national tourists, 46.82 per cent are Hindus, 21.97 per cent are Christian, 17.92 per cent Muslims and 13.29 per cent are others.
In the case of local tourist, Hindus form 52.02 per cent, Christians form 23.23 per cent, 12.63 per cent Muslims and rest are others. High level of religious faith and attitude are the main reason for the national and local tourists to visit various pilgrim centres in all religions, people like to visit tourists spot irrespective of their faith on their particular religion and have religion has a limited role to play in tourism and visit of places. 170
60
50
40
30 in percentage
20
10
0 Hindu Christian Muslim Others Religion
Foreign National Local
Fig.4. Religion-wise classification of the respondents. 171
TABLE 5.5 Classification on the basis of nationality
Total Nationality No. of tourist Percentage No. % Indian 371 74.95 371 74.95 Foreigner 124 25.05 124 25.05 Total 495 100 495 100 Source: Computed from primary data.
From the above table 5.5, it is evident that 74.95 per cent Indians (National and local) and 25.05 foreigners were selected at stratified sampling in Thanjavur district for the present study. 172
Foreigner 25.05
Indian 74.95
Fig.5. Classification on the basis of nationality. 173
TABLE 5.6 Language-wise classification of the respondents
Foreign National Local Total Language No. % No. % No. % No. % Tamil 3 2.42 22 12.72 118 59.60 143 28.89 English 83 66.94 68 39.31 54 27.27 205 41.41 Hindi 20 16.13 42 24.28 17 8.58 79 15.96 Malayalam 12 9.68 27 15.61 6 3.03 45 9.09 Others 6 4.84 14 8.09 3 1.52 23 4.65 Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100 Source: Computed from primary data. Note: Others denote Telugu, Kannada, Rajasthani, Gujarati and etc.
From the table 5.6, out of 100 per cent 66.94 per cent English, 16.13 per cent Hindi, 9.68 per cent Malayalam. 2.42 per cent Tamil and 4.84 per cent other languages. For national tourists 39.31 per cent English and 24.28 per cent Hindi languages. 174
70
60
50
40
in percentage 30
20
10
0 Tamil English Hindi Malayalam Others Language
Foreign National Local
Fig.6. Language-wise classification of the respondents. 175
TABLE 5.7 Classification on the basis of educational qualification of the respondents
Educational Foreign National Local Total qualification No. % No. % No. % No. % Professional 42 33.87 71 41.04 64 32.32 177 35.76 Post graduate 27 21.77 18 10.40 36 18.19 81 16.36 Graduate 45 36.29 57 32.95 52 26.26 154 31.11 Below degree 10 8.06 27 15.60 46 23.23 83 16.77 Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100 Source: Computed from primary data.
Table 5.7 lists the educational qualification of the tourists. Majority (36.29%) of the foreign tourists are graduates, 33.87 per cent are professionals, 21.77 per cent are post graduates and only 8.06 per cent are below degree. Among the national tourists, 41.04 per cent are professionals, 32.95 per cent are graduates and 10.40 are per cent post graduates. Regarding local tourists, 32.32 per cent are professionals. Among the three categories of tourists, it is noticed that the proportion of professionals is more.
176
45
40
35
30
25
20 in percentage
15
10
5
0 Professional Post graduate Graduate Below degree Educational qualification
Foreign National Local
Fig.7. Classification on the basis of educational qualification of the respondents. 177
TABLE 5.8 Employment-wise classification of the respondents
Employment Foreign National Local Total status No. % No. % No. % No. % Employed 103 83.06 121 69.95 134 67.68 358 72.32 Unemployed 21 16.94 52 30.05 64 32.32 137 27.68 Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100 Source: Computed from primary data.
Distribution of tourists on the basis of their employment status is presented in table 5.8. It is seen that 83.06 per cent of foreign tourists are employed. Among the national tourists, 69.95 per cent in the case of and local tourists 72.32 per cent are employed. 178
90
80
70
60
50
40 in percentage
30
20
10
0 Employed Unemployed Employment status
Foreign National Local
Fig.8. Employment-wise classification of the respondents.
179
TABLE 5.9 Classification on the basis of occupations of the respondents
Foreign National Local Total Occupation No. % No. % No. % No. % Private 55 44.36 103 60.69 114 58.58 272 54.95 Government 30 29.19 32 18.50 42 21.21 104 21.01 Self-employed 13 10.48 15 8.67 15 7.57 43 8.69 Business 26 20.96 23 13.29 27 13.63 76 15.35 Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100 Source: Computed from primary data.
Table 5.9 depicts the distribution of tourists on the basis of their occupation, out of 124 foreign tourists, 44.35 per cent are private employees, 29.11 per cent are government employees, 20.96 per cent are doing business and 10.48 per cent are self employed. Among the national and local tourists, majority are private employees forming 60.69 per cent in national tourists and 58.58 per cent in local tourists. In all the categories of tourists the number of employees are high because they were getting facilities like leave travel concession and other allowances. 180
70
60
50
40
in percentage 30
20
10
0 Private Government Self-employed Business Occupation
Foreign National Local
Fig.9. Classification on the basis of occupations of the respondents. 181
TABLE 5.10 Income-wise distribution of the respondents
Monthly Foreign National Local Total income No. % No. % No. % No. % Above 28 25.58 30 17.34 25 12.62 87 17.57 Rs.1,00,000 Rs.81,000- 33 26.61 28 16.18 36 18.18 97 19.59 1,00,000 Rs.61,000- 24 19.35 31 17.91 41 20.72 96 19.39 80,000 Rs.41,000- 39 31.45 38 21.96 65 32.82 137 27.68 60,000 Below ------46 26.58 31 15.66 78 15.66 Rs.40,000 Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
Table 5.10 gives the distribution of tourists based on their monthly income. The monthly income is in the range of Rs.41,000-60,000 for 31.45 per cent of foreign tourists, it is above Rs.1,00,000 for 25.58 per cent of them and there is no foreign tourist earning below Rs.40,000 per month. In the case of national tourists, majority (26.58%) are earning below Rs.40,000 per month and 17.34 per cent are earning above Rs.1,00,000 per month. Among the local tourists, majority (32.82%) are earning in between Rs.41,000 and 60,000 and the minimum of 12.62 per cent are earning above Rs.1,00,000 per month. 182
35
30
25
20
in percentage 15
10
5
0 Above Rs.1,00,000 Rs.81,000-1,00,000 Rs.61,000-80,000 Rs.41,000-60,000 Below Rs.40,000 Monthly income
Foreign National Local
Fig.10. Income-wise distribution of the respondents. 183
TABLE 5.11 Purpose-wise distribution of the respondents
Purpose of Foreign National Local Total visit No. % No. % No. % No. % Business 6 4.83 12 6.94 14 7.07 32 6.46 Education 19 15.32 45 26.01 20 10.10 84 16.97 Holiday 50 40.33 87 50.29 62 31.31 199 40.20 Official 13 10.48 7 4.04 16 8.08 36 7.27 Pilgrimage 36 29.03 22 12.71 86 43.43 144 29.10 Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100 Source: Computed from primary data.
The different purposes of tourists are clearly depicted in the table 5.11. The foreign tourists 40.33 per cent come for holiday recreation, 29.03 per cent for pilgrimage, 15.32 per cent for educational purpose and the remaining for business and official purpose. In the case of national tourists, the main purpose of their visiting for recreation and spending holiday. But, for local tourists pilgrimage and temple visit are the main purpose of their arrivals. The information given above reveals beyond doubt that recreation is the importance factor for which tourists undertake tours. In general majority of the tourists have their main objectives of spending the holidays. 184
60
50
40
30 in percentage
20
10
0 Business Education Holiday Official Pilgrimage Purpose of visit
Foreign National Local
Fig.11. Purpose-wise distribution of the respondents. 185
TABLE 5.12 Number of visits distribution of the respondents
Number of Foreign National Local Total visits No. % No. % No. % No. % First time 73 58.87 33 19.07 34 17.17 140 28.28 Second time 18 14.51 49 28.33 22 11.11 89 17.98 Third time 27 21.77 38 21.97 40 20.20 105 21.21 More than 3 6 4.85 53 30.63 102 51.52 161 32.53 times Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
Table 5.12 enumerates the number of visits made by a single tourists to Thanjavur. 58.87 per cent of foreign tourists have visited for the first time and 21.77 per cent have visited third time. It is seen that the frequency of visit of national and local tourist is high when compared to that of foreign tourists. That is, 30.63 per cent of national tourists and 51.52 per cent of local tourists have visited Thanjavur more than three times. The repeated visits are mainly for religious purposes. The government should right strategy attract foreign tourists, as the repeated visit is only 4.85 per cent.
186
TABLE 5.13 Factors influencing tourists to visit different places in Thanjavur
Foreign National Local Total Factors No. % No. % No. % No. % Travel / Tour 25 20.16 36 20.81 22 11.11 83 16.77 agencies Fair / Festival 21 16.93 30 17.34 44 22.22 95 19.19 religious Friends / 16 12.90 40 23.12 36 18.18 92 18.59 Relatives Books/Journals 29 23.38 26 15.03 9 4.55 64 12.93 Advt. / Videos 13 10.48 16 9.25 18 9.09 47 9.49 TV / Films 7 5.65 11 6.36 12 6.06 30 6.06 Own previous 8 6.45 6 3.47 46 23.23 60 12.12 experience Indian tourist 5 4.05 8 4.62 11 5.56 24 4.85 offices Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
The various factors influencing the tourists to visit Thanjavur are indicated in table 5.13. Out of 124 foreign tourists, 10.48 per cent are influenced by advertisement/videos, 20.16 per cent by Travel/Tour agencies, 16.93 per cent by Fair/Festivals, 12.90 per cent by Friends/relatives, 23.38 per cent by Book/Journals, 6.45 per cent by previous experience, 5.65 per cent by TV/Films and the remaining 4.05 per cent are influenced by Indian tourist offices. 187
For national tourists, friends and relatives are the main factors influencing, that 23.12 per cent Book and Journal. Religious is the important factor for local tourists, which form 22.22 per cent of total respondents. Motivation may be numerous for tourist visiting different places. All these motivating sources should be harnessed to the maximum extent and the government should treat tourism as an industry and provide all in incentives and encouragement. It is also evident from the above table that the factors like travel agencies, fairs, festivals, friends and relatives were contributed or motivated the majority of the tourists that is, 54.55 per cent.
TABLE 5.14 Arrangement-wise classification of the respondents
Foreign National Local Total Preference No. % No. % No. % No. % ITDC 52 41.94 74 42.77 8 4.04 134 27.07 TTDC 33 26.61 44 25.42 28 14.14 105 21.21 Tourist 26 20.97 26 15.03 46 23.23 98 19.80 agency Own 13 10.48 29 16.77 116 58.59 158 31.92 arrangement Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
Table 5.14 presents the classification on the basis of majority (41.94%) of the foreign tourists are preferred ITDC, and of them only 10.48 per cent are own arrangements preferred. Among the national 188 tourist 42.77 per cent like to arrangement of ITDC, 25.43 per cent in TTDC and 16.77 per cent in own arrangement. Regarding the local tourists 58.59 per cent own arrangement. Among foreign, national tourists most preferred in ITDC and local tourists own arrangement. A majority of the tourists 31.92 per cent preferred own arrangement and 27.07 per cent of the tourists preferred ITDC, and 21.21 per cent TTDC.
TABLE 5.15 Distribution of the mode of transport by the respondents
Mode of Foreign National Local Total transport No. % No. % No. % No. % Bus 28 22.58 46 26.59 83 41.92 157 31.72 Train 22 17.74 41 23.70 73 36.87 136 27.47 Taxi/Car 74 59.68 86 49.71 42 21.21 202 40.81 Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
Table 5.15 describes the different modes of transport of tourists to go to different places. 22.58 per cent of foreign tourists, 26.59 per cent of national tourists and 41.92 per cent of local tourist preferred bus for traveling. Though hiring of taxi/car is costly, the tourists prefer them as convenient mode of transport. Train is used by less number of tourists, as it cannot be accessed at all over the time and place.
189
TABLE 5.16 Opinion of the respondents regarding transport facilities
Foreign National Local Total Response No. % No. % No. % No. % Very good 23 18.56 38 21.97 42 21.21 103 20.81 Good 30 24.19 46 26.58 73 36.87 149 30.10 Normal 41 33.06 58 33.53 56 28.28 155 31.31 Not 30 24.19 31 17.92 27 13.64 88 17.78 satisfactory Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
The above table clearly indicates that the opinion of the tourists about transport facilities. It is a pity that all the categories of tourists have normal opinion about the transport facilities. Only 18.56 per cent of foreigners, 21.97 per cent of national and 21.21 per cent of local tourists have very good opinion about the availability of transport facilities. 24.19 per cent of foreign tourist, 17.92 per cent of national tourists and 13.64 per cent of local tourists are not satisfied with regard to transport facilities and have given some more suggestions to improve the transport facilities.
190
TABLE 5.17 Opinion of the respondents regarding transport problems
Type of Foreign National Local Total problem No. % No. % No. % No. % Low speed 41 33.06 53 30.63 74 37.37 168 33.94 Poor courtesy 29 23.39 34 19.65 28 14.14 91 18.38 Discomfort 24 19.36 38 21.96 62 31.32 124 25.05 seating arrangement No air 30 24.19 48 27.76 34 17.17 112 22.63 facilities Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
The usual problems faced by the tourists are listed in the above table. The major problems faced by the tourists such as low speed, poor courtesy, no air facilities and discomfort seating arrangements are also some of the inconveniences faced by all the tourists gradually. It is seen that 33.06 per cent of foreign tourists, 30.63 per cent national tourists and 37.37 per cent of local tourists are affected by low speed. Improving the road, strictly following the license and conditioning the vehicles are some of the suggestions made by the respondents.
191
TABLE 5.18 Opinion of the respondents about travel cost
Foreign National Local Total Response No. % No. % No. % No. % Too much 13 10.48 45 26.01 67 33.83 125 25.25 Fair 44 35.49 55 31.79 44 22.23 143 28.89 Reasonable 67 54.03 73 42.20 87 43.94 227 45.86 Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
The opinion of tourists about transport costs are summarized in table 5.18. Out of 124 foreign respondents, 54.03 have said that the transport cost is reasonable and 35.49 have said that, it is fair. Majority of the local tourists, 43.94 per cent have said that the travel cost is very reasonable.
TABLE 5.19 Opinion of the respondents regarding catering facilities
Foreign National Local Total Response No. % No. % No. % No. % Very good 12 9.68 34 19.65 29 14.64 75 15.16 Good 28 22.58 52 30.05 56 28.28 136 27.47 Satisfactory 48 38.70 58 33.53 62 31.31 168 33.94 Not 36 29.03 29 16.76 51 25.76 116 23.43 satisfactory Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data. 192
From the table 5.19, it is evident that most of the respondents 38.70 per cent of foreign tourists, 33.53 per cent of national tourists and 31.31 per cent of local tourists were satisfied with the catering facilities and 9.68 per cent of foreign tourists, 19.65 per cent of national tourists and 14.64 per cent of local tourists stated that the catering facilities were good.
TABLE 5.20 Opinion of the respondents regarding catering problems
Catering Foreign National Local Total problems No. % No. % No. % No. % Poor hygienic 46 37.10 62 35.83 58 29.29 166 33.53 condition Sub standard 48 38.71 73 42.20 94 47.48 215 43.44 quality of food stuff Untimely food 30 24.19 38 21.97 46 22.23 114 23.03 Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
From the table 5.20, it is observed that 37.10 per cent of foreign tourists, 35.83 per cent of national tourists and 29.29 per cent local tourists stated that poor hygienic conditions and 38.71 per cent of foreign tourists, 42.20 per cent national tourists and 47.48 per cent of local tourists stated that sub standard quality of food stuff was the big problem for the tourists and also 24.19 per cent of foreign tourists, 21.97 per cent of national tourists and 22.23 per cent of local tourists are stated that they faced problems with the untimely food. 193
TABLE 5.21 Opinion of the respondents about cost charged for food and other beverages
Foreign National Local Total Response No. % No. % No. % No. % Too much 26 20.97 50 28.90 40 20.20 116 23.42 Fair 63 50.81 66 38.15 72 36.36 201 40.62 Reasonable 35 28.23 57 32.95 86 43.44 178 35.95 Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
The opinion of tourists about food and other beverages cost are summarized in table 5.21. 50.81 per cent of foreign tourist stated fair and 38.15 have said that, it is reasonable. Majority of the local tourists 35.95 per cent have said that the travel cost is very reasonable.
TABLE 5.22 Opinion of the respondents about tour operator services
Foreign National Local Total Opinion No. % No. % No. % No. % Yes 47 37.91 40 23.12 62 31.31 149 30.10 No 77 62.09 133 76.88 136 68.69 346 69.90 Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
194
From the table 5.22, it is evident that 37.91 per cent of foreign tourists, 23.12 per cent of local tourists did not serve in the study area. Therefore, wide awareness about the tourists to tour operator should be given.
TABLE 5.23 Opinion of the respondents about tour operator problems
Foreign National Local Total Response No. % No. % No. % No. % Poor boarding 26 20.96 38 21.97 28 14.14 92 18.58 Poor lodging 17 13.72 26 15.03 40 20.20 83 16.77 Fail in time 46 37.09 61 35.26 67 33.84 174 35.15 management Fail to cover 35 28.23 48 27.74 63 31.82 146 29.49 the tourist places Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
From the table 5.23, it is evident that most of the respondents 37.09 per cent are foreign, 35.26 per cent national and 33.84 per cent local tourists problems that fail in time management. And 28.23 per cent foreign, 27.74 per cent national and 31.82 per cent local tourists problems fail to cover the tourist places.
195
TABLE 5.24 Preferred accommodations by the respondents
Type of Foreign National Local Total accommodation No. % No. % No. % No. % Star hotel 58 46.77 73 42.19 18 9.09 149 30.10 Non-star hotel 10 8.06 22 12.71 57 28.79 89 17.98 Lodge 28 22.58 34 19.65 46 23.23 108 21.82 Cottage 4 3.22 14 8.09 22 11.12 40 08.08 Guest house 9 7.29 18 10.40 30 15.15 57 11.52 Paying guest 15 12.09 12 6.94 25 12.62 52 10.50 house Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
Table 5.24 lists the types of accommodation preferred by tourists foreign, national and local. Majority of the foreign tourists 46.77 per cent prefer to stay in star hotels. Very small number foreigners are of 3.22 per cent preferred cottages and only 7.26 per cent stay in guest houses. Among the national tourists are 42.19 per cent like to stay in star hotels, 19.65 per cent lodges and 12.71 per cent non star hotels. Regarding local tourists are 17.98 per cent non-star hotels. Among the three categories of the tourist stay at hotels and lodges is the most preferred one.
196
TABLE 5.25 Respondents use the services of hotel, restaurant, way side restaurant and tea shop at the tourist places
Foreign National Local Total Response No. % No. % No. % No. % Yes 83 66.93 126 72.83 141 71.21 350 70.71 No. 41 33.07 47 27.17 57 28.79 145 29.29 Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
The above table clearly depicts that most of the respondents are foreign 66.93, national 72.83 per cent and 71.21 per cent local tourists utilized the services provided by the way side restaurant and shops.
TABLE 5.26 Opinion of the respondents about the hotel, restaurant, way- side restaurant and tea shop service providers
Foreign National Local Total Opinion No. % No. % No. % No. % Excellent 26 20.96 18 10.40 34 17.17 78 15.76 Good 38 30.64 63 36.42 58 29.29 159 32.12 Satisfactory 44 35.48 70 40.46 94 47.48 208 42.02 Not 16 12.90 22 12.72 12 6.06 50 10.10 satisfactory Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
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From the table 5.26, it is evident that most of the respondents 35.48 per cent foreign, 40.46 per cent national and 42.02 per cent local tourists were satisfied with the above services. And 30.64 per cent, foreign 36.42 per cent national and 29.29 per cent local tourists stated that the hotels, restaurants, way-side restaurants and tea shops services were good.
TABLE 5.27 Type of food preferred by the respondents
Foreign National Local Total Type of food No. % No. % No. % No. % North Indian 61 49.19 83 47.98 34 17.17 178 35.96 South Indian 32 25.81 46 26.59 126 63.62 204 41.21 Chinese 23 18.55 23 13.29 13 6.56 59 11.92 Others 08 6.45 21 12.14 25 12.62 54 10.90 Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
From the table 5.27, it is evident that most of the respondents 49.19 per cent are foreign, 47.98 per cent national and 17.17 per cent local tourists stated that they preferred North Indian food. And 25.81 per cent respondents preferred South Indian food while 26.59 per cent national tourist and 63.62 per cent local tourists preferred South Indian food.
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TABLE 5.28 Opinion of the respondents about cost of food
Foreign National Local Total Response No. % No. % No. % No. % Too much 30 24.19 29 16.76 32 16.16 91 18.38 Fair 43 34.68 77 44.51 51 25.76 171 34.55 Reasonable 51 41.13 67 38.73 115 58.08 233 47.07 Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
According to the table 5.28, it appears that 41.13 per cent foreign, 38.73 per cent national and 58.08 per cent local respondents, opined that the cost of food items are reasonable. And 34.68 per cent, foreign, 44.51 per cent national and 25.76 per cent of local tourists opined that the cost of food were fair.
TABLE 5.29 Opinion of the respondents about the shopping facilities
Foreign National Local Total Response No. % No. % No. % No. % Excellent 23 18.55 40 23.12 47 23.73 110 22.22 Good 24 23.38 56 32.37 57 28.79 137 27.68 Satisfactory 47 37.90 43 24.85 72 36.36 162 32.73 Not 25 20.16 34 19.66 22 11.11 81 16.37 satisfactory Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data. 199
From the table 5.29, it is evident that most of the respondents (37.90%) are foreign, 24.85 per cent national and 36.36 per cent local tourists were satisfied with the above facilities. And 23.38 per cent foreign, 32.37 per cent national and 28.79 per cent domestic tourists stated that the shopping facilities were good.
TABLE 5.30 Opinion on the basis of guide service
Foreign National Local Total Opinion No. % No. % No. % No. % Yes 102 82.26 146 84.39 130 66.66 378 76.36 No 22 17.74 27 15.61 68 34.34 117 23.64 Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
From the table 5.30, it appears that 82.26 per cent of foreign tourists 84.39 per cent of national tourists and 66.66 per cent of local tourists were satisfied with the guide service availability in the study area.
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TABLE 5.31 Opinion of the respondents about the guide services
Foreign National Local Total Opinion No. % No. % No. % No. % Excellent 28 22.58 34 19.65 28 14.14 90 18.18 Good 37 29.84 45 26.02 59 29.80 141 28.48 Satisfactory 42 33.87 62 35.83 74 37.38 178 35.96 Not 17 13.71 32 18.50 37 18.68 86 17.38 satisfactory Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
The qualities of guide services are described in table 5.31. The foreign tourists fully depend on their guides. But, it is a pity that the guide service is not good because 13.71 per cent of foreign tourists have not satisfactory opinion and only 22.58 per cent excellent opinion about guide services. National tourists 18.50 per cent also have not satisfactory opinion about guide services. Local tourists do not depend on guides and no opinion has been expressed by them. Most of the respondents opine that the guides at various languages. They also complain that guides are cheating to swindle money. Only big travel agencies send tourists in their own vehicles with qualified guides. To avoid these problems, government should appoint the authorized guides provided which identity card and uniform, unemployed graduates can be trained and absorbed and there by solve the problems of the unemployed.
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TABLE 5.32 Opinion about tourist guide problems
Type of Foreign National Local Total problems No. % No. % No. % No. % No adequate 26 20.97 33 19.07 42 21.21 101 20.40 knowledge about the place Not able to 37 29.84 46 26.59 56 28.28 139 28.08 explain Poor 43 34.68 57 32.95 45 22.73 145 29.29 communication skill Others 18 14.51 37 21.39 55 27.78 110 22.23 Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
The tourist guide problems are described in table 5.32. The foreign tourist reported 34.68 per cent guides have poor communication skill, 29.84 per cent are not able to explain the tourist places 20.97 per cent have no adequate knowledge about the place and 14.51 per cent other problems of tourist guide. National tourist 32.95 per cent have poor communication skill. 26.59 per cent are not able to explain. 21.39 per cent others problems of tourist guide 21.21 per cent are not known the facts about the place and local tourist 27.78 per cent other problems of tourist.
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TABLE 5.33 Opinion of the respondents about the attitude of traders at the tourist places
Foreign National Local Total Response No. % No. % No. % No. % Very good 17 13.70 33 19.07 45 22.72 95 19.19 Good 47 37.92 66 38.15 64 32.32 177 35.76 Normal 43 34.68 48 27.75 58 29.29 149 30.10 Not 17 13.70 26 15.02 31 17.68 74 14.95 satisfactory Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
From the table 5.33, it is evident that 37.92 per cent of the respondents foreign tourist, 38.15 per cent of national tourists and 32.32 per cent of local tourists gave the opinion that the attitude of the traders at the tourists places were good. And 34.68 per cent of foreign tourists, 27.75 per cent of national tourists and 29.29 per cent of local tourists were normalized in the traders attitude.
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TABLE 5.34 Opinion of the respondents about public attitude at the tourist places
Foreign National Local Total Response No. % No. % No. % No. % Very good 29 23.38 37 18.50 50 22.73 116 23.43 Good 37 29.84 46 26.56 56 28.28 139 28.08 Satisfied 45 36.30 68 39.30 62 31.31 175 35.36 Not satisfied 13 10.48 22 15.61 30 17.68 65 13.13 Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
From the table 5.34, it is evident that most of the respondents, 36.30 per cent of foreign tourists, 39.30 per cent of national tourists and 31.31 per cent of local tourists were satisfied with the attitude of public. And 29.84 per cent of foreign, 26.56 per cent of national and 28.28 per cent of local tourists stated that the attitude of the public at the tourist places were good.
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TABLE 5.35 Opinion of the respondents about environment at the tourist places
Foreign National Local Total Response No. % No. % No. % No. % Very good 35 28.22 36 20.81 47 23.73 118 23.84 Good 42 33.87 74 42.78 77 38.89 193 38.99 Satisfactory 29 23.29 42 24.27 45 22.74 116 23.43 Not 18 14.51 21 12.13 29 14.64 68 13.74 satisfactory Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
From the table 5.35, it is evident that 33.87 per cent of foreign tourists, 42.78 per cent of national tourists, 38.89 per cent of local tourists stated that the environment conditions of tourist place is good. And 23.29 per cent of foreign tourists, 24.27 per cent of national tourists and 22.74 per cent of local tourists stated that they have satisfied with the quality and neatness environment of tourist place.
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TABLE 5.36 Opinion of the respondents about culture at the tourist places
Foreign National Local Total Response No. % No. % No. % No. % Very good 27 21.78 47 27.17 42 21.21 116 23.44 Good 40 32.25 59 34.10 71 35.86 170 34.34 Satisfactory 34 27.42 40 23.12 56 28.28 130 26.26 Not 23 18.54 27 15.61 29 14.66 79 15.96 satisfactory Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
The qualities of culture in tourist places are presented in table 5.36. The foreign tourists 32.25 per cent, 34.10 per cent of national tourists and 35.86 per cent of local tourists stated the culture of tourist place is good. And 27.42 per cent of foreign tourists, 23.12 per cent of national tourists and 28.28 per cent of local tourists were satisfied with the culture of tourist place. 206
TABLE 5.37 Response of the tourists about disturbance during the tour or entertainment
Foreign National Local Total Disturbance No. % No. % No. % No. % Strike in transport 18 14.51 15 8.67 28 14.14 61 12.32 or hotel Agitation / Civil 32 25.81 46 26.59 54 27.27 132 26.67 disturbances Communal riots 45 36.29 76 43.93 60 30.30 181 36.57 Activities of 29 23.39 36 20.82 56 28.29 121 24.44 militants/terrorists Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
The disturbances faced by the tourists are analysed in table 5.37. The major disturbances faced by the tourists are communal riots, strike in transport or hotel and agitation/civil disturbances. It is seen that 36.29 per cent are foreign tourists, 43.93 per cent national tourist and 30.30 per cent of local tourists are affected by the communal riots. Strike in transport or hotel is also one of the problems faced by the tourists. Activities of militants/terrorists are the serious problem faced by all the three categories of tourists. It is observed that 26.59 per cent of national, 25.81 per cent of local and 27.27 per cent of foreign tourists are affected by the Agitation/civil disturbances. 207
TABLE 5.38 Difficulties faced by the respondents
Type of Foreign National Local Total difficulty No. % No. % No. % No. % Beggars 27 21.78 47 27.17 45 22.72 119 24.04 menace Prostitution 12 9.68 26 15.02 24 12.12 62 12.52 Cheating 28 22.58 34 19.65 31 15.65 93 18.79 Mugging of 24 27.42 31 17.91 28 14.14 83 16.77 tourists Drug peddling 26 20.96 22 12.71 49 24.75 97 19.60 Others 07 5.65 13 7.51 21 10.61 41 8.28 Total 124 100 173 100 198 100 495 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
The usual difficulties faced by the tourists are listed in table 5.38. The major difficulties faced by the tourists are beggars menace, prostitution, cheating, mugging of tourists and drug peddling. 27.17 per cent national tourists, 22.72 per cent local tourists and 21.78 per cent of foreigners stated begging is the major difficulty. 208
HYPOTHESIS - I Null Hypothesis There is no significant difference between mean ranks towards availability of accommodations in Thanjavur tourist destinations.
TABLE 5.39 Friedman test for significant difference between mean ranks towards availability of accommodations in the Thanjavur tourist destinations
Mean Rank Chi-Square P value Q24 5.51 Q25 5.57
Q26 5.54 17.221 0.0323** Q27 5.56 Q28 5.48 Q29 5.54 Q30 5.30 Q31 5.63 Q32 5.12 Q33 5.73
Since P value is higher 0.01, the null hypothesis is accepted at 1 per cent level of significance. Hence, it is concluded that there is no significant difference between mean ranks towards availability of accommodation in the Thanjavur tourist destinations.
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REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF ASSESSMENT OF TOURISM SERVICES IN THANJAVUR DISTRICT Regression is the determination of statistical relationship between two or more variables. In simple regression two variables are used. One variable (independent) is the cause of the behaviour of another one (dependent). When there are more than two independent variables the analysis concerning relationship is known as multiple correlations and the equation describing such relationship is called as the multiple regression equation.
Regression analysis is concerned with the derivation of an appropriate mathematical expression is derived for finding values of a dependent variable on the basis of independent variable. It is thus designed to examine the relationship of a variable Y to a set of other
variables X1, X2, X3, …, Xn. the most commonly used linear equation in
Y=b1 X1 + b2 X2 +…+ bn Xn + b0
Here Y is the dependent variable, which is to be found. X1, X2 ,…
and Xn are the known variables with which predictions are to be made and
b1, b2 , …, bn are coefficient of the variables.
In this study, the dependent variable is Adjustment score, Independent variables are Depression and Anxiety and analysis are discussed as follows: 210
Dependent variable : Tourism Services (Y)
Independent variables : 1. Food facilities (X1)
2. Shopping facilities (X2) Multiple R value : 0.7369 R2 value : 0.2967 F value : 29.125 P value : 0.000**
TABLE 5.40 Variables in the multiple regression analysis
Unstandardized SE of Standardized Variables t value LOS co-efficient B co-efficient
X1 0.623 0.087 0.501 7.451 0.01
X2 0.357 0.340 0.079 1.197 NS Constant 39.219 2.698 --- 14.010 0.01
The multiple correlation coefficient is 0.7369 measures the degree of relationship between the actual values and the predicted values of the assessment of tourism services . Because the predicted values are obtained as a linear combination of Techniques of food facilities (X1) and shopping facilities (X2), the coefficient value of 0.623 indicates that the relationship between adjustment and the two independent variables is quite strong and positive.
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The Coefficient of Determination R-square measures the goodness- of-fit of the estimated Sample Regression Plane (SRP) in terms of the proportion of the variation in the dependent variables explained by the fitted sample regression equation. Thus, the value of R square is 0.2967 simply means that about 39.56 per cent of the variation in assessment of tourism services is explained by the estimated SRP that uses food facilities and shopping facilities as the independent variables and R square value is significant at 1 per cent level. The multiple regression equation is
Y = 39.219 + 0.731X1 + 0.488X2
Here the coefficient of X1 is 0.731 represents the partial effect of food facilities (X1) on shopping facilities as constant. The estimated positive sign implies that such effect is positive that adjustment score would increase by 0.731 for every (rupees increase) unit increase in food facilities and this coefficient value is significant at 1 per cent level. The
coefficient of X2 is 0.488 represents the partial effect of shopping facilities on food facilities, holding shopping facilities as constant. The estimated positive sign implies that such effect is positive that assessment of tourism services score would increase by 0.488 for every unit (rupees increase) increase in food facilities and this coefficient value is not significant at 5 per cent level.
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DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS FOR PERCEIVED QUALITY OF SERVICES AND AVAILABLE QUALITY OF SERVICES Discriminant analysis is used to distinguish between perceived quality of services by the tourists and available quality of services at the tourist destination of Thanjavur district. The perceived quality of services by the tourists and available quality of services at the tourist destination of Thanjavur district are measured using 15 statements. Based on this opinion of the tourists , discriminate analysis is carried out to distinguish between perceived quality of services by the tourists and available quality of services at the tourist destination of Thanjavur district. The tests of equality of group means measure each independent variable's potential before the model is created. Wilks' lambda, the F statistic and its significance level are presented in the following table.
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TABLE 5.41 Variables in the discriminate analysis
F tests of Equality of Wilks' Lambda F value P value Group Means Civic body services like 0.921 21.163 0.000** drinking water, sanitation, Electricity maintenance of road Smuggling of tourist 0.999 0.328 0.567 Beggar menace 0.918 22.085 0.000** Cheating 0.996 1.011 0.316 Cost of travel charged by 0.988 3.049 0.082 the tourist places Low Speed 0.997 0.843 0.360 Catering facilities in the 0.968 8.084 0.005 tourist places Discomfort seating 0.930 18.661 0.000** arrangement Sub-Standard quality of 0.902 26.940 0.000** food and Stuff Cost charged for food and 0.862 39.573 0.000** other beverages in the tourist places Attitude of traders at the 0.887 31.535 0.000** tourist places Catering facilities 0.990 2.535 0.113 Public attitude at the 0.686 113.747 0.000** tourist places No special preference is 0.770 74.251 0.000** given Railway catering service 0.807 59.307 0.000** Poor hygienic conditions 0.917 22.587 0.000**
The above test displays the results of a one-way ANOVA for the independent variable using the grouping variable as the factor. According to the results in the table, out of 15 variables, only 10 variables in 214
Discriminant model is significant, since P value is less than 0.01. Wilks’ lambda is another measure of a variable's potential. Smaller values indicate the variable is better at discriminating between groups. The table suggests that civic body services like drinking water, sanitation, electricity maintenance of road, Beggar menace, Discomfort seating arrangement.
Sub-Standard quality of food and Stuff, cost charged for food and other beverages in the tourist places, attitude of the traders at tourist places, public attitude at the tourist places, No special preference is given railway catering service and Poor hygienic conditions etc., The stepwise method used starts with a model that doesn't include any of the predictors. Out of 15 variables, only 7 variables are entered in this Discriminant analysis and are presented in the following table 5.42.
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TABLE 5.42 Variables in the discriminant analysis using stepwise method F value Factors entered on perceived quality and Wilks' Tolerance to actual quality Lambda Remove Electricity maintenance of road 0.367 43.235 0.472 Beggar menace 0.470 87.562 0.577 Discomfort seating arrangement 0.391 79.78 0.670 Sub-Standard quality of food and Stuff 0.342 41.735 0.602 Cost charged for food and other 0.762 5.165 0.220 beverages in the tourist places Attitude of traders at the tourist places 0.567 7.129 0.524 Attitude of public at the tourist places 0.246 6.597 0.234
This table displays statistics for the variables that are in the analysis at last step. Tolerance is the proportion of a variable's variance not accounted for by other independent variables in the equation. A variable with very low tolerance contributes little information to a model and can cause computational problems. F to Remove values are useful for describing what happens if a variable is removed from the current model given that the other variables remain.
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HYPOTHESIS - II Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between mean ranks towards problems involved in the tourism services offered in Thanjavur district. TABLE 5.43 Friedman test for significant difference between mean ranks towards problems involved in the tourism services offered in Thanjavur district Chi- S. Mean P- Tourism services problems Square No Rank Value value 1 Increase in export/foreign 16.65 exchange 2 Expanse of literacy and education 16.63 3 Increase in investment 13.20 opportunities 25.068 0.005** 4 Advantages of cross cultural 12.60 change 5 Eradication of social evils 12.72 6 Increase in income 12.50 7 Employment generation 13.00 8 Increase in standard of living 14.00 9 Modern Facilities 12.72 10 production and supply of goods and services to the Visiting 12.08 tourist 11 difference in income during off- 12.33 season 12 Employment Generated 11.08 13 Production and supply of goods 13.66 and services increased 14 Information and Telecommunication facility 11.01 improved 15 Transportation improved 12.32 16 Accommodation facility 12.35 improved
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S. Tourism services problems Chi- P- Mean No Square Value Rank value 17 Per capita income of family 13.86 improved 18 Sanitation facility improved 11.62 19 Region got development 12.85 20 Standard of living improved 11.34 21 Heritage monuments & historical 12.35 buildings preserved 22 Power and water supply improved 13.86 23 Prices of essential commodities 11.62 increased 24 Land value increased 12.85 25 Other sector of the economy 11.34 affected
Since P value is lesser than 0.01, the null hypothesis is rejected at 1 per cent level of significance. Hence concluded that there is significant difference between mean ranks towards problems involved in the tourism services offered in Thanjavur. 218
HYPOTHESIS – III(a) Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference among income groups of tourist with respect to overall tourism problems.
TABLE 5.44 ANOVA for significant difference among income groups of tourists with respect to overall tourism problems
Income Group Mean SD F value P value Below Rs.40,000 71.38 8.846 Rs.41,000 – 60,000 71.69 7.222 Rs.61,000 – 80,000 75.40 7.195 4.598 0.001** Rs.81,000 – 1,00,000 75.28 7.559 Above Rs.1,00,000 75.13 6.838
Note: Different alphabet between years of customer denotes significant at 5 per cent level using Duncan Multiple Range test.
Since P value is less than 0.01, the null hypothesis is rejected at 1 per cent level of significance. Hence the study concluded that there is a significant difference between income group of tourists with respect to overall tourism problems. Based on Duncan Multiple Range test, the income group of Rs.61,000-80,000 are significantly higher level of tourism problems than other group of income. 219
HYPOTHESIS – III(b) Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between age group of the tourists with respect to overall tourism related problems.
TABLE 5.45 ANOVA for significant difference between age of tourists with respect to overall tourism related problems
Age group Mean SD F value P value Below 20 62.83b 8.42 21-40 59.91ab 13.42 5.094 0.006** 41-60 58.07a 7.74
Note: Different alphabet between age of the tourists denote significant at 5 per cent level using Duncan Multiple Range test.
Since P value is less than 0.01, the null hypothesis is rejected at 1 per cent level of significance. Hence concluded that there is a significant difference between age of tourists with respect to overall tourism related problems. Based on Duncan Multiple Range test, the below 20 years of as of the tourists are significantly higher level of tourism related problems than 21-40 years but between 41-60 years of age as tourists are not significant with other group of years. 220
HYPOTHESIS - IV Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between male and female with respect to their age and overall tourism related problems
TABLE 5.46 Student ‘t’ test for significant difference between male and female with respect to overall over all tourism related problems
Gender Mean SD t -value P- value Male 79.25 8.52 2.54 0.00** Female 63.75 11.78
Since P value is less than 0.01, the null hypothesis is rejected at 1 per cent level of significance. Hence the study concluded that there exists significant difference between male and female with respect to overall tourism related problems. Mean level of tourism related marketing problems of male tourists are higher than female.
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Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between mean ranks towards shopping facilities as perceived by the tourists in Thanjavur district.
TABLE 5.47 Friedman test for significant difference between mean ranks towards shopping facilities as perceived by the tourists in Thanjavur district
Ratings of shopping Mean Rank Chi-Square P-value facilities Q34_1 3.20 Q34_2 3.11 115.210 .000** Q34_3 3.12 Q34_4 3.86
Since P value is lesser than 0.01, the null hypothesis is rejected at 1 per cent level of significance. Hence concluded that there is a significant difference between mean ranks towards shopping facilities as perceived by the tourists in Thanjavur district.
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TABLE 5.48 Eigen value and cumulative percentage of opinion on the service quality problems faced by the tourists
Eigen Percentage of Factor Cumulative percentage value Variance 1 2.779 34.7 34.7 2 1.935 24.2 58.9 3 1.632 28.4 87.3
Eigen value and cumulative percentage of opinion on the service quality problems faced by the tourists states that there are 3 factors, which have an Eigen Value of 1 or more than 1.The last column in the table shows the cumulative percentage of 3 factors extracted together accounts for 87.3 per cent of the total variance. This shows that only 3 factors reducing from 7, we have lost only 12.7 per cent of the information content, while 87.9 per cent is retained by the 3 factors extracted out of the original 7 variables. 223
TABLE 5.49 Factor loading of service quality problems faced by the tourists in Thanjavur
Factor Statement Factor Loading Poor Boarding 0.82360 I Fail in time management 0.77610 Fail to cover the tourist place 0.68954 Too much cost of food 0.92789 Tourist guide do not know the facts about the 0.85541 II place Attitude of the traders are not good 0.77850 Environment is not good 0.85627 III Poor communication skills of the tourist -0.82828 guide
From the table, Factor loading of the service quality problems faced by the tourists in Thanjavur district, it is observed that Poor Boarding, Fail in time management and Fail to cover the tourist place are having a loadings of 0.82360, 0.77610, 0.68954.This suggests that factor I is a combination of these 3 original variables .Thus Factor I could be named as Time management related issues . Factor II shows the Too much cost of food , Tourist guide do not know the facts about the place And Attitude of the traders are not good are having a loadings of 0.92789, 0.85627, 0.77850. This suggests that factor II is a combination of these 3 original variables. Thus Factor II could be named as Tourist guide related issues.
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Factor III shows that the Environment is not good and Poor Communication Skills of the tourist guide are having a loadings of 0.85627 and -0.82828. These problems are considered as Environmental related issues. Chapter VI ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA – PERCEPTIONS OF THE SERVICE PROVIDERS
This chapter mainly analyses the various categories of service providers and their role in promoting the tourism development in Thanjavur district during the study period. A total of 175 respondents were selected on the basis of purposive random sampling method. The following are the important service providers in the study area. 1. Hoteliers 2. Transport operators 3. Tour operators 4. Travel agencies 5. Tourist guides and escorts 6. Tourist spot businessmen
1. Hoteliers A person, firm or corporation which provides hotel accommodation and/or meals, refreshment etc. to the tourists. Hotels are the vital and essential part of the tourist industry. Hotels are the most essentials facilities at destination that the country must provided, if it wishes to build up tourism. In the promotion of tourism a very vital sector is the hotel industry, acting more or less the king pin. “No hotels, No Tourism.”
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2. Transport operators A tourist transport operation organisation is one which provides tourist transport like cars, coaches, boats etc. to tourists for transfers, sightseeing and journeys to tourist place, etc. The development of tourism industry depends on the transport industry. A tourist always wishes to have safe, comfortable and convenient mode of transport. And of course, cost and time are also important considerations while deciding the mode of travel. A tour transport operator is one who provides cars, coaches, boats and any other mode of vehicles to tourist for transfers, sightseeing and journeys to tourist places.
3. Tour operators A tour operator is one which makes arrangements for transport, accommodation, sightseeing, entertainment and other tourism related services for tourists. The complete tour includes travel (lay air/surface) accommodation, escort/guide and so on. The person who combines together are these aspects into a package is known as the tour operator. He provides information, plans and coordinates travel with various agencies to create a package of services. He also ensures smooth operation of the tour. The tour operator may or may not, necessarily have any product of his own but act as an intermediary to tailor a package to satisfy the needs of a traveller. There are different kinds of tour operator (i.e) individual independent tour operator, a travel agency who also functions as tour operator, the houses tour operators like airlines doing the functions of tour operator and incentive travel agent. 227
4. Travel agencies A person, firm or corporation qualified to provide tours cruises, transportation, hotel accommodation, meals, transfers, sightseeing and all other elements of travel to the public as a service. The role played by travel agency in developing and promoting the tourist are crucial one. It is the travel agent packages and processes various tourist attractions and presents the same to the tourists. The travel agents –an organizer of travel a key like in the promotion of tourism as a means of generating international goodwill and friendship. The travel agent makes arrangements for hotel, motels, resort accommodation, meals, car, transfer of passenger and luggage between terminals and hotels. He also provides some of the advisory services about the insurance, travellers change, use of credit cards etc. He also give information about the train connections, hotels and tariff and arrangement of reservation for special interest activities such as sightseeing trucking, pilgrimage, etc. There by the immense role in being played by the travel agencies in promoting tourism.
5. Tourist guides and escorts According to Oxford Dictionary guide is the one who shows the way and its tourist’s hired conductor. A person who is licenced to take paying guests on local sightseeing excursions. Guides and escorts in the context of Indian tourism have been neglected a lot traditionally. It is only recently, since tourism has been recognized as an economic asset, the significance of tourist guides and escorts were felt very much. Guides and escorts and professionals known with clear understanding of places of interest, having knowledge over the language, routes, facilities available, 228 provide physical security to tourists particularly from Foreign countries. The tourists and professionals in the business of tourism came of form a stereotype image of guides, irrespective of the fact the guide and escort tours are highly professional business and requires acquisition of special skills for successful careers. However the guide is a public related representative for site, city, region and country in situations. He or she possesses a wide range of knowledge of the areas or subject being dealt with so as to be able to inform the tourist about it. Depending upon the nature of the tour, an escort is supposed to perform the role of an accompanying manager to a subject expert.
The role of an escort begins as soon as the tourists arrive at the place of interest. It ends after the departure of the tourists during the stay of the tourists, an escort may get a few intermissions but unlike a guide, he may not be free from his responsibilities throughout the period of the tourist stay. In escorted tours the duty also involves looking after facilitation and custom’s clearance at the airports. The escort is responsible for the entire group during the journey and at the destination.
6. Tourist spot businessmen It refers to various types of shop owners, businessmen, vendors, etc. such as textiles, readymades, handicrafts, toys shops, garments, fancy stores, foreign goods, domestic appliances and other showrooms establish with approval of local authorities. These shops are listed by the officials of the local bodies and subject to the payment of local fees/tax besides, there are many open air take away shops are established without permission of the local authorities. These shops are categorized as 229 informal sector shops. Sometimes these shops create problems to tourists in supplying unhygienic/poor quality food staff. Local bodies have started enforcing conditions relating to provision of good food stuff at reasonable rates. Many of the shops offer to tourists local products made with local skills and other arts and crafts using production techniques that have been virtually unchanged for generation.
TABLE 6.1 Age group-wise classification of the service providers
Age group Male Percentage Female Percentage Below 20 20 16 Nil Nil 21-40 40 32 20 40 41-60 50 40 20 40 60 and above 15 12 10 20 Total 125 100 50 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
Distribution of the service providers according to their age group is given in table 6.1. It is seen that a large number of service providers among the male belongs to the age group of 41-60, that is 40 per cent. Following them, 32 per cent belongs to the age group of 21-40, 16 per cent belongs to the age group of below 20 years and 40 per cent of each among the female service providers belongs to the age group of 21-40 and 41-60 and 20 per cent belongs to the age group of 60 and above age group. In general, the average age of male service providers is worked out as 39.6 years whereas for the female service provider it is 46 years. 230
TABLE 6.2 Sex-wise classification of the service providers
Sex Number of respondents Percentage
Male 125 71.42
Female 50 28.58
Total 175 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
The above table 6.2 gives the sex-wise classification of the service providers, in the selected area. It is seen that among the service providers, the males 71.42 and females are 28.58 per cent.
TABLE 6.3 Service-wise classification of the service providers
Number of Percentage respondents Hoteliers 40 22.86 Transport operators 50 28.57 Travel agencies 10 5.71 Tour operators 30 17.14 Tourist guides/escorts 25 14.28 Tourist spot businessmen 20 11.42 Total 175 100
Source: Computed from primary data. The above table 6.3 gives the service-wise classification of service providers. It is seen that majority of the service providers are transport 231 operators with 28.57 per cent followed by 22.86 per cent of the Hoteliers. They together account for 51.43 per cent of the total service providers. Further it is observed that 14.28 per cent are the tourist guides followed by 11.42 per cent of the service providers involved in the tourist spot businessmen.
Tourist spot businessmen 11.42 Hostiliers 22.86
Tourist guides/escorts 14.28
Tour operators 17.14 Transport operators 28.57 Travel agencies 5.71 Fig.12. Service-wise classification of the service providers. 232
TABLE 6.4 Classification on the basis of type of tourism related activity
No. of service Type of activity Percentage providers
Exclusively tourism related activity 175 100
Total 175 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
From the above table 6.4, it is evident that 100 per cent of the service providers were exclusively involved in the tourism related activity.
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TABLE 6.5 Classification of number of employees employed by the service providers
Number of Employees Number of respondents Percentage Less than or equal to 5 65 37.14 6- 10 40 22.85 11-15 30 17.14 16-20 20 11.43 More than 20 20 11.43 Total 175 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
Table 6.5 shows that the distribution of the respondents based on the number of employees employed by the service providers in Thanjavur district.
It is evident from the table that the highest 37.14 per cent of the service providers employed less than or equal to 5 workers in their establishments followed by the 22.85 per cent of the service providers employed 6-10 workers in their establishments followed by the 11.43 per cent of the service providers employed 16-20 workers in their establishments and another 11.43 per cent of the service providers employed more than 20 workers in their establishments. 234
TABLE 6.6 Distribution of the service providers based on their investment
Amount of Investment Number of respondents Percentage Less than Rs.1 lakh 72 41.14 Rs.1-10 lakhs 33 18.86 Rs.11-20 lakhs 30 17.14 Rs.21-30 lakhs 15 8.57 Above Rs.30 lakhs 25 14.29 Total 175 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
Table 6.6 shows that the distribution of the service providers based on their investment in Thanjavur district. It is evident that the majority (41.14%) of the service providers have invested less than Rs.1 lakh. It was followed by the 18.86 per cent of the service providers invested in the range of Rs.1-10 lakhs. It is observed that 17.14 per cent of the service providers have invested in the range of Rs.11-20 lakhs. It is seen that 14.29 per cent of the service providers are invested above Rs.30 lakhs. It is evident that the least (8.57%) of the service providers have invested in the range of Rs.21-30 Lakhs. 235
Above Rs.30 lakhs 14.29
Rs.21-30 lakhs Less than Rs 8.57 lakh 41.14
Rs.11-20 lakhs 17.14
Rs.1-10 lakhs 18.86
Fig.13. Distribution of the service providers based on their investment.
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TABLE 6.7 Distribution of the service providers based on their nature or trend of business
Nature or trend of business Number of respondents Percentage Growing 90 51.42 Maintained 30 17.14 Volatile 10 5.71 Decreasing 45 25.71 Total 175 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
Table 6.7 shows that the distribution of the service providers based on their nature or trend of business in Thanjavur district. It is evident that the highest 51.42 per cent of the service providers feel that the nature or trend of business is growing. It was followed by the 25.71 per cent of the service providers feel that the nature or trend of business decreasing. It is evident that 17.14 per cent of the service providers feel that the nature or trend of business maintained. It is evident that 5.71 per cent of the service providers feel that the nature or trend of business volatile.
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Decreasing 25.71
Growing 51.42 Volatile 5.71
Maintained 17.14
Fig.14. Distribution of the service providers based on their nature or trend of business.
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TABLE 6.8 Distribution of the service providers based on the future plan of business
Future plan of business Number of respondents Percentage Expansion 90 51.42 Change of activity 40 22.85 Merger with others 30 17.14 Closure 15 8.57 Total 175 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
Table 6.8 shows the distribution of service providers based on the future plan of business in Thanjavur district. It is evident from the table that the highest 51.42 per cent of the service providers expressed that the future plan of business was expansion. It was followed by the 22.85 per cent of the service providers expressed that the future plan of business by the service providers in Thanjavur district, was change of activity. It is evident from the table that 17.14 per cent of the service providers expressed that the future plan of business by the service providers in Thanjavur district merges with others. It is evident from the table that 8.57 per cent of the service providers expressed that the future plan of business by the service providers in Thanjavur district was to closure of their business.
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TABLE 6.9 Distribution of the service providers based on their support from the government
Support from the government Number of respondents Percentage Supportive 45 25.71 Promotive 95 54.28 Regulative 10 5.71 Non-supportive 25 14.29 Total 175 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
As per table 6.9, 14.29 per cent of the respondents reveal that the government is not at all supportive, 5.71 per cent have expressed the view that the government is only regulating their business. But 54.28 per cent have stated that the government helps the promotion of new enterprises.
TABLE 6.10 Distribution of the service providers based on their opinion about the quality of services after Tsunami
Opinion about the quality of services Number of Percentage after Tsunami respondents Improved 110 62.86 Changed as per demand 25 14.29 No change 40 22.85 Total 175 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
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Table 6.10 shows the distribution of respondents based on the opinion about the quality of services after Tsunami in Thanjavur district. It is evident from the table that the highest per cent of the service providers expressed that the quality of services after Tsunami has improved. It was followed by the 14.29 per cent of the service providers expressed that the quality of services after Tsunami in Thanjavur district was changed as per demand. It is evident from the table that of the service providers expressed that the quality of services after Tsunami has not seen any change.
TABLE 6.11 Distribution of the service providers based on their positive factor which affect the business
Positive factor Number of respondents Percentage Location 97 55.43 Regulations 9 5.14 Competition 12 6.86 Transportation 17 9.71 Market/Economy 40 22.86 Total 175 100
Source: Computed from primary data.
As per table 6.11, 55.43 per cent of the respondents are of their opinion that the location of the study area is the most important positive factor working in their favour, while the evolution of the market economy is welcomed by 22.86 per cent of the respondents. It is evident that 5.14 per cent are stated regulations, 6.86 per cent competition and 22.86 per cent market economy. 241
Market/Economy 22.86
Transportation Location 9.71 55.43
Competition 6.86
Regulations 5.14
Fig.15. Distribution of the service providers based on their positive factor which affect the business. 242
TABLE 6.12 Distribution of service providers based on their perception with respect to development of tourism in the district
Distribution of service providers based on their S. perception with respect to the development of Mean S.D No tourism in the district i) Employment Generated 3.90 1.270 ii) Production & supply of goods and services increased 3.87 1.298 iii) Information & Telecommunication facility improved 3.55 1.471 iv) Transportation improved 2.78 1.304 v) Accommodation facility improved 3.09 1.315 vi) Per capita income of family improved 3.28 1.180 vii) Sanitation facility improved 2.94 1.295 viii) Region got development 2.92 1.102 ix) Standard of living improved 3.11 1.562 x) Heritage monuments & historical buildings 2.46 1.194 preserved xi) Power and water supply improved 3.22 1.478 xii) Prices of essential commodities increased 2.19 1.367 xiii) Land value increased 3.17 1.271 xiv) Other sector of the economy affected 2.73 1.349
The table 6.12 shows that the distribution of service providers based on their perception with respect to the development of tourism in the district. It is evident that the high mean value of 3.90 with respect to employment generated as this factor is viewed as one of the most important factor faced by the service providers. Even though the mean value is higher in the case of perception of the service providers with regard to the employment generator the higher standard deviation is also 1.27. The lowest mean value of 2.46 with respect to Heritage monuments and historical buildings preserved was considered by the service providers 243 as the least important. In the case even though the mean value is lower the standard deviation is also lower when compared to the employment generator. It is evident from the above mentioned table that the high mean value of 3.90 with respect to employment generated as this factor is viewed as one of the most important factor s faced by the service providers.
TABLE 6.13 Eigen value and cumulative percentage of opinion behind financial and economic implication factors
Percentage of Factor Eigen Value Cumulative percentage Variance 1 3.242 46 46 2 1.999 22 68 3 1.521 20 88
Eigen value and cumulative percentage of opinion behind Financial and Economic Implication Factors, states that there are 3 factors ,which have an Eigen Value of 1 or more than 1.The last column in the table shows the cumulative percentage of 3 factors extracted together account for 88 per cent of the total variance. This shows that only 3 factors reducing from 8, we have lost only 22 per cent of the information content, while 88 per cent is retained by the 3 factors extracted out of the original 8 variables.
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TABLE 6.14 Factor loading of Financial and Economic Implication Factors
Factor Factor Statement Loading Increase in standard of living -0.91479 I Employment generation 0.87215 Increase in income 0.87041 Eradication of social evils 0.84183 II Advantages of cross cultural change 0.82096 Increase in investment opportunities 0.82158 Expanse of literacy and education 0.93478 III Increase in export/foreign exchange 0.87931
From the table, Factor loading of Financial and Economic Implication Factors, it is observed that, Increase in standard of living, Employment generation, Increase in income are having a loadings of -0.91479, 0.87215 and 0.87041. This suggests that factor I is a combination of these 3 original variables. Thus Factor I could be named as financial impact of tourism.
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Factor II shows the Eradication of social evils, Advantages of cross cultural change and Increase in investment opportunities are having a high loadings of 0.84183, 0.82096and 0.82158. This suggests that factor II is a combination of these 3 original variables. Thus factor II could be named as cultural impact of tourism.
Factor III shows the Expansion of literacy and education and Increase in export/foreign exchange are having a loadings of 0.93478 and 0.87931 .This suggests that factor III is a combination of these 2 original variables. Thus factor III could be named as Economic impact of tourism.
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HYPOTHESIS - V Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between overall assessment of performance of service providers and their age.
TABLE 6.15 ANOVA test for significant difference between overall assessment of performance of service providers and their age
Sum of Mean F- P- Description df square Square value Value Overall Between 60.929 4 15.232 assessment of Groups performance of the Within 1.556 .398** service providers 6857.524 491 15.638 and their age Groups Total 6918.453 495
Note: ** Denotes significant at 1% level * Denotes significant at 5% level
Since the p value is higher than 0.01 the null hypothesis accepted at 1 per cent level of significance. Hence the study concluded that there is no significant difference between overall assessment of performance of service providers and the age.
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Null Hypothesis: There is no association between gender and trend of tourism business TABLE 6.16 Chi-square test for association between gender and trend of tourism business
Chi-square P- Trend of tourism business Male Female Total Value Value Strongly Disagree 5 16 21 % of the respondents 23.8 76.2 100.0 within gender 1.8 7.9 4.4 Disagree 22 36 58 % of the respondents 37.9 62.1 100.0 within gender 8.0 17.8 12.2 Neither agree nor 74 44 118 disagree % of the respondents 62.7 37.3 100.0 within gender 26.9 21.8 24.7 23.705 0.000** Agree 76 49 125 % of the respondents 60.8 39.2 100.0 within gender 27.6 24.3 26.2 Strongly agree 98 77 175 % of the respondents 63.2 36.8 100.0 within gender 35.6 28.2 32.5 Total 275 220 495 % of the respondents 57.7 42.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
*P value means probability value.
Since the p value is lesser than 0.01 the null hypothesis is rejected at 1 per cent level of significance. Hence, it is concluded that there is an association between gender and trend of tourism business. Chapter VII FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
The main intention of the study is to analyse the development of tourism in Thanjavur district and to the study the factors that promote the tourism industry and also to analyse the problems faced by the tourists and the service providers. Thanjavur district was purposively selected for the present investigation and analysis. Thanjavur district is popularly known as the ‘Granary of South India’ and the study area is fed by the river Cauvery, one among the Holy Rivers of India. The geographical area of the study unit is estimated as 3.396 lakhs hectares, and has a total population of 22,16,138 of which 49.48 per cent represent male population and 50.52 per cent constitutes female population and thus the male exceeds the female population. The population density of the study area is 652 per sq.km and it was mainly due to the occupational structure. The literary level of the study area is 66.63 per cent.
Thanjavur was once the capital of Chola kings. Sri Brahadeeswarar temple, India’s grandest temple whose “Vimanam” soars to a height of 72 metres and whose dome rests on a single 80 ton granite block, is the landmark of the district. Literary and musical libraries and art gallery add glory to the town. Kumbakonam is renowned through the ages for antique gold and silver jewellery. The Mahamagam festival held once in 12 years draws pilgrims from all over India. The branches of river Cauvery flows around Thiruvaiyaru were Saint Thiyagaraja lived and composed Carnatic 249 devotional songs and this spot is another attraction to the musicians and music lovers.
Besides, a 1000 feet long dam built during the second century with an amazing engineering skill adds glory to the district. Swamimalai and the other important pilgrim centres, on festival occasions, give wider opportunities for seasonal and commercial enterprises to boost their production and enhance their sales promotion and advertisement of commercial articles.
In order to analyse the development of tourism in Thanjavur district, 495 samples were collected by using the stratified random sampling techniques, of which 25.05 per cent represent foreign tourists. 34.94 per cent constitutes national tourists and 40.61 per cent constitutes local tourists. The analysis of the study is made on the basis of primary and secondary data. The cross section data covering period of one year that is 2009-2010 and the time series data covering period for ten years from 2000-2001 to 2009-2010. The study consists of five objectives, the first objective of study is to analyse the tourism scenario in Thanjavur district. The study area consists of a number of historical places, monuments and pilgrims centres and other important places all over the district. The Brahadeeswara temple (called Big Temple) was built by the great Chola King Rajaraja Chola in A.D. 1012 which is an outstanding example of Chola’s architecture and it is declared as world Heritage Monuments by UNESCO and there is a magnificent Palace built by Marathas in the fourteenth century there is one Art Gallery in the town. 250
The art gallery has fabulous collection of bronze icons, stone sculpture and pieces of art. Thanjavur Maharaja Serfoji Mahal Library is one among the few libraries in the world with texts of the medieval period. Sangeetha Mahal (Hall of Music) is a striking example of engineering skill of ancient builders. Schwartz church was built adjacent to Siva Ganga Tank in A.D. 1779 by Rajah Serfoji as a token of his affection to his tutor Rev. C.V. Schwartz, a Danish Missionary. Rajagopala beerangi is biggest cannon placed at the eastern gate of the fort. The place is called Beerangi medu.
The Tamil University was established here in 1981. The Tamil University is engaged in reach and advanced studies in Tamil. Punnainallur Mariamman temple, the temple dedicated to Goddess Mariamman was built by Maratha ruler Tulajaji A.D. 1677 It is 6 kms east of Thanjavur.
Thanjavur art plate is traditional metal, craft of Tamil Nadu with its intricate workmanship and value. Thanjavur paintings take their name from their place of origin. These paintings, generally of the Hindu deities with ornamentation in gold, were traditionally used in worship 400 years ago. Thanjavur district in Tamil Nadu is known for its dancing dolls as the dancing dolls are known to be invariably from Thanjavur. The most famous of these dolls are of a squat sitting couple and a folk artist as part horses (Poikal Kudhirai). Thiruvaiyaru situated on the banks of the Cauvery. Thiruvaiyaru has on old Siva temple dedicated to Panchanatheeswarar, where pilgrims flock to this temple throughout the 251 year. The Thiyagaraja Aradhana is held in January every year at the “Samadhi” of the saint – poet on the river banks.
Poondi Matha Basilica in Poondi Village is a Roman Catholic Pilgrim Centre like Velankanni. It attracts pilgrims from all over India. Accommodation is provided to the pilgrims by the church authorities. Grand Anicut Karikala Cholan (second century A.D.) initiated construction of the Grand Anicut by raising flood banks in the river Cauvery to irrigate the wasteland beside the river. This ancient dam consists of solid mass of rough stone and clay, stretching across the river Cauvery. It is a fine picnic spot.
Thingalur is attended daily about 1000 devotees. Thingalur is one of the Navagraha temple, Chandran moon is the separate Sthalam. Papanasam is historical town the 108 Sivalayam Temple, which has 108 Sivalingas. The granary constructed by the Nayaks (A.D. 1600 – 1634) is a grand sight. The State Archaeological Department has declared it as a monument. Thirukarugavoor Arulmighu Mullaivananathar and Karpagarakshambigai temple is situated in the river bed of Vettar a branch of Cauvery, at a distance of 20 kms. This Sthalam - Thirukarugavoor is of age old greatness and extensively sung by the great Saiva Saints Thirugnanasambandar and Thirunavukkarasar on the presiding Deities God Eswara Mullaivananathar and Goddesses Garbagarakshambigai.
In Kumbakonam, four large temples Sarangapani, Kumbeswarar, Nageswara and Ramaswamy temples are located and are noted for 252 sculpture and carvings. The Mahamaham tank on Mahamaham day will absolve one’s sins. The Airavatheeswarar of Darasuram temple built by Raja Raja Chola (Rajendra Chola) is an example of the twelfth century Chola architecture, and is also silk weaving centre. The UNESCO declared this as a heritage site.
Sri Swaminatha Swamy temple is built on an artificial Swamimalai, a small town near Kumbakonam. The hill temple has sixty steps coinciding with Tamil years. Sri Swaminatha Swamy is in six feet high granite idol in a standing posture. Thirunageswaram temple is 5 kilometers from Kumbakonam. It is a vast Shiva temple known for it is a shrine to Raghu, one of the nine celestial bodies of Navagrahas.
Manora is situated on the shores of the Bay of Bengal in Sarabendrarajanpattinam Village, about 20 kms South of Pattukottai town. Manora is grand old town with lively architecture and scenic surroundings.
The corresponding hypothesis of the first objective, there is no significant difference between mean ranks towards the availability of accommodation among different destination in Thanjavur district and the analysis of the study shows that the observed value is higher than the table value at 1 per cent level of significance. The Friedman test accepted the null hypothesis and thus it concludes there is no significance difference between the mean ranks towards availability of accommodation among different destinations in Thanjavur district. 253
The second objective of the study is to find out the government support scheme for the growth of tourism in the study area. The analysis of study shows that the government and the tourism department has taken all efforts to develop tourism in the study area. The tourism policy aims at imbibing tourist friendly culture among the stakeholders and the service providers, conducting marketing needs at potential tourist centres, promoting lesser known tourist spots, creation of infrastructure facilities, development of basic amenities in Pilgrimage centres, creating tourism awareness programme, Advertisement, Prevention of plastic materials in tourist spots, Stay by Day scheme, conducting cultural facilities and trade fair.
The TTDC launch ‘Tourist Friendly Auto rickshaw Scheme’ in Thanjavur, conducted driving programme to the hoteliers, travel agent, taxi and auto rickshaws drivers, Traders, police personal and temple employees. Moreover, the TTDC has offered a 10 per cent discount stay in TTDC hotels, 20 per cent discount to senior citizens, 25 per cent discount during the off seasons, 25 per cent discount for the student effective implementation of E-Governance System better, improved and sophisticated boarding and lodging facilities are other important schemes provided by the government for the development of tourism in Thanjavur district. It also provides financial assistance for setting up/developing the tourism related activities, facilities and services. Moreover the government also provides support schemes for training hotel management and Catering technology. Further the TTDC office at Thanjavur has been computerized and linked with other tourist spots through Wide Area 254
Network (WAN). The Govt. has also announced a subsidiary of 10 per cent for converting Heritage buildings into Heritage hotels.
The department, with the assistance from the government has conducted the training course to guides and thereby not only increase in the employment opportunities but also improve the efficiency and the performance of the tourist guides. The department has taken adequate steps to enhance the tourist arrivals in India, and the tourist attractions. In addition to that the pamphlets, CDs, calender, and varieties of posters on lesser known tourist centres were published. The TTDC had also launched gold card and platinum cards through online, eligible attractive discount in TTDC hotels. The luxury coaches have been reconditioned and the video films on tourism are screened in the coaches for the benefit of tourists.
The corresponding hypothesis of the second objective is ‘there is no significant difference between mean ranks towards problems involved in the tourism services offered in Thanjavur region’ and the analysis of the study shows that the observed p value is lesser than 0.01, the null hypothesis is rejected at 1 per cent level of significance. Hence it is concluded that there is significant difference between mean ranks towards problems involved in the tourism services offered in Thanjavur.
In this study, the dependent variable is adjustment score, independent variables are depression and anxiety and analysis are discussed as follows:
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Dependent variable : Tourism services (Y)
Independent variables : 1. Food facilities (X1)
2. Shopping facilities (X2) multiple R value : 0.7369 R square value : 0.2967 F value : 29.125 P value : 0.000**
The multiple regression equation is Y = 39.219 + 0.731 X1 + 0.488X2.
Here the coefficient of X1 is 0.731 represent the partial effect of food facilities (X1) on shopping facilities as constant. The estimated positive sign implies that such effect is positive that adjustment score would increase by 0.731 for every (rupees increase) unit increase in food facilities and this coefficient value is significant at 1 per cent level. The coefficient of X2 is 0.488 represents the partial effect of shopping facilities on food facilities, holding shopping facilities as constant, the estimated positive sign implies that such effect is positive that assessment of tourism services score would increase by 0.488 for every unit (rupee increase) increase in food facilities and this coefficient value is not significant at 5 per cent level.
The study also tested the hypothesis that there is no significance between mean ranks towards shopping facilities has perceived by the tourists in Thanjavur district. Since the analysis of the study shows that the observed value is less than the table value at 1 per cent level of 256 significance the study concludes that there exists significant different towards the shopping facility as perceived by the tourists.
The third objective of the study is to assess the effectiveness of tourism as perceived by tourists based on opinion survey. In order to analyse the effectiveness of tourism 495 samples were collected from foreign tourists (25.05%), national tourists (34.94%) and local tourists (40.01%) by using the stratified random sampling technique. The average age group of the foreign tourist is higher than that of the national and local tourists.
Regarding the sex-wise classification, the male tourists occupy 62.83 per cent and that of female 37.17 per cent. Among the total samples, 57.37 per cent are married and 42.63 are unmarried.
The religion-wise classification of tourists indicates 38.59 per cent represents Hindus, 48.00 per cent constitutes Christians, and 16.97 per cent consists of Muslims. Regarding the category-wise classification the Christians are in higher per cent among the foreign tourists. Hindus occupy a huge per cent age among the national and local tourists.
The nationality-wise classification of the tourists indicates that 74.95 per cent represent Indians 25.05 per cent are the foreigners. Most of the foreign tourists and the national tourists are English speaking personalities and most of the local tourists know Tamil only.
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Regarding the educational status, 35.76 per cent represents the professionals, 31.11 per cent are the graduates, 16.36 per cent are the post graduates and 16.77 per cent belong to other categories.
Most of the tourists (70.32%) are employed in government and private services and only 27.68 per cent are unemployed. Regarding the distribution of income, 17.57 per cent of the tourists have the monthly income of more than Rs.1,00,000, 19.59 per cent have the monthly income in between Rs.81000-1,00,000, 19.39 per cent have monthly income of Rs.61,000-80,000. A huge per cent of the tourists (27.68%) have the monthly income in between Rs.41,000 and 60,000 only a meagre portion of the tourists (15.66%) have monthly income below Rs.40,000.
In the case of foreign tourists, their main purpose of the visit is spending their holidays. In the case of national tourists, their main purpose is recreation and spending holidays. But for the local tourist, pilgrimage and temple visit are the main purposes of tourism. In general, the majority of the tourists have the main aim of spending their holidays. Majority of the foreign tourists visited the study area for the first time and the majority of the national tourist and local tourists visited study area more than three times.
There are various factors such as travel agencies, trade fairs, religions, festivals, inspiration by the friends and relatives, advertisement, TV/Films etc. influencing the tourists to visit the different tourist spots in the study area. In the case of foreign tourists, the journals, magazines, 258 trade fairs, religious festivals and travel agencies are the major factors which influence the tourists to visit the study area. For the national tourist the friends and relatives are the main influencing factors whereas trade fairs and religious festivals are the important influencing factors for the local tourists. Majority of the foreign tourists (41.94%) prefer ITDC arrangement for their travel and 42.77 per cent of the national tourists prefer TTDC arrangements and 58.59 per cent of the local tourists prefer their own arrangements.
Regarding the mode of transport, majority of the foreign and national tourists prefer car, taxi, cabs whereas majority of the local tourists prefer bus, and train travels. Regarding the opinion of the respondents about the transport facilities available, most of the tourists opine as good and normal.
The major problems faced by the different types of tourists are poor courtesy, discomfort seating arrangements, low speed due to the in proper road conditions etc. Most of the tourists (45.86%) opine that the travel cost is very reasonable and one fourth of the total tourists expressed their views as too much of travel cost charged. It is also evident that 38.07 per cent of the foreign tourists, 33.53 per cent of the national tourists, 31.31 per cent of the local tourists were satisfied with the catering facilities available in the tourist spots of the study area. Inspite of the good catering, all the categories have compliant about poor hygienic condition, poor standard etc.
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Regarding cost of the food and other beverages, tourists charge is reasonable. But majority of the tourists expressed their views about tour operator services as poor response and most of them have complaint about the lodging, facilities which failed to cover the different tourist spots in time.
One third of the tourists preferred to stay at star hotels and a very small per cent of tourists preferred cottages and guest houses, 70.71 per cent of the tourists utilized the services provided by hotels, restaurants and way side shops. Among them nearly 75 per cent of the tourists expressed the services provided by the restaurants and wayside shops as good and satisfactory. Nearly 41.02 per cent of the tourists preferred South Indian meals, 36 per cent preferred North Indian meals and the cost of the food are fair and reasonable.
More than 75 per cent of the tourists were satisfied with the services provided by the tourist guides and express their views as good and satisfactory. However, the tourists also met with number of problems such as poor communication skills of the guides, unable to explain in detail about the tourist places, indepth about the tourist spot.
Regarding the opinion of the (tourists) respondents about the attitude of the traders, 55 per cent of the tourists gave their opinion as very good and good and 45 per cent of the tourists gave their opinion as normal and not satisfactory.
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Regarding the attitude of the pubic at the tourist spots, 52 per cent of the tourists gave their opinion as good and 48.5 per cent of the tourists gave their opinion as not satisfied.
Regarding the environmental conditions of the tourist places, majority of the tourists stated that it is very good and 13.74 per cent stated as not satisfactory.
Nearly 58 per cent of the tourists liked very much the culture and tradition of the people in the tourist places.
During the survey, it is also observed that majority of the tourists are affected by the disturbances such as agitation, communal riots and the activities of terrorists and militants and these factors affected nearly 85 per cent of the tourists. In addition to that, the tourists also had to face a number of difficulties caused by the beggars, prostitution, cheating and mugging.
The corresponding hypothesis of the third objective is ‘there is no significant difference between income groups and age of tourists with respect to overall tourism problems.’ The analysis of the study shows that the p value is less then 0.01, the null hypothesis is rejected at 1 per cent level of significance and hence the study concluded that there is a significant difference between income group and age of tourists with respect to overall tourism problems.
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The study also tested the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between male and female with respect to overall tourism related problems. Student t test is used to test the significance of the analysis of the study which shows that the observed value is less than table value and hence the null hypothesis is rejected at 1 per cent level of significance. Thus the study concludes that there exists no significance between male and female with respect to all tourism related problems.
The fourth objective is to study the category and contributions of service providers for the development of tourism, the analysis and interpretation of the study shows that 175 service providers were selected from the study area, and they are grouped under the following size heads. Hoteliers Transport operators Travel agencies Tourist guides and escorts and Tourists spot businessmen.
The hoteliers are the king pin of the tourism industry and have played a vital role in promoting the industry. A transport operator is one who provides car, coaches, boats and other mode of transport to the tourist places. A tour operator provides information, plans and co-ordinate travels with various agencies and thereby facilitates smooth operation of the tour. The travel agent makes arrangement for hotels, motels, resorts, meals transport and transfer of passengers and luggage’s between terminals and hotels. 262
The guides and escorts are very clear in understanding the places of tourists, having knowledge over the language, route facilities available and providing security to the tourists. The tourist spots businessmen refer to shop owners, vendors, etc., with an approval of local authorities.
The analysis of study shows that the average age of male service providers is worked out 39.6 years whereas for the female service providers, it is estimated as 46. Out of the total, 71.42 per cent represent male service providers and 28.58 per cent of female service providers. Among the 175 service providers, the transport operators accounts are a huge percentage (i.e.) 28.57 per cent followed by hoteliers 22.86 per cent, tour operators 17.14 per cent, tourist guides 14.28 per cent and the tourist spot businessmen constitute 11.42 per cent.
The travel agencies occupy the least share (i.e.) 5.71 per cent. The analysis of study shows that 37.04 per cent of the service providers employed less than 5 workers in their establishment, 22.85 per cent of the service providers have less than 10 workers in their establishment. Regarding the investment in their establishment, 41.04 per cent of the service providers invested less than one lakh rupees in their establishment and 18.86 per cent of the service providers invested less than 10 lakhs in their establishment. In other words 60 per cent of the service providers invested less than 10 lakhs rupees. In their establishment whereas remaining 40 per cent of the service provides invested more than 20 lakhs rupees.
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Regarding the nature and trend of the business, 51.42 per cent of the service providers showing an upward trend in their business and 21.71 per cent of the respondents show a downward trend in their business. The remaining 23 per cent of the service providers more or less stick on with their business.
Those who are show an upward trend in their business have planned to expand their business according to the circumstances and the remaining planned to merge their business with the other related activities.
Among the service providers, 25.71 per cent got supportive scheme from the government and 14.29 per cent did not get any assistance from the government.
The majority of the service providers express their views that the quality of service after the Tsunami has not seen any change especially in the coastal areas of Thanjavur district.
The study has also analysed the factor loading of financial, cultural and economic implication of factors and these factors have an eigen value of one or more than one are increase in standard of living, employment generation, increase in income, eradication of social evils, advantage of cross cultural charge. Increase in investment opportunities, expansion of literary and education and increase in export, foreign exchange.
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The corresponding hypothesis of the fourth objective is that there is no significant difference between overall assessment of performance of service providers and the age. ANOVA test used to the test the significance of the analysis of the study shows that the observed value is higher than table value and hence the null hypothesis is accepted at 1 per cent level of significance. Thus the study concludes that there is no significance between the overall performance of the service providers and their ages.
The study also tested the hypothesis that there is no association between the gender and trend in tourism business. The analysis of the study shows that the observed level of significance is less than the table value hence the chi-square test rejects the null hypothesis and the study conclude that there is no association between gender and trend of tourism business.
Suggestions On the basis of the findings of the present study the following suggestions are made for promotion of tourism in the study area.
Since tourism can yield positive results in Thanjavur district, and it satisfies the requirements of sustainable eco-development, it should be managed scientifically and gainfully. Otherwise it poses problems. To contain such problems, tourism should be developed gradually over time so that the society can adapt it, get educated, participate and enjoy the change. 265
The local people in the tourist spot of Thanjavur should be made to participate in planning and development of tourism, so that they can bring new ideas, support and influence the decisions, and in turn be a part of it.
The tourism plan should indicate the short term and long term plans, targets and ground realities prevailing in Thanjavur district. The plan should indicate all activities to be undertaken by different agencies clearly indicating the time frame for each activity. The plan should be able to assess the existing tourism scenario in Thanjavur district with respect to existing traffic levels and inventory.
Regarding the service and infrastructure availability, the Tourism Department in Thanjavur district should list and evaluate existing potential tourist destinations and centres and categorise them on the basis of inventory of attractions, infrastructure availability, degree of popularity, volume of traffic flow etc. The authorities should analyse and categories existing/potential destinations and centers, as stand alone destination, part of a circuit and/or as major attractions for special interest groups etc.
The tourism development should assess the existing infrastructure levels at identified destinations / centres in terms of quality of roads / transportation facilities, civic amenities, en route transit facilities, boarding and lodging facilities etc., The authorities should be able to broadly assess traffic flow to the identified destinations and centres of assessment of infrastructure requirements taking into account past growth trends, suggested linkages and integration, expected 266
developments in the future including likely investments by the state and investment climate / incentive for the private sector etc.
An inventory of existing infrastructure facilities (including paying guest facility) is to be made; after which the proposed infrastructure needs to be split up into various segments concerning different state government departments, such as PWD, Forest, Culture, Handicraft etc. and detailed with the tourism plans. Since the perspective plan would be used for external assistance, it would be desirable to suggest state tourism projects to foreign funding agencies for scrutinized and finalize projects accordingly.
Since tourism is a service-oriented industry, its success depends on the availability of specialized manpower. Persons employed in the industry should have a positive attitude and they should try to make their business customer friendly. It is, therefore, suggested that specially trained persons must be employed in the organisms connected with promotion of tourism.
Special machinery may be instituted with public and private initiative to attend to the grievances of the tourists.
Inter participation of public and private sector service providers may be improved. The effectiveness of operational synergy can only be realized when there is interaction. The policy makers and the executors can plan for configuration.
The department of tourism must open good number of information booths at bus terminus, shopping complexes, and busy commercial complexes. Right people with right attitude must be employed in order 267
to deal with tourists. The tourists office should be kept open all the 24 hours.
Frequent training programmes must be conducted to all the hosts in the industry by the department of tourism especially to the travel agents, guides, transport operators, tour operators, hoteliers, attraction manager etc.
A new and perfect tourism policy must be envisaged for the creation of an environment conducive to attract more private sector investment in India. Apart from providing a special package of incentives like concessions and assistance for infrastructure development, the policy should also outline the strategy for developing cultural tourism, wildlife and adventure tourism centres and also pilgrim tourism at places of religions importance.
Improved sanitary conditions, availability of water and electricity to the tourists in the hotels and better road conditions are the immediate needs of the tourists for comfortable stay.
Develop strategies for sustained and effective marketing plans and programmes maintain and develop the tourism, brand position established with the ‘Incredible India’ campaign, make use the various technological tools, including the internet, for advertising for greater and wider impact, encourage e-commerce portals to extend effective marketing support to small and medium enterprises and also offer competitive packages.
Tourist guides play a vital role in the tourism industry. The travellers’ satisfaction depends on their tour guide. The study shows that tourists are not satisfied with the guide service. They expect the travel guides 268
to provide information associated with their travel. The Government of Tamil Nadu should concentrate more on improving the competence of the guiding professionals. Training institutes should be started for raising the levels of guiding standards.
There are complaints from the respondents about the quality of food and drinking water made available to them. There appears to be neglected on the part of health authorities in enforcing quality control measure. This lapse must be set right and the problem must be attended to with a mission and zeal. Tourism is the world’s largest industry and continues to grow.
To attract foreign tourists and to earn foreign exchange through them, luxurious boarding and lodging facilities must be developed.
CONCLUSION The study mainly analyses the tourism development in Thanjavur district, the factors responsible for promoting the tourism industry and the problems faced by the tourists and also the service providers in the study area. It was once capital of Chola kings.
The analysis of the study is made on the basis of primary and secondary data. From the analysis of data, it is concluded that the study area consists of number of historical places, monuments, pilgrim centres and other important places all over the district. Thanjavur has a perfect blend of cultural tradition, historical and religious significance, as well as scenic beauty. The contribution of tourism industry to the economy of 269
Thanjavur is important and there is ample scope to improve performance of this sector.
The government has taken all the efforts to development tourism area. The government also provides supportive schemes for setting up and developing the tourism related activity such as training hotel management and conducting training courses in order to improve the efficiency and performance of the guides. The various factors such as travel agencies, trade fairs, religious festival, advertisement, journals and magazines very much influence the tourists in the study area.
The major problems faced by the tourists are poor courtesy, poor road facilities and disturbances such agitation, communal riots and the activities of the terrorists, cheating and mugging. Regarding the service providers, majority of service providers show an upward trend in their business but majority of the service providers did not get any assistance from the government.
The study also highlighted that the tourist inflow in Thanjavur district has increased over the years and there is ample scope for improving the performance of this industry in Thanjavur district. Hence the policy makers and the department concerned should take necessary steps to develop more attractive tourist destinations. There is greater need for increasing the facilities like infrastructure, transport, accommodation, restaurant, shopping facilities, communication etc. The role of the central government, state government and local administration are vital in 270 planning, promoting and sustaining tourism schemes. Such schemes should also take care to involve the local people and private institutions. Thus, a pragmatic tourism promotion effort with the participation of people will certainly make Thanjavur a prime centre in the tourism map in India.
AREA FOR FURTHER RESEARCH The following areas in the field of tourism sectors are suggested for the future research. 1. Tourism Development: Cost-Benefit Approach. 2. A study on the role of nodal agencies for the promotion of tourism in Tamil Nadu. 3. Human resource management of the tourism agency.