History of Moving Image Optical Toys Some of the first forms of using time as a tool in art were seen in the development of childrenʼs toys, such as the , phenakisticope, and .

Created in 1826 by John Ayrton Paris, the thaumatrope was a round card on a string that had a picture on each side and when spun would animate the images. Optical Toys In 1832, Belgian physicist, Joseph Plateau, invented the phenakisticope which was a slotted revolving disc with a sequence of painted images that when spun in front of a mirror and peered through revealed a mini animation. Optical Toys Emile Reynaud developed the praxinoscope in 1877. It used a candle, box, drum, and mirrors to create the illusion of moving images. Similar to the phenakisticope, it involved a sequence of painted images reflected by a mirror and viewed through a slot. The difference was that this was a strip of images placed in a drum that one would spin and view through one stationary slot. He later expanded this invention into a projecting device he called the “Theatre Opitque,” which was very similar to a modern movie . Photography Photography was another early invention of recording time and space. French physicist, Joseph Niepce, took the earliest known photograph in 1826. He achieved this by experimenting with sunlight, glass plates, and chemicals. The photograph required an extremely long exposure time of fourteen hours before the image could be recorded.

In 1839, Louis Jacques Daguerre and Henry Fox Talbot, simultaneously experimented with speeding up this process and ended up recording the images on silver-plates and creating a chemical solution that made several copies of one exposure. Exposure times were reduced to a few seconds and this lead to the advancement of modern photography and film. Photography In 1872, according to legend, Leland Stanford, U.S. tycoon, bet $25,000 that a galloping horseʼs four hooves leave the ground all at one time. He called upon known photographer, Eadweard Muybridge to prove this spectacle true. Muybridge attached twelve strings to twelve cameras along a racetrack and as the horse raced down the track it pulled on the strings triggering the cameras one by one to create a sequence of a fast-moving subject. He continued these motion studies with humans and animals with an improved and more accurate process by doubling the number of strings and cameras and angles. Muybridgeʼs studies helped lead to the first movies. Photography Double Jump, 1885, Another Motion Study Optical Print Thomas Eakins Photography and Motion Pictures American dry-plate manufacturer, George Eastman, put the power of photography into the hands of the public by introducing the box Kodak camera with flexible light- sensitive celluloid film in 1889.

Thomas A. Edison then set Eastmanʼs film rolls into motion in 1891, with the first motion picture camera, the kinetograph. It had a sprocket and the film had holes punched in either side of it. An electric motor turned the sprocket, which would hook the perforations on the film and pull it through the camera. Motion Pictures This lead to the invention of the “Cinematographe” and creation of thousands of short films by Louis Lumiere and brother August Lumiere. In 1895 they combined a camera, projector, and printer to create this hand-cranked invention utilizing the strong lamp and function and shutter-and-film reel mechanism. Most of their films were real-life footage or news events from around the world. Motion Pictures During the same time period George Melies developed his own “Cinematographe” and was the first to explore the possibilities of film beyond simply recording reality. By an accidental camera jam, he discovered the magical transformation capabilities of stop-motion photography. He was also the first to use dissolves and double exposures. In 1902,