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Title on the Use of the Present Participle in Marlowe's Works � � Title On the Use of the Present Participle in Marlowe's Works Author(s) 水野, 政勝 Citation 北海道教育大学紀要. 第一部. A, 人文科学編, 32(1): 15-31 Issue Date 1981-09 URL http://s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/123456789/4108 Rights Hokkaido University of Education On the Use of the Present Participle in Marlowe's Works Masakatsu Mizuno TABLE OF CONTENTS (5) Concession 0. Introduction (6) Ground for Judgement 1. The Form of the Present Participle (7) Conjunction + Participle 2 . The Use of the Present Participle (8) Co-ordinate Function 2. 1 Predicative Use 2. 4 Dangling Participle (1) Subjective Predicative 2. 5 Absolute Participle (2) Objective Predicative 2. 6 Used as Other Parts of Speech 2 . 2 Attributive Use (1) As an Adverb (1) Pre-posed Participle (2) As a Preposition (2) Post-posed Participle (3) As a Conjunction 2 . 3 Participial Construction Tense and Voice (1) Cause, Reason 3. 1 Tense (2) Attendant Circumstances 3. 2 Voice (3) Time Summary (4) Means, Manner NOTES 0. Introduction In the history of the use of the English language, no other part has developed so vigorously as the verbals, namely, the gerund, the participle and the infinitive. These three kinds of verbals competed with each other throughout the history of the language, gradually gaining their verbal force. As the extensive use of these verbals is regarded as an outstanding feature of English1, we have been led to investigate historically the use of the verbals in the language. Needless to say, any diachronic study must be based upon a close synchronic study. In previous papers, therefore, we have already investigated the use of the gerund and the infinitive in the works chiefly of Marlowe, which affords data of much value for studying the char- acteristics of early ModE. This paper2 is intended to describe the syntactic functions and uses of the present participle occurring in Marlowe's works (seven plays)3. This study is based upon a statistical reading of all instances of the present participle in the corpus. Whenever it was considered useful, however. I have tried to refer to the use of the present participle in Thomas of Reading by Thomas Deloney (one of Marlowe's contemporaries)4. 15 Masakatsu MIZUNO The present participles employed to make the progressive form (e. g. she is running) are not considered here. So that, only those participles considered as a verbal adjective5, namely, an adjective with a certain verbal function are treated in the present paper. The following abbreviations are used to refer to Marlowe's and Deloney's works: F ; The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus E ; Edward the Second M ; The Massacre at Paris D ; The Tragedy of Dido, Queen of Carthage J ; The Jew of Malta T ; The First Part of Tamburlaine the Great T'; The Second Part of Tamburlaine the Great TR; Thomas of Reading 1. The Form of the Present Participle The present participle is a verbal form ending in -ing, having the value of an adjective, and it often carries both characters in one and the same context. In Marlowe there are at least 802 present participles (simple form: 763, and compound form : 39) which must be analyzed to determine their syntactic properties. By contrast, there are about 418 participles found in his contemporary Thomas Deloney's TR, of which 359 are simple forms and 59 compound forms. 2 . The Use of the Present Participle 2. 1 Predicative Use The present participle plays the part of the predicative adjunct. The predicative participle is of two sorts: (1) Subjective Predicative, which has reference to the subject of the finite verb. This predicative use is common in ME and ModE as well7. 2 . 1 (1) Subjective Predicative (61 exs.) (a) With the copula be (5 exs.): The present participle as a subjective predicative is chiefly used in the progressive form (be-}- present participle), although this usage will not be treated in this section [vide: Intro- duction, final paragraph]. The following participles, however, can hardly be regarded as those of the progressive, which is usually defined as denoting "an action or an activity as in progress . Such examples are found five times in Marlowe. That sight will be as pleasing unto me, As Paradise was to Adam (F 725); Is it unwilling I should write this bill (F 503); Our lady's first love is not wavering (E 748); kind and loving hast thou always been (E 1996); the king is willing to resign (E 2083);. Cf. Fortune is thy treasurer, who is like thyself, wavering and unconstant (TR 94.17); She were willing to serve (Ib. 96.40); etc. 7 exs. 16 On the Use of the Present Participle in Marlowe's Works (b) With verbs of rest and motion (56 exs.): As in present-day English the present participle is used in connection with the verbs of rest like lie, sit, stand, in which case sometimes the combinations approach the progressive form. This occurs frequently in Marlowe (35 times) and also in TR (9). lie (8 exs.) : they lie panting on the galley's side (T III. iii.53) ; (Other examples : D III.ii.39 ; E 966 ; T II. ii.17, IH.iii.201, IV.i.9 ; T I.iii.22, II.iii.10). sit (10 exs.) : the sister of the king of France Sits wringing of her hands (E 484) ; (Other examples : D I. i. 50-1 (2 exs.) ; T V. i. 112, 146, 466 ; T' II. iv. 82, III. ii. 128, IV. ii. 43, 45). stand (11 exs.) : all the gods stand gazing at his pomp (T IV. iii. 129) ; (Others : J IV. 172 ; D II. i. 263, 264, IV. iii. 38, V. i. 27-8 (2 exs.) ; T' IV. iii. 129, V. iii. 68 (2 exs.), 69). stay (1 ex.) : Why stay we thus prolonging all their lives (T III. iii. 97). rest (1 ex.) : And so I will, my lord ; and, whilst I live, rest beholding for this courtesy (F 1259). Here in the example above we must notice the use of beholding instead of beholden (cf. F 1279 in 3. 1 (2)). hang (1 ex.) : Over my zenith hang a blazing star, ... Threatening a dearth and famine to this land (T' III. ii. 9). Other verbs : die (J III. 33), bear (as transitive verb 'sustain') (J V. 110), sleep (T V. i. 363). Cf. the night raven sate croking hard (TR 137. 31) ; nose, that hangs sagging so lothsomely to your lips (Ib. 130. 41) ; etc. 9 exs. Very frequently the present participle is used in connection with the verbs of motion like go, come, etc., sometimes resembling the participial construction discussed in 2.3 below. There are 21 instances of this participle in Marlowe. come (7 exs.) : that came creeping from the shore (D V. i. 165) ; (Others : T I. i. 65, II. v. 86, V. i. 227 ; T' II. ii. 27, HI. v. 143, V. Hi. 71). run (4 exs.) : the ugly Furies run, Hearkening when he shall bid them plague the world (T' III. iv. 60) ; (Others : F 1128 ; T' IV. i. 191, 206). go (3 exs.) : I go, sweet Faustus ; but with heavy cheer, Fearing the ruin of thy hopeless soule (F 1325) ; (Others : J II. 344 ; T I. i. 65). Other verbs : ride (E 988 (2 exs.)), march (T II. iv. 142 (2 exs.)), walk (T IV. iv. 3), speak (D II. i.232), tover (T III. iv. 63). Cf. one came riding thorow the towne (TR 134. 29) ; etc., 4 exs. 2 . 1 (2) Objective Predicative (17 exs.) As an objective predicative the present participle is usually found with verbs of perception, mental action, causation, etc. This construction is the so-called 'accusative with participle'. 17 Masakatsu MIZUNO In this use the participle refers to the object of the finite verb, not to its subject, like the 'accusative with infinitive'. Compared with the 'accusativewith infinitive', this construction is found less frequently in Marlowe. There are 17 examples in IVIarlowe, which constitute 2.1 % of the total present participles used. The same can be said of Deloney's use of the present participle in TR where 6 examples or 1.4% occur as an objective predicative. see (6 exs.) : I see kings kneeling at his feet (T I. ii. 55) ; (Other examples : D I. i. 184, II. i. 274, III. iii. 33 ; T' HI. v. 59, V. ii. 34). behold (4 exs.) : Behold, my lord, Ortygius and the rest Bringing the crown to make you emperor (T I. i. 135) ; (Others : D II. i. 198 ; T' II.iv. 12-3 (2 exs.)). feel (1 ex.) : I feel death coming(] III. 323). have (1 ex.) : Have I debts owing (J IV. 78). keep (1 ex.) : that grief keeps me walking (E 2525). leave (1 ex.) : I left the governor placing nuns (J I. 454). swing (1 ex.) : the soldiers... swung her howling in the empty air (D II. i. 248). send (1 ex.) : Natolia hath..And sent them marching up to Belgasar (T' II. i. 19). think (1 ex.) : We should think ourselves much beholding unto you (F 1279). Cf. she spied a couple of Maidens more camming towards her (TR 95.10) ; Then had they a little ladder ever standing ready in the kitchen {Ib. 134. 1) ; etc. 2. 2 Attributive Use The attributive use of the present participle is very common in Marlowe, since there are 370 instances, of which 321 are placed before its head and 49 after its head word. This constitutes approximately 46 percent of the total present participles used (pre-posed : 40% ; post-posed : 6%).
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