Title on the Use of the Present Participle in Marlowe's Works

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Title On the Use of the Present Participle in Marlowe's Works

Author(s) 水野, 政勝

Citation 北海道教育大学紀要. 第一部. A, 人文科学編, 32(1): 15-31

Issue Date 1981-09

URL http://s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/123456789/4108

Rights

Hokkaido University of Education On the Use of the Present Participle in Marlowe's Works

Masakatsu Mizuno

TABLE OF CONTENTS (5) Concession

0. Introduction (6) Ground for Judgement

1. The Form of the Present Participle (7) Conjunction + Participle

2 . The Use of the Present Participle (8) Co-ordinate Function 2. 1 Predicative Use 2. 4 Dangling Participle (1) Subjective Predicative 2. 5 Absolute Participle

(2) Objective Predicative 2. 6 Used as Other Parts of Speech 2 . 2 Attributive Use (1) As an Adverb

(1) Pre-posed Participle (2) As a Preposition

(2) Post-posed Participle (3) As a Conjunction 2 . 3 Participial Construction Tense and Voice

(1) Cause, Reason 3. 1 Tense

(2) Attendant Circumstances 3. 2 Voice (3) Time Summary

(4) Means, Manner NOTES

0. Introduction In the history of the use of the English language, no other part has developed so vigorously as the verbals, namely, the gerund, the participle and the infinitive. These three kinds of verbals competed with each other throughout the history of the language, gradually gaining their verbal force. As the extensive use of these verbals is regarded as an outstanding feature of English1, we have been led to investigate historically the use of the verbals in the language. Needless to say, any diachronic study must be based upon a close synchronic study. In previous papers, therefore, we have already investigated the use of the gerund and the infinitive in the works chiefly of Marlowe, which affords data of much value for studying the char- acteristics of early ModE. This paper2 is intended to describe the syntactic functions and uses of the present participle occurring in Marlowe's works (seven plays)3. This study is based upon a statistical reading of all instances of the present participle in the corpus. Whenever it was considered useful, however. I have tried to refer to the use of the present participle in Thomas of Reading by Thomas Deloney (one of Marlowe's contemporaries)4.

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The present participles employed to make the progressive form (e. g. she is running) are not considered here. So that, only those participles considered as a verbal adjective5, namely, an adjective with a certain verbal function are treated in the present paper. The following abbreviations are used to refer to Marlowe's and Deloney's works: F ; The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus E ; Edward the Second M ; The Massacre at Paris D ; The Tragedy of Dido, Queen of Carthage J ; The Jew of Malta T ; The First Part of Tamburlaine the Great T'; The Second Part of Tamburlaine the Great TR; Thomas of Reading

1. The Form of the Present Participle The present participle is a verbal form ending in -ing, having the value of an adjective, and it often carries both characters in one and the same context. In Marlowe there are at least 802 present participles (simple form: 763, and compound form : 39) which must be analyzed to determine their syntactic properties. By contrast, there are about 418 participles found in his contemporary Thomas Deloney's TR, of which 359 are simple forms and 59 compound forms.

2 . The Use of the Present Participle 2. 1 Predicative Use The present participle plays the part of the predicative adjunct. The predicative participle is of two sorts: (1) Subjective Predicative, which has reference to the subject of the finite verb. This predicative use is common in ME and ModE as well7. 2 . 1 (1) Subjective Predicative (61 exs.) (a) With the copula be (5 exs.): The present participle as a subjective predicative is chiefly used in the progressive form (be-}- present participle), although this usage will not be treated in this section [vide: Intro- duction, final paragraph]. The following participles, however, can hardly be regarded as those of the progressive, which is usually defined as denoting "an action or an activity as in progress . Such examples are found five times in Marlowe.

That sight will be as pleasing unto me, As Paradise was to Adam (F 725); Is it unwilling I should write this bill (F 503); Our lady's first love is not wavering (E 748); kind and loving hast thou always been (E 1996); the king is willing to resign (E 2083);. Cf. Fortune is thy treasurer, who is like thyself, wavering and unconstant (TR 94.17); She were willing to serve (Ib. 96.40); etc. 7 exs.

16 On the Use of the Present Participle in Marlowe's Works

(b) With verbs of rest and motion (56 exs.): As in present-day English the present participle is used in connection with the verbs of rest like lie, sit, stand, in which case sometimes the combinations approach the progressive form.

This occurs frequently in Marlowe (35 times) and also in TR (9).

lie (8 exs.) : they lie panting on the galley's side (T III. iii.53) ; (Other examples : D III.ii.39 ; E 966 ; T II. ii.17, IH.iii.201, IV.i.9 ; T I.iii.22, II.iii.10).

sit (10 exs.) : the sister of the king of France Sits wringing of her hands (E 484) ; (Other examples : D I. i. 50-1 (2 exs.) ; T V. i. 112, 146, 466 ; T' II. iv. 82, III. ii. 128, IV. ii. 43, 45).

stand (11 exs.) : all the gods stand gazing at his pomp (T IV. iii. 129) ; (Others : J IV. 172 ; D II. i. 263, 264, IV. iii. 38, V. i. 27-8 (2 exs.) ; T' IV. iii. 129, V. iii. 68 (2 exs.), 69).

stay (1 ex.) : Why stay we thus prolonging all their lives (T III. iii. 97).

rest (1 ex.) : And so I will, my lord ; and, whilst I live, rest beholding for this courtesy (F 1259).

Here in the example above we must notice the use of beholding instead of beholden (cf. F 1279 in 3. 1 (2)).

hang (1 ex.) : Over my zenith hang a blazing star, ... Threatening a dearth and famine to this land (T' III. ii. 9).

Other verbs : die (J III. 33), bear (as transitive verb 'sustain') (J V. 110), sleep (T V. i. 363). Cf. the night raven sate croking hard (TR 137. 31) ; nose, that hangs sagging so lothsomely to your lips (Ib. 130. 41) ; etc.

9 exs.

Very frequently the present participle is used in connection with the verbs of motion like go, come, etc., sometimes resembling the participial construction discussed in 2.3 below. There are 21 instances of this participle in Marlowe.

come (7 exs.) : that came creeping from the shore (D V. i. 165) ; (Others : T I. i. 65, II. v. 86, V. i. 227 ; T' II. ii. 27, HI. v. 143, V. Hi. 71).

run (4 exs.) : the ugly Furies run, Hearkening when he shall bid them plague the world (T' III. iv. 60) ; (Others : F 1128 ; T' IV. i. 191, 206).

go (3 exs.) : I go, sweet Faustus ; but with heavy cheer, Fearing the ruin of thy hopeless soule (F 1325) ; (Others : J II. 344 ; T I. i. 65).

Other verbs : ride (E 988 (2 exs.)), march (T II. iv. 142 (2 exs.)), walk (T IV. iv. 3), speak (D II. i.232), tover

(T III. iv. 63). Cf. one came riding thorow the towne (TR 134. 29) ; etc., 4 exs.

2 . 1 (2) Objective Predicative (17 exs.) As an objective predicative the present participle is usually found with verbs of perception, mental action, causation, etc. This construction is the so-called 'accusative with participle'.

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In this use the participle refers to the object of the finite verb, not to its subject, like the 'accusative with infinitive'. Compared with the 'accusativewith infinitive', this construction is found less frequently in Marlowe. There are 17 examples in IVIarlowe, which constitute 2.1 % of the total present participles used. The same can be said of Deloney's use of the present participle in TR where 6 examples or 1.4% occur as an objective predicative.

see (6 exs.) : I see kings kneeling at his feet (T I. ii. 55) ; (Other examples : D I. i. 184, II. i. 274, III. iii. 33 ; T' HI. v. 59, V. ii. 34).

behold (4 exs.) : Behold, my lord, Ortygius and the rest Bringing the crown to make you emperor (T I. i. 135) ; (Others : D II. i. 198 ; T' II.iv. 12-3 (2 exs.)).

feel (1 ex.) : I feel death coming(] III. 323). have (1 ex.) : Have I debts owing (J IV. 78). keep (1 ex.) : that grief keeps me walking (E 2525). leave (1 ex.) : I left the governor placing nuns (J I. 454). swing (1 ex.) : the soldiers... swung her howling in the empty air (D II. i. 248). send (1 ex.) : Natolia hath..And sent them marching up to Belgasar (T' II. i. 19). think (1 ex.) : We should think ourselves much beholding unto you (F 1279).

Cf. she spied a couple of Maidens more camming towards her (TR 95.10) ; Then had they a little ladder ever standing ready in the kitchen {Ib. 134. 1) ; etc.

2. 2 Attributive Use The attributive use of the present participle is very common in Marlowe, since there are 370 instances, of which 321 are placed before its head and 49 after its head word. This constitutes approximately 46 percent of the total present participles used (pre-posed : 40% ; post-posed : 6%). By contrast, in TR, there are only 41 present participles of this use, constituting 9.8 percent of the total present participles (pre-posed : 7.4% ; post-posed : 2.4%). It is noteworthy from the figure above that in Marlowe the attributive use of the present participle is quite frequent.

2 . 2 (1) Pre-posed Participle The attributive participle is usually placed before its head word, in which case the adjectival character can be seen prominently. In other words, it has a function like an ordinary adjective. (a) Type : (Det)+V-m^+N (282 exs.) In Marlowe 282 examples occur in this type. To give a few examples :

my lords and loving soldiers (T II. vi. 34) ; the quivering leaves Of Ida's forest (T'lII. v. 5) ; Oh, had that ticing strumpet ne'er been born (D II. i. 300); A griping pain hath seiz'd upon my heart (M 544) ; everlasting pains (J I. 364) ; Brighter art thou than flaming Jupiter (F 1369) ; The conquering Hercules for Hylas wept (E 690) ; etc. Cf. a few dissemling teares (TR 103.30), etc. 29 exs.

(b) Type : Det+Adj+V-m^+N (19 exs.)

18 On the Use the Present Participle in Marlowe's Works

In this type the participle is preceded by another adjective.

a little pretty frisking flea (F 426); his gready thirsting throat (T I. ii. 146); That sly inveigling Frenchman (E 264) ; the fatal, straggling deer (M 205) ; (Others : J II. i. 113, IV. 168 ; T II. i. 39, II. iii. 20, II. iv. 19 ; E 1480, 2068 ; D V. i. 216 ; T' I. i. 44, I. iv. 147, HI. v. 51, IV. iii. 44, V. iii. 239, 252).

Here in the last example the participial adjective is in the superlative. (d) Participial Compound (18 exs.) There are 18 examples of the participial compound in Marlowe. Before the present participle an adverb, a predicative or an object-noun may be placed as first part of a compound as in "sweet-smelling violet". In TR two such examples are met with. (with an adverb)

ever (7 exs.) : the ever-raging Caspian Lake (T I. i. 168) ; (Others : F 860, 1452 ; T IV. i. 32, IV. ii. 9, V. i. 245, 290). never (2 exs.) : with never-fading mists (T V. i. 296) ; (Another : M. 92). wide (1 ex.) : from wide-gaping wounds (T V. i. 461). over (1 ex.) : this, proud over-daring peers (E 342). too (1 ex.) : thy too-piercing words (E 413). far (1 ex.) : The far-resounding torments (T' IV. i. 189).

(with a predicative)

And strew him with sweet-smelling violets (D II. i. 318). (with an object-noun)

thy fire-darting beams (D I. i. 25) ; heart-breaking sobs (E 2290) ; this earth-threat'ning hair (D I.i. 10) ; these swine-eating Christians (J II. 130).

Cf. bracelets of bright-shining Diamonds (TR 154. 19) ; this vile beseeming9 servitude (Ib. 127. 28).

2 . 2 (2) Post-posed Participle (49 exs.) The attributive participle is occasionally placed after its head word. I have counted 49 instances of the present participle used attributively after its head word. (a) Type : W+V-ing (1 ex.) There is only one instance of this type in Marlowe, which is rather idiomatic.

on these conditions following (F 534). Cf. the night following (TR 138.34).

(b) Type : NP+V-m^+Adv (3 ex.)

a chariot burning bright (809) ; A lofty cedar tree, fair flourishing (E 819) ; this your army, going several ways (E 1141).

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In the first two examples the flat adverb is used. (c) Type : NP+V-m^+to-Inf (1 ex.)

Tamburlaine (Staying to order all the scatter'd troops) (T II. v. 45).

(d) Type : NP+V-m^+Prep Phrase (31 exs.)

along : Until the Persian fleet and men-of-war, Sailing along the oriental sea (T III. iii. 253) ; at ; poor Ramus sitting at his book (M 363); between: My stern aspect shall make fairVictory, Hovering behvixt our armies, light on me (T' III. v. 165) ; by : Lapland giants, trotting by our sides (F 154) ; for : And wounded bodies gasping yet for life (T V. i. 325) ; from : all his men, Marching from Cairo (T I. i. 47) ; (Further examples : E 2673 ; F 1304); in : Legions of spirits, fleeting in the air (T III. iii. 156) ; (Others : D II. i. 193, IV. iv. 117 ; J IV. 79 ; E 173 ; T II. iii. 18, V. i. 118 ; T' I. i. 41, IV. iii. 117) ; on : satyrs grazing on the lawns (E 59) ; (Others : D I. i. 211 ; E 468 ; T I. i. 127, IV. i. 24 ; T' HI. v. 131) ; under : kill sick people groaning under walls (J II. 307) ; near : Stand in some window opening near the street (M 86) ; to : these woods adjoining to these walls (D III. ii. 88) ; (Another : E 1442) ; through : One like Actaeon peeping through the grove (E 68) ; unto : tricks belonging unto brokery (J II. 324) ; with : those Christians, fleeting with the tide (T' I. i. 40) ; within : Nature, that fram'd us of your elements Warring Within our breasts for regiment (T II. vii. 19). Cf. the bowes belonging to their Violines were all likewise of pure silver (TR 92. 17), etc., 4 exs.

(e) Type : NP+V-m^+NP (13 exs.)

Why wert thou not a creature wanting soul (F1489) ; His arms and fingers long and sinewy, Betokening valour and excess of strength (T III. i. 28); And all the earth, like AEtna, breathing fire (T V. iii. 234); With ugly Furies bearing fiery flags (T' V. iv. 146) ; (Further examples : T I. ii. 43, IV. i. 25—7 (3 exs.) ; D III. iii. 55 ; J IV. 247 ; F 156 ; T' II. i. 30, IV. iii. 37). Cf. The Knight beholding it with great wonder (TR 132. 30) ;

etc., 5 exs.

2 . 3 Participial Construction The verbal phrase with a present participle forms a free adjunct, which is equivalent to an adverbial clause denoting time, cause, attendant circumstances, etc. The present participle of this use usually refers to the subject of the main sentence. In IVCarlowe I have counted 275 (34%) examples of adverbial participles10. The adverbial use of the present participle can be subdivided in the following ways : (a) front-position when the participle is placed before the subject, (b) mid-position when the participle is placed between the subject and the finite verb, and (c) post-position when the participle is placed after the finite verb. 2.3 (1) Cause, Reason (85 exs.) The participial phrase is used with the idea of cause or reason in Marlowe (and in TR).

(a) front-position (19 exs.) :

And being able, I'll keep an host in pay (M 849) ; Now, my good lord, having done my duty, I humbly take my leave (F 1122) ; And having thee, I have a jewel sure (T II. ii. 56) ; (Other examples : M: 857, 1160 ; J I.338,445,462, 527, IV. 171,194 ; F 1, 3, 31, 222 ; T I. L 180, II. ii. 14-5 (2 exs.) ; T' IV. i. 182). Cf. and having licence to come before his Majestic, he spake to this effect (TR 99.9) ; etc., 8 exs.

(b) mid-position (32 exs.) :

20 On the Use of the Present Participle in Marlowe's Works

Because my places, being but three, contains all his (M 407); But he...Wearing his fingers' ends with telling it, Would in his age be loath to labour so (J I. 16) ;you, being licentiate, should stand upon't (F 206) ; As I sworn, she, standing on the shore, Was by the cruel Myrmidons surpris'd (D II. i. 286); (Others: J II. 208, V. 4 ; F 241, 1177 ; T I. i. 146-7 (2 exs.), II. ii. 44, 66, V. i. 15 ; E 110, 769, 2236 ; D I. i. 115, II. i. 129, V. i. 190, 260 ; T I. iv. 23, 76, 144, HI. i. 41, HI. ii. 4, 100, HI. iii. 13, HI. v. 25, IV. iii. 60, V. i. 66, V. iii. 90, 96). Cf. Dove being dismaied at this mischievous mischance, knew not what to do (TR 125.21), etc., 34 exs.

She would weep for grief, Thinking the sea had swallowed up thy ships (D II. i. 68) ; Now is the king of England rich and strong, Having the love of his renowned peers (E 664) ; Then hope I by her means to be preferr'd, Having read unto her since she was a child (E 751) ; (Others ; M 29, 878, 941,959 ; J I. 192, II. 139, 149, 215 ; F 1410 ; D II. i. 284, IV. v. 146 ; E 41, 977, 1731, 1866, 2155 ; T I. L 17, 41, I. ii. 178, IV. ii. 64, IV. iv. 31, V. i. 420, 453 ; T' I. i. 47-9 (2 exs.), I. iii. 23, II. iii. 34, II. iv. 108, HI. ii. 46, V. iii. 134). Cf. Here was the King most beautifully feasted, having in his company his brother Robert (TR 118.22), etc., 11 exs.

2 . 3 (2) Attendant Circumstances (68 exs.) The action of the finite verb is accompanied by some attendant circumstance which is contained in the participial phrase. Here the participial phrase in the post-position is predominant in both M.arlowe and TR. (a) front-position (6 exs.) :

smiling at his tears, This butcher ... struck off his hands (D II. i. 240) ; Cutting the tropic line of Capricorn, I conquered all (T' V. iii. 139) ; Thus leaning on the shoulder of the king, He nods and scorns and smiles at those that pass (E 230) ; (Others : D II. i. 245, IV. ii. 12 ; T V. i. 183). Cf. And so shedding a few dissembling teares, she stopt (TR 103. 29), etc., 18 exs.

(b) mid-position (17 exs.) :

That I may, walking in my gallery, See 'em go pinion'd along by my door (J II. 311) ; And they will, trembling, sound a quick retreat (T I. ii. 73) ; Witness this heart, that sighing for thee breaks (E 461) ; (Others : E 2002 ; T I. ii. 51, IV. i. 3, IV. ii. 45, V. i. 141, 514 ; T'I. iv. 124,II. ii. 26, III. i. 33, III. v. 27-8 (2 exs.), IV. i. 132 ; J I. 363, V. 72 ; D I. i. 99). Cf. His Majesty bending his body towards them, said that (TR 101.24), etc., 10 exs.

Learned Faustus, ...Did mount himself to scale Olympus' top, Being seated in a chariot burning bright (F 809) ; her servitors pass through the hall Bearing a banquet (D II. i. 71) ; Thus, loving neither, will I live with both, Making a profit of my policy (J V. 216); (Other example? : D I. i. 185, 239, II. i. 219, 227, 231,252, III. i. 131, V. i. 97 ; J I. 50, II. 66, HI. 329,IV. 295 ; T I. ii. 15, 65, 530 (2 exs.), II. i. 26, 58, II. iv. 5, II. vi. 27, 28, HI. ii. 74, 80, 83, HI. iii. 150, IV. iv. 108, V. i. 149, 517 ; T I. iv. 39 (2 exs.), 49, H. iv. 108, HI. ii. 77, 105, 107, IV. ii. 95-6 (2 exs.), V. i. 158, V. iii. 23 ; M 395 ; E 984, 1173). Cf. she drave out that night with many grievous groanes, sighing and sobbing (TR 114. 17—8), etc., 62 exs.

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2 . 3 (3) Time (35 exs.) The participial phrase is equivalent to a clause of time. Here the participial phrase occurs predominantly in mid-position in Marlowe. The same can be said of Deloney's use of the participial phrase in TR.

(a) front-position (7 exs.) :

Being young, I studied physic (J II. 313) ; Faith, walking the back-lanes through the gardens, I chanc'd to cast mine eye up to the Jew's counting-house (J III. 17) ; meeting with the rest, 'Kill, Kill !' they cried (D II. i. 190); (Others : J V. 242 ; D I. i. 58, II. i. 225 ; E 828). Cf. but finding her wishes vaine, she began thus to excuse him (TR 143. 34), etc., 23 exs.

(b) mid-position (26 exs.)

he, that living hated so the Cross, shall being dead, be hang'd thereon in chains(M 321—2 (2 exs.)); though first the king of Persia, Being a shepherd, seem'd to love you (T III. ii. 60) ; Fair queen, forbear to angle for the fish, Which, being caught, strikes him that takes it dead (E 519) ; (Others : E 69, 597, 607, 982,1205, 1998 ; M 245 ; D II. i. 131-2 (2 exs.), 180, 192, IV. ii. 18, V. i. 227 ; T I. ii. 11, 15, II.ii. 40, II. vii. 9, IV. ii. 3, V. i. 454 ; T' I. iv. 203, III. v. 43, V. iii. 104). Cf. those Clothiers, who living were his hearts comfort (TR 155. 16), etc., 54 exs.

2 . 3 (4) Means, Manner (23 exs.) The participial phrase indicates means or manner by which the effect mentioned in the principal proposition is produced. In Marlowe's usage the post-position is predominant, while the front position is the least common.

(a) front-position (1 ex.) :

But, making now a virtue of thy sight, ...my heart with comfort dies (T V. i. 430).

(b) mid-position (8 exs.) :

Sweet picture ... That, hanging here, will draw the gods from heaven (T' III. ii. 28) ; And Proteus, raising hills of floods on high, Intends, ere long, to sport him in the sky (D I. i. 76) ; these kings ...Shall now, adjoining all their hands with mine, Invest her here my Queen of Persia (T V. i. 495) ; (Others : J III. 294, 296 ; D II. i. 165 ; T II. vii. 24-5 (2 exs.)).

he that darted mountains at thy head, Shaking the burden mighty Atlas bears (T IV. i. 131) ; thus to pour out plenty in their laps, Ripling the bowels of earth for them, Making the sea their servant (J I. 112—3 (2 exs.)) ; Then hath your grace fit opportunity To show your love unto the king of France, Offering him aid against his enemies (M 914) ; (Others : J I. 455, M 135 ; E 2396 ; T HI. iii. 48-9 (2 exs.), IV. i. 58, IV, ii. 61 ; T' II. i. 61, III. i. 18. IV, iii. 42). Cf. they in like sort kept company the one with the other, meeting ever all together at Basingstoke (TR 84.6), etc., 4 exs.

22 On the Use of the Present Participle in Marlowe's Works

2 . 3 (5) Concession (7 exs.) The participial phrase contains a conceded idea, which, though it is naturally in contrast or opposition to that of the principal proposition, is nevertheless unable to destroy the validity of the latter.

(a) front-position (1 ex.) :

Thus, loving neither, will I live with both (J V. 215).

(b) mid position (2 exs.) :

And shame of nature, which Jaertis' stream, embracing thee with deepest of his love, Can never wash from thy distained brows (T IV. i. Ill); she loves me not, Or, loving, doth dislike of something done (J III. 169).

I wonder the king dies not, Being in a vault up to the knees in water (E 2453) ; Wliat, dar'st thou then be absent from the fight, Knowing my father hates thy cowardice (T* IV. i. 23); (Others : F 578 ; T' V. iii. 198)

2 . 3 (6) Ground for Judgement (1 ex.)

What, fearful coward! straggling from the camp, When kings themselves are present in the field (T II. iv. 16).

2. 3(7) Conjunction+Participle (I ex.) In ModE the present participle which is equivalent to an adverbial clause is occasionally preceded by a conjunction, as in: "While going down town I met an old friend" (q. Curme). The adverbial relations may become clear by preceding conjunction, which indicates the adverbial relation of time, cause, condition, etc. According to Curme,

"Since the sixteenth century, it has become common to introduce this feature of the full clause into the participial clause to give more precision to the statement... The new form is more accurate in expression, but the simple participle is still a favorite in lively style since it is more concrete and impressive : Passing through crises, struggling and suffering, we get large view of life."

Since the sixteenth century, this use of the participle, i. e. 'conjunction+participle' has become common. In Marlowe I have counted only one example of this type and only one in TR too.

Jove's marble statue gan bend the brows, As loathing Pyrrhus for this wicked act (D II. i. 258).

In the example above the word as is used as the conjunction introducing clause of manner.

Cf. as having occasion to ride the same way ... (TR 134. 12). (Here the conjunction used is causal as.)

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2 . 3 (8) Co-ordinate Function (55 exs.) Functioning as an equivalent to a dependent clause, the present participle can also operate as an equivalent to an independent clause, that is, a co-ordinate clause. The action denoted by the participle may be (a) anterior (e. g. seating myself, I began to read) or (b) posterior (e. g. Young men by the dozen came up, asking her to dance) to that denoted by the finite verb.

(a) anterior (12 exs.) :

When Phoebus, leaping from his hemisphere, Descendeth downward to th' Antipodes (T' I.iii. 51); Lest Dido, spying him, keep him for a pledge (D V. i. 50) ; I,...First rising in the east with mild aspect,...Will send up fire (T IV. ii. 37) ; (Further Examples : D II. i. 184, 242, 253, IV. ii. 16, IV. iii. 3, V. i. 195 ; J III. 350 ; T' III. iv. 4, 89). Cf. leaving at last this contention, the one posted up to the King (TR 144. 27), etc., 9 exs.

(b) posterior (43 exs.) :

he will spare him four-and-twenty years, Letting him live in all voluptuousness (F 332) ; Then here we'll lie before Lutetia walls, Girting this strumpet city with our siege (M. 1165) ; and when they flatly denied, Refusing to receive me pledge for him, The Earl of Pembroke mildly thus bespake (E 1418) ;(Others : F 18, 333 ; T I. i. 38, 121, I. ii. 39, HI. iii. 161, 258, IV. ii. 4, 114, IV. iii. 37, IV. iv. 86, 103, 113, 147, V. 5. 70, 224, 258, 413 ; J II. 329, 396 ; E 1407 (2 exs.) ; T/1. i. 30, I. iv. 97, II. iv. 15, 110, ffl. i. 38, 77, ffl. iii. 7, ffl. v. 93. 123,IV. i. 164, IV. iii. 9, 35, 101, V. ii. 34, V. iii. 171; D II. i. 207 ; M 270, 1183). Cf. Upon this they called to the hoast and hostis, shewing their determination (TR 102.34), etc., 13 exs.

2. 4 Dangling Participle In the previous section I have discussed the adverbial participles which refer to the subject of the finite verb. There are, however, the type in which this is not the case. In "Looking up the hill, the cottage is seen in a left hand corner of the garden" looking has no word that can serve as its subject, so we must infer the non-expressed subject of the participle from the context. This type of construction is called the dangling participle. This is generally blamed as slipshod language by grammarians12. In the Elizabethan period, the dangling participle was more widely used than today13. This is quite common in Marlowe and TR. The subject of the adverbial participle is implied in

(1) the object of the finite verb (8 exs.) :

They give me bread and water, being a king (E 2514) ; thou see Me march victoriously with all my men, Triumphing over him and these his kings (T III. iii. 128) ; And being asleep, belike they thought me dead, And threw me o'er the walls (J V. 86) ; Further examples : M 1038 ; T I. i. 202, III. ii. 29 ; J IV. 229 ; F 53). Cf. the love which those people bore him living (TR 116.36), etc., 3 exs.

(2) the possessive pronoun (4 exs.) :

Yet he that in my sight would not relent, Will, being absent be obdurate still (D V. i. 187) ; Being thy captive, thus abuse his state (T IV. ii. 60) ; (Others : T II. iv. 5, III. ii. 65). Cf. and being once entred into their Inne, ...good cheere was provided (TR 87.35), etc., 4 exs.

24 On the Use the Present Participle in Marlowe's Works

(3) The subject of the participle is mentioned previously (7 exs.) :

Then got we to our ship, and, being aboard, Polyxena cried out (D II. i. 280); Were he a peasant, being my minion, I'll make the proudest of you stoop to him (E 325); Then buckled / mine armour, drew my sword, And thinking to go down, came Hector's ghost (D II. i. 201); he is worth three hundred plates, So that, being bought, the town seal might be got To keep him for his life-time from the gallows (J II. 231) ; and now / think on't, going to the execution, a fellow met me with a muschatoes like a raven's wing (J IV. 244) ; Where Amazonians met me in the field, With whom, being women, I vouchsaf'd a league (T' I. iv. 193). Cf. With that the Doctor prepared his instrument, and being ready to the Dukes eies, he said, 0, stay, Master Doctor (TR 148.4), etc., 8 exs.

In the following instance the subject of the participle is in the sentence which doesn't include the participle in question.

Kill not the king, 'tis good to fear the worst. Unpointed as it is, thus shall it go, That, being dead, if it chance to be found, Matrevis and the rest may bear the blame, And we be quit that caus'd it to be done (E 2350). Cf. WTnat wages will you take (quoth good wife Gray)? I will referre that (said Margaret) to your conscience and courtesie, desiring no more then what I shall deserve. Then asking what country woman she was, the Maiden wept (TR 97.6), etc., 2exs.

(4) The case in which there is no definite subject (1 ex.) :

Your grace was ill-advis'd to take them, then, Considering of these dangerous times (M 175).

2. 5 Absolute Participle The ordinary type of this construction is 'NP+V-m^/Subj+Pred' or 'Subj+Pred/NP+V- ing, where NP is the logical subject of the present participle. Here the participial phrase forms a free adjunct and has an adverbial function of modifying a sentence14. In Marlowe there are 25 examples of this construction, while in TR this is frequent, occurring 54 times.

2 . 5(1) Type : NP+V-m^/Subj+Pred (20 exs.) :

(a) attendant circumstance (9 exs.):

At last came Pyrrhus, fell and full of ire, His harness dropping blood (D II. i. 214); Auster and Aquilon with winged steeds, All sweating, tilt about the watery heavens (T III. ii. 79) ; (Further examples : T I. ii. 57— 8 (2 exs.), II. ii. 45, 46 ; D II. i. 214, 228 (2exs.)). Cf. But while they were thus playing, the rest being delighted in contrarie matters, every man satisfied his owne humour (TR 90.5), etc,., 6 exs.

(b) time (6 exs.) :

The floor whereof, this cable being cut, Doth fall asunder (J V. 319) ; Whereas the sun, declining from our sight, Begins the day with our Antipodes (T' V. iii. 149) ; And then, the watchword being given, a bell shall ring (M 239) ; (Others : D II. i. 150 ; F 546 ; T' V. ii. 7). Cf. Then supper being brought to the bord, they all sat down (TR 92.23), etc., 33 exs.

25 Masakatsu MIZUNO

And Isabel, whose eyes being turn 'd to steel Will sooner sparkle fire than shed a tear (E 2093); The head being off, the members cannot stand (M 297) ; And him, Epeus having made the horse, With sacrificing wreaths upon his head, Ulyses sent to our unhappy town (D II. i. 147) ; (Further examples : F 1118 ; J IV. 237). Cf. and downe into the kitchen they goe, their servants being all in bedde (TR 138.7), etc., 14 exs.

2. 5(2) ...W+NP+V-m^ (I ex.) : In one instance the absolute participle is connected with the rest of the sentence by the conjunction and. This practice is said to be very common in ME.

Methinks I see kings kneeling at his feet, And he with frowning brows and fiery looks Spurning their crowns from off their captive heads (T I. ii. 57).

2. 5(3) ...m'^+NP+V-m^(3 exs.) The absolute participle is also introduced by the preposition with. This introductory preposition is the "sign of subordination to the principal verb."15. According to Mustanoja, "Even as early as OE, an absolute construction is not infrequently introduced by the preposition mid (with), and in ME this is fairly common."16 In Marlowe there are three examples of this kind of construction.

And when they see me march in black array, With mournful streamers hanging down their heads (T IV. h. 120) ; I have run up and down the world with this case of rapiers, wounding myself when I had nobody to fight withal (F 751) ; With costly jewels hanging at their ears (T I. i . 144). Cf. with an innumerable sort of people on every side standing to behold her (TR 154.30).

2. 5(4) Type : You d rather walk, being a cold day (1 ex.) Here it may be said that there is an ellipsis of the pronoun it. In Marlowe one instance of this can be found.

Believe me, Master Doctor, this makes me wonder above the rest, that being in the dead time of winter and in the month of January, how you should come by these grapes (F 1242).

2. 6 Used as Other Parts of Speech

2 . 6 (1) As an Adverb (4 exs.) : The present participle may be used to modify the following adjective or adverb. Most frequently used adverbially is the present participle passing in Marlowe.

passing" (3 exs.) :

Ay, passing well (J II. 253) ; Is it not passing brave to be a king (T II. v. 53) ; Upon the bridge call'd Ponte Angels Erected a castle passing strong (F 852).

exceeding16 (1 ex.) :

In every part exceeding brave and rich (T I. ii . 127).

The participles in the above instances are used as intensives meaning 'very, exceedingly'.

26 On the Use of the Present Participle in Marlowe's Works

Cf. it stood so exceeding high (TR 109. 28) ; notwithstanding, there was not one man would stirre to be a Catchopoles aide (TR 126.3), etc.

2 . 6 (2) As a Preposition (11 exs.) : Some present participles frequently used in the participial construction had become prepositions by that time.

touching (3 exs.) :

I love to hear an answer from the barons Touching my friend, my dearest Gaveston (E 1310) ; (Others : F 919 ; E 1249).

according to (2 exs.) :

I have, according to instructions in that behalf, dealt with the King of France (E 1726) ; (Another : T' III. i. 65).

saving (2 exs.) :

Here she was wont to sit ; but, saving air, Is nothing here (D II. i. 13) ; (Another : E 186).

during (1 ex.) :

and attire They us'd to wear during their time of life (F 1066).

excluding (1 ex.) :

Excluding regions which I mean to trace (T IV. iv. 84).

leaving {off} (2 exs.) :

But, leaving these vain trifles of men's souls, Tell me what is that Lucifer thy lord (F 302) ; But, leaving off this, let me have a wife (F 579).

Cf. according to the privilege of the Towne, they put Halters about the theeves neckes presently to hang them up (TR 121.25); during the Kings abode, he, and his son, and Nobles were highly feasted (Ib. 116.27) ; notwithstanding their theevery, how they flowted at their lenitie, he was much mooved in minde (Ib. 122. 37), etc.

2 . 6 (3) As a Conjunction (19 exs.)

The present participle can be used also as a conjunction. seeing (15 exs.) :

Seeing I must go, do not renew my sorrow (E 433); I cannot choose, seeing my father bids (J II. 448); (Other examples: J II. 210, 448, III. 326 ; F 246 ; E 261, 624, 686, 818,. 922, 2242, 2434, 2634 ; D HI. i. 40).

27 Masakatsu MIZUNO

seeing that (3 exs.) :

why do I stay, Seeing that he talks thus of marriage day (E 790) ; (Others : E 723, 2336)

supposing^! ex.) :

I ran about the fields for thee, Supposing amorous Jove had sent his son, The winged Hennes, to convey thee hence (T IV. ii. 18).

Cf. 0 neighbour, blame me not to grieve, seeing I have lost so great a jewel (TR 145.29) ; and notwithstanding that it was an Office most necessary in the Commonwealth, yet did the poorest wretch despise it (Ib. 124.21), etc.

2 . Tense and Voice The verbal character of the present participle can be seen in its having compound forms to denote the past time-sphere and the passive voice. According to Trnka, the compound forms of the participle, denoting the past time-sphere (e. g. having done} and the passive voice (e. g. being done), are fully developed as late as the 16th century owing to the imitation of the Latin constructions19. The compound forms of the participle are quite common in Marlowe and TR.

3. 1 Tense Hampered by their original adjective nature and form, the present participles had no reference to time, and this, to a great extent15, is still the case in present-day English. The simple form is used to express any time or no time in particular as in :

(a) past time : As I sworn, she, standing on the shore, Was by the cruel Myrmidons surpris'd (D II. i. 286);

etc.

(b) future time : they shall meet and join their force in one, Keeping in awe the Bay of Portingale (T III. iii. 258) ; etc.

(d) no time : on these conditions following (F 534); etc.

Examples of the perfect form of the participle are found 13 times in Marlowe :

I would freely give it to his enemies, And think I gain'd, having bought so dear a friend (E 607) ; Now, my good lord, having done my duty, I humbly take my leave (F 1122); Calymath, having hover'd here so long, Will win the town, or die before the walls (J V. 4) ; (Other examples : T II. ii. 14-5 (2 exs.), 31, 222, V. i . 420 ; E 597, 751 ; T' I. iv. 203 ; D II. i. 147, IV. ii. 18). Cf. having long waited, at length he spied him (TR 125.5), etc. 31 exs.

In the present study there is no example of the perfect participle in 'being -{-fallen' type in

28 On the Use of the Present Participle in Marlowe's Works

Marlowe. In TR, however, there are several examples of this type (9 out of 31 examples) ;

How Thomas Dove being fallen to decay, was forsaken of his friends (TR 149. 1) ; and being once entred into their Inne,... good cheere was provided for them (Ib. 87.35); The musitians being gone , his hoste asked if now it would please him to go to bed {Ib . 137. 13); The Clothiers being all come from London, Simons wife of Southampton, ... brake her mind unto him {Ib. 108.5), etc.

3. 2 Voice Two forms are found to indicate voice, i. e. active participle (e. g. doing} and passive participle (e. g. being done). The active participle has always an active meaning in Marlowe (and in TR). The passive participle occurs 26 times in Marlowe :

The exercise being done, see where he comes (J IV. 237) ; Being animated by religious zeal, I mean to muster all the power I can (M 857) ; The forest deer, being struck, Runs to an herb that closeth up the wounds (E 1998) ; (Others : F 546, 809 ; E 110, 519, 828, 2093, 2155 ; J I. 331, II. 231, III. 350, IV. 194, 229, V. 319 ; M 239 ; D II. i. 129 ; T II. vii. 5, III. ii. 29 ;T I. iv.23, III. ii. 17,46,100, 108, V. i. 66). Cf. Then supper being brought to the bord, they all sat down (T R 92. 23), etc., 34 exs.

3. Summary The following table indicates the frequency of each use in Marlowe and Deloney :

29 Masakatsu MIZUNO

Writers Marlowe Deloney (TR) Uses Predicative Use Subjective Predicative 61 20 Objective Predicative 17 6 Total 78 26 Attributive Use Pre-posed 321 31 Post-posed 49 10 Total 370 (46%)' 41 (9.8%) Participial Construction Cause 85 ( 8 )2<10>3 53 ( 8 ) < 5 > Attendant Circumstances 68 90 < 4 > Time 35 ( 4 ) < 5 > 80 ( 8 ) < 2 > Means 23 3 Concession 7 0 Ground for Judgement 1 0 Conjunction + V- ing 1 1 Co-ordinate Function 55 < 1 > 23 ( 6 ) < 3 > Total 275 (34%) 250 (60%) Dangling Participle 20 < 4 > 17 (1) Absolute Participle Attendant Circumstances 9 < 1 > 6 < 2 > Time 6 < 3 > 33 ( 8 ) <10> Cause 5 ( 1 ) < 2 > 14 <8>

...... and + NP + V-ing 1 0 ...... with + NP + V'-ing 3 1 Type : being a cold day 1 0 Total 25 (3%) 54 (13%) Used as Other Parts of Speech Adverb 4 12 Preposition 11 16 Conjunction 19 2 Total 34 30 Total 802 (13) <26> 418 (31) <34>

1) The percentages in the round brackets ( ) indicate the ratio to the total present participles used in each writer. 2 ) The figures in the round brackets ( ) indicate those cases of perfect participle:. 3 ) The figures in the angle brackets < > indicate those cases of passive perfect.

30 On the Use of the Present Participle in Marlowe's Works

(NOTES) 1 G. 0. Curme, Syntax (Tokyo : Maruzen, 1970), p.448 2 The present paper is a part of my study on Marlowe's verbals, other parts of which are published in vols. 27 and 31 of the Bulletin of Hokkaido University of Education, (1977, 1981). 3 Christopher Marlowe, The Plays of Christopher Marlowe ("The World's Classics" ; London : Oxford U. P., 1969) 4 Thomas Deloney, Thomas of Reading ("ShorterNovels : Elizabethan"; London, NewYork: Everyman's Library, 1966) 5 G. Scheurweghs, Present-day English Syntax : A Surver of Sentence Patterns (''London : Longmans, 1959), p.158. 6 In Marlowe there are compound forms discovered, such as having done 'perfect participle' and being done 'passive participle', but there is no compound form found such as having been done 'passive perfect participle'. The same is said of TR. The following table shows the distribution of the present participles in Marlowe :

ACTIVE TOTAL PASSIVE TOTAL SIMPLE doing 763 being done 26 PERFECT having done 13 having been done 0

7 B. Trnka, On the Syntax of the English Verb from Caxton to Dryden (Prague : Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague, III, 1930), p.88. 8 R. Zandvoort, A Handbook of English Grammar (London : Longmans, 1957), p. 37. 9 Cf. OED s. v. beseem v. 1 intr To seem, appear, look. Obs. 10 In TR there are 250 examples of the participial construction. This constitutes about 60% of the total present participles used. It is noteworthy from the ratio above that this construction is quite frequent in TR. This may suggest that there is some stylistic difference between Marlowe and Deloney (TR). 11 G. 0. Curme, English Grammar (New York, London : Barns and Noble Books, 1925), p. 267. 12 0. Jespersen, A Modem English Grammar on Historical Principles, V (Copenhagen : Ejnar Munksgaard, 1940), p. 407. 13 Trnka, op. cit., p. 89 ; Curme (Syntax}, p. 160. 14 J. Opdycke, Harper's English Grammar (New York : Popular Library, 1965), p. 233. 15 Curme (Syntax), p. 179. 16 T. F. Mustanoja, A Middle English Syntax, Pt. I : Parts of Speech (Helsinki : Societe Neophilologique, 1960), pp. 116-7. 17 Cf. OED s. v. passing B. crfy. exceedingly, very. Now somewhat arch. 18 Cf. OED s. v. exceeding B. adv. Very common in 17—18th c.; now somewhat arch. 19 Trnka, op. cit., p.93. (Lecturer, Sapporo Branch)