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Volume 17 June 2017 Open access online journal JOURNAL OF TOURISM . RESEARCH Review of Tourism Sciences Volume 17 June 2017 Tourism Research Institute ISSN 2241 ‐ 7931 Published by: Activities for the Development of Tourism and Tourism Education Tourism Research Institute 13 Kydonion, 11144 Athens, Greece Tel: + 30 210 3806877 Fax: + 30 211 7407688 URL: www.jotr.eu www.dratte.gr Εmail: [email protected], [email protected] Editor: Laloumis Dimitris 1 SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Dimitrios Buhalis Bournemouth University, UK Paris Tsartas University of Aegean, Greece Andreas Papatheodorou University of Aegean, Greece Stavrinoudis Theodoros University of Aegean, Greece Judit Grotte Budapest Metropolitan University, Budapest Célio Gonçalo Marques Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Portugal Eunice Ramos Lopes Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Portugal Peter Yannopoulos Goodman School of Business, Brock University, Canada Cleopatra Veloutsou University of Glasgow, UK Alexandru Nedelea Stefan cel Mare University of Glasgow, UK Axel Schnell University of Applied Sciences of Dusseldorf, Germany Gregory Papanikos University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland Stefanos Karagiannis University of Central Greece Pericles Lytras Technological Education Institute of Athens, Greece Stelios Varvaresos Technological Education Institute of Athens, Greece Dimitrios Stergiou Hellenic Open University Sandeep Kulshreshtha Indian Institute of Tourism & Travel Management, Greece Zoe Georgiadou Technological Education Institute of Athens, Greece Νicolas Mainetti LIut Aurillac Crcgm University of Auvergne, France Christos Ladias University of Central Greece Valia Kasimati Department of Economics, University of Bath, U.K. Dimitrios Laloumis Technological Education Institute of Athens, Greece Laurent Meriade University of Auvergne-CUFR Champollion ALBI, France Lambros Sdrolias Technological Education Institute of Thesaly, Greece George Boskou Harokopeion University, Greece Konstantinos Marinakos Hellenic Open University Dionisia Frangou Technological Education Institute of Athens, Greece Dimitris Marnellos Technological Education Institute of Athens, Greece 2 Table of Contents Towards an innovative classification ‐ grouping of variables that compose 6 organizational culture Theodoros Stavrinoudis & Christos Kakarougkas Work‐Family/Family‐Work Interference of Back‐Area‐Managers: The Effect on Job 25 and Life Satisfaction Jailan M. El Demerdash & Ayman Saber Evaluating The Performance Of Some Global Distribution Systems And Its Impact 37 On Airlines And Travel Agencies In Egypt Samar El‐Kasrawy & Sara El‐Sebai Web Usage Mining as a Tool To Identify User Behavioural Patterns to Design Effective E‐ 47 Marketing Strategies for Tourism Businesses (The Case of an Egyptian Travel Agency) Elrouby Iten, Tourism Department Faculty of Tourism & Hotels‐ Alexandria University El Kasrawy Samar & Attia Abir Legislative and policy efforts to control ‘sharing economy’ local accommodation as 80 a way to prevent cultural identity loss in Portugal Paula Almeida, Célio Gonçalo Marques, Eunice Ramos Lopes & Jorge Simões An assessment of the hospitality curriculums and their impact on the students' 90 preparedness for future career Mohamed Kamal Abdien The dynamization of Higher Education Institutions for the creation of Tourism 105 Companies in Portugal Jorge Simões, Célio Gonçalo Marques, Eunice Ramos Lopes, Paula Almeida & Fátima Pedro 3 Senior tourism and cultural diversity in development of territories 118 Eunice Ramos Lopes, Célio Gonçalo Marques, Paula Almeida & Jorge Simões 127 The Exchange Rate Fluctuations and its Effect on International Tourism Demand Case study: Egypt, the period (2000‐2016) Sara Wahba & Radwan Elanani Examining the Athens 2004 Olympic Games Contribution to National Branding, concerning 139 Tourism Promotion: A Holistic Approach Dimitrios Belias, Maria Charouli, Dimitrios Kyriakou, Labros Sdrolias, Efstathios Velissariou, Nikolaos Kakkos, Ladislav Rolinek, Zuzana Dvořáková – Líšková & Georgios Mourgas Impacts of Economic Recession on Greek Domestic Tourism 154 Stelios Varvaressos, DimitrisPapayiannis, Pericles Lytras & Sgouro Melissidou The contribution of tourism to local development: the case of the island of 173 Santorini Vasiliki Delitheou & Stavroula Georgakopoulou 185 Factors affecting locals’ attitudes towards cruise tourism in the early stage of TALC Gorazd Sedmak & Žana Čivre 197 The Impact of Mass Tourism to Traditional Settlements Dionysia Fragkou Intangible Heritage of Alexandria: Potentials for Tourism Attraction 209 Heba Mahmoud Saad AbdelNaby Potentials of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Tourism from the Perspective of 222 Tour Guiding in Alexandria, Egypt Marwa El‐Kady 4 Promotion of Accessible Tourism through Digital Content. A case study in the 239 Municipality of Tomar. Célio Gonçalo Marques, Eunice Ramos Lopes, Paula Almeida & Jorge Simões Architectural Lighting, a way to transform Space, a new way to satisfy the Visitor. 251 Aristeidis M. Klonizakis Constructing Tourism in Greece in 50s and 60s: The Xenia Hotels Project 264 Myrianthe Moussa Redesigning the visual identity of the objects displayed in a museum’s gift shop 280 Eleni Romoudi, Theodosia Fokidou & Georgia Touliatou Cultural Festivals in Memory Venues : Architecture as a Vehicle of Tourism and Civilization 297 Junction Charalampia Agaliotou, Loukia Martha & Panagiotis Panos Interior design and furniture in hotel complexes of Greek Modernity (1950‐1970) 306 and its influence on contemporary architectural proposals. The case of the architectural competition Room 18. Dimitris Marnellos The notion of Greek picturesque of interior spaces in tourism facilities: stereotype 324 or authentic image? Zoe Georgiadou 5 Towards an innovative classification - grouping of variables that compose organizational culture THEODOROS STAVRINOUDIS Department of Business Administration, University of the Aegean, Chios, Greece CHRISTOS KAKAROUGKAS Department of Business Administration, University of the Aegean, Athens, Greece Abstract Through the thorough content analysis of the theories of: Handy (1976), Hofstede (1984), Cooke (1988), Goffee & Jones (1998), Deal & Kennedy (2000), Cameron & Quinn (2011), Yaakov & Shlomo Yedidia (2012), Yahyagil (2015) and Bavik (2016) regarding the types of organizational culture, the researchers concluded that the culture of an organization is determined by seventeen different groups of elements, which formed a seven-grade classification ladder. This classification ladder reflects the extent to which each group of elements is considered significant or not in determining organizational culture by each one of the above-mentioned authors/ researchers. Particularly, the grouped elements incorporated in this seven-grade classification ladder according to how many of the above authors/ researchers refer to this group of elements. It was found that the groups of elements named: change and power, hierarchy and structure are the most important in determining organizational culture, since they are reported by a total of eight out of nine authors/ researchers. While the group of elements named: vision and goal setting is considered the least important since it is only mentioned by two main authors. 6 1 INTRODUCTION The literature review revealed numerous researchers and authors (Fletcher & Jones, 1992; Panayotopoulou, Bourantas & Papalexandris, 2003; Vilkinas & Cartan, 2006; Marlen, 2010; Chen, 2010; Cameron & Quinn, 2011; Yahyagil, 2015; Bavik, 2016 and others) who seek to classify the different types of organizational culture, using specific elements. The analysis of the different theories regarding the types of culture, in combination with the codification of the elements of organizational culture will lead to a deeper understanding of the concept of culture within an organization, as well as to the definition of specific elements that define organizational culture. Based on the above, on the near future a model will be created which will measure the role as well as the extent to which the reward systems affect the processes of change of organizational culture in five-star hotels. 2 METHODOLOGY The present manuscript is divided into three sections. The first section presents in a concise manner the main categories of elements that constitute organizational culture in three levels (shell, mantle and core). In the second section the classification of the different components of organizational culture is performed, according to the findings of the first section as well as on the way those components are presented through the different theories regarding the types of organizational culture. This was conducted through the combination of similar or related concepts, in accordance with the spirit of: Handy (1976), Wilkins & Ouchi (1983), Hofstede (1984), Cooke (1988), Cooke & Szumal (1993), Bignardi (1996), Goffee & Jones (1998), Deal & Kennedy (2000), Harris & de Chernatony (2001), Sοrensen, (2002), Lewis (2002), Melé (2003), Lok & Crawford (2004), Denison, Lief & Ward (2004), Dowton, (2005), Balthazard, Cooke & Potter (2006) Powell (2006), Marlen (2010), Minkov & Hofstede (2011), Cameron & Quinn (2011), Yaakov & Shlomo Yedidia (2012), Bolman & Deal (2013), Klein, Wallis & Cooke (2013) and Venaik et al (2013). In the third section, based on the classification of the components of organizational culture, the researchers proceeded to the ranking of the classified elements of organizational culture. This ranking was based on the extent that the nine most relevant authors/ researchers (Handy, 1976; Hofstede, 1984;
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