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University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe, Bucks, England HP10 8HR 77- 10,597 SEAMAN, James Edwin, 1939- AN ANALYSIS OF THE AREA OF MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP DEALT WITH IN THE OLD TESTAMENT WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT EDUCATION. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1976 Education, business Xerox University Microfilms,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 AN ANALYSIS OF THE AREA OF MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP DEALT WITH IN THE OLD TESTAMENT WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT EDUCATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By James Edwin Seaman, B.S., M.B.A. A * * * A The Ohio State University 1976 Reading Committee: Approved By Dr. Mildred Hillestad Dr. Neal Vivian Dr. David L. Boggs ______________________________________ Adviser Department of Business Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to acknowledge the many people who have encouraged and laboured with me in the process of this manuscript. I especially appreciate the time and the talents of my wife, Lila, who has laboured with me throughout this dissertation. I wish to thank my five-year-old daughter, Julie, who said jokingly one day, "Mommy, the house is on fire; get the dissertation.11 I also want to acknowledge my advisors, Dr. Hillestad, Dr. Boggs, and Dr. Vivian for their helpful comments and encouragement as well as my typist, Pat Monroe, who helped me make all my deadlines. VITA August 24, 1939 . Born - Binghamton, New York 1968 . B.S., Cedarville College, Cedarville, Ohio 1968. ....... M.B.A., University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio 1968-1970 ..... Instructor of Marketing, Central State University, Wilberforce, Ohio 1970-1976 ......... Assistant Professor of Marketing and Management, Cedarville College, Cedarville, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Business Education Minor Fields: Higher Education Administration Applied Management Theory Applied Marketing Theory TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................... ii VITA............................. iii LIST OF TABLES.................... '..................... v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............... ............. vii' Chapter I. INTRODUCTION..................................... 1 II. PROCEDURES........................... .. 11 III. BRIEF HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF SELECTED BIBLICAL LEADERS............................... 29 IV. THE MANAGEMENT FUNCTION: PLANNING............ 58 V. THE MANAGEMENT FUNCTION: ORGANIZING.......... 104 VI. THE MANAGEMENT FUNCTION: L E A D I N G ............ 151 VII. THE MANAGEMENT FUNCTION: CONTROLLING .... 206 VIII. IMPLICATIONS FORMANAGEMENT EDUCATION .... 226 IX. SUMMARY 239 APPENDIX................................ 256 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................... 266 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Old Testament Leaders Considered for Study. 12 2. Management Textbooks Surveyed .................. 23 3. Principles of Planning Employed by Moses. 66 4. Principles of Planning Employed by Joshua . 74' 5. Principles of Planning Employed by David. 84 6. Principles of Planning Employed by Solomon. 93 7. Principles of Planning Employed by Nehemiah . 99 8. Summary of Findings of Planning Principles. 103 9. Principles of Organizing Employed by Moses. Ill 10. Principles of Organizing Employed by Joshua . 121 11. Principles of Organizing Employed by David. 128 12. Principles of Organizing Employed by Solomon. 141 13. Principles of Organizing Employed by Nehemiah . 146 14. Summary of Findings of Organizing Principles, . 150 15. Principles of Leading Employed by Moses .... 159 16. Principles of Leading Employed by Joshua. 171 17. Principles of Leading Employed by David .... 182 18. Principles of Leading Employed by Solomon . 194 19. Principles of Leading Employed by Nehemiah. 199 20. Summary of Findings of Leading Principles. 205 v LIST OF TABLES (cont■d) Table Page 21. Principles of Controlling Employed by Moses . 210 22. Principles of Controlling Employed by Joshua. 214 23. Principles of Controlling Employed by David . 217 24. Principles of Controlling Employed by Solomon . 219 25. Principles of Controlling Employed by Nehemiah. 222 26. Summary of Findings of Controlling Principles . 225 27. Summary of Scriptures Recording Principles of Planning.................................... 257 28. Summary of Scriptures Recording Principles of Organizing....................* ................ 259 29. Summary of Scriptures Recording Principles of L e a d i n g .................................... 262 30. Summary of Scriptures Recording Principles of Controlling................................ 265 v i LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Chart Page A David's Formal Organization. : ................ 125 B Solomon's Formal Organization. ............ 139 C Nehemiah's Delegation of Responsibility. 145 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In recent years modern business management methods and techniques have concentrated mainly on the technical and the behavioral aspects of management.’ The" technical phase of management emphasized a quantitative analysis of management problems, a total systems approach to management. On the other hand, the behavioral sciences play a major part in de­ veloping a human relations approach to management. Both phases are vitally important to the future of management, but most management theorists recognize that managers work with and through people to accomplish the technical aspects of management. Psychologists, anthropologists, sociologists, business managers, and other behavioral scientists all are seeking a better understanding of the working man. The basic concern of the Bible is man, and man is also the manager's basic concern. Today's managers and adminis­ trators might, therefore, gain insight into human behavior from the activities of leaders written about in the Bible in relation to managing and leading people. The Bible continues to be the best-selling book year after year, and several new interpretations or new versions 1 of the Bible have been, published in the past several years : in order to put the Bible into twentieth century language for modern man to understand. Nevertheless, many American businessmen, managers, administrators, and executives have not read the Bible in its entiretynor do they think of it as a resource for gaining knowledge about management. The idea of the feasibility of using the Bible as such a resource was initiated while the investigator in this study was teaching a Human Relations Management course. The class was _given the following assignment: "Find incidents from the Bible in which human relations management principles are practiced and try to fit them into situations you might face as a future manager or leader." The results led the writer to believe that the idea could be explored more fully and could result in a worthwhile contribution to management edu­ cation. Thus the hypothesis in this study is that the Bible can provide insights useful to modern management and manage­ ment education. Such insights will add to the field of knowledge in business management education by providing a re­ source of illustrations for management personnel and in­ structors of management courses. The hypothesis that certain functions and principles or activities of management em- - ployed by Biblical leaders are the same as those employed by managers of today is also explored. 3 The Bible in Modern Management Literature A Datrix computer search failed to reveal any prior re­ search applicable to this study. The writer submitted the requested information in the form of dissertation title